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"Malnutrition, caused by excessive and lack of nutrient intakes, and increased susceptibility to infection, is a strong contributor to increasing morbidity, mortality and poor mental development affecting millions of children worldwide. Thus, many nutrition preventive and intervention programs are targeting children to improve their nutritional status and to prevent the associated lifelong health consequences of malnutrition. Success of monitoring these intervention programs depends on accurate report of dietary intakes which in turn depends on self-reported information of individuals. Hence, dietary assessment method should be scrutinized to determine if such method provides valid measures of intakes. As no single measure of diet can be considered as entirely valid, it is the task of nutrition professionals to determine how to obtain the best possible measure of dietary intakes of individuals. Therefore, validation of dietary assessment method with a "gold standard" or against an independent marker of intakes is of great importance to determine the best strategy for collecting dietary' information in children. Up to now, there is no known method on how best to assess the intakes of children in both developed and developing countries. Thus, this study has attempted to validate the widely-used and most preferred method in dietary surveys, 24-hour recall among schoolchildren in developing urban city of Central Jakarta, using the observed weighed food record as a "gold standard" and energy expenditure as a "reference" of energy intakes.This study is divided into three (3) parts.Part I consists of background of the study, review of related literature, research problem, rationale, research questions, objectives, hypotheses and conceptual framework.Part II contains the MANUSCRIPT OF THE STUDY, entitled "Comparison of dietary assessment methods against energy expenditure by PAL approach among selected primary schoolchildren, 9-11-y-old, in Central Jakarta. The manuscript is written following the requirement for submission to the Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition.Part III encloses the APPENDICES including detailed methodology, other results of the study, questionnaires, ethical approval, informed consent, grant approval, references and curriculum vitae which were made to accomplish the whole study."

"Every body consumes street-foods, even babies as early as 6 months of age. The older the children, the more varied the street foods being consumed. Street foods therefore have contributed to a significant proportion of energy, protein and iron intake of school age children. Looking at high percentages of street foods contribution to their nutrient intake, street foods play an important role in school children's growth and school achievement. On the other hand the safety (microbiological & chemical aspect) of street foods is still questionable. This study aimed to investigate the predicted consumption of illegal food additives from street food among school children from two different types of government primary schools.

This research report is arranged and divided in three sequential parts. Part 1 contains comprehensive review on the background and rationale of the study, problem statements, literature review, conceptual framework, objectives of the study and the hypothesis.

Part 2 consists of manuscript for publication entitled "School children from model school had lower intake of illegal food additive from street foods compare to school children from regular school" that presents the main findings of the study. The manuscript is written in accordance with the "Instruction for Author's" of "Food and Nutrition Bulletin".

Part 3 is the compilation of the detailed questionnaire, methodology, other important results that are not included in the manuscript, ethical consideration and list of references."

"Diarrhea contributes to about 17.5% of under-five children's death in the world and about 15.2% in developing countries. These figures were much lower compared to previous years, which show a reduction in death due to diarrhea among under-five children since 1990. In Indonesia, child deaths due to diarrhea among under-five childrendecreased from 15.3% in 1995 to 13.2% in 2001.Up to 70% of diarrhea in childhood was due to pathogen transmitted through food. Although this route of transmission already well recognized, the role of food hygiene in the development of diarrhea, especially in under-five children who live in urban poor areas, is sometimes overlooked.This study is aimed to assess the contribution of nutritional status and food hygiene practice to the occurrence of diarrhea among children aged 12 - 59 months who live in selected urban poor area in Jatinegara sub district, East Jakarta. A cross sectional study was conducted in 274 randomly selected children aged 12-59 months using interview on food hygiene practices and observation on housing and environmentalcondition in one day of the period of recording the child?s stool. Seven days record on frequency and consistency of the child?s stool was done to obtain the stool of diarrhea children. Diarrhea prevalence was calculated based on percentage of children who diagnosed as diarrhea during the seven days record. At the end of recording period allthe children were measured their weight and height to obtain their nutritional status data.All collected feces were analyzed using serology test for the presence of EPFC and ELISA for Rotavims. None ofthe feces showed the presence of EPEC and Rotavirus. There was a significant association between poor food hygiene, wasting and diarrhea among children aged 12 - 59 months, particularly in age 12 - 24 months (p-value < 0.05,X2 test).Diarrhea prevalence was higher in wasted children who had poor food hygiene practices (29.4%) compare to those with good food hygiene practices (7.7%). After stratification for age, wasted children aged 12 - 24 months with poor food hygiene practices had higher diarrhea prevalence (55.6%) compare to those who aged more than24 months with the same food hygiene practices."

"ABSTRAKEra globalisasi memiliki dampak positif dan negatif terhadap status kesehatan masyarakat. Seiring bertambahnya populasi masyarakat yang tinggal di perkotaan, meningkat pula masalah kesehatan yang timbul, salah satunya yaitu obesitas pada anak usia sekolah. Obesitas pada anak usia sekolah harus segera ditangani melalui asuhan keperawatan keluarga. Tujuan dilakukannya intervensi keperawatan mengacu pada lima tugas kesehatan keluarga. Intervensi unggulan yang dilakukan berupa pengaturan pola makan berdasarkan pedoman gizi seimbang. Asuhan keperawatan keluarga dilakukan berdasarkan lima tahapan proses keperawatan. Hasil evaluasi menunjukkan bahwa secara kognitif dan psikomotor keluarga tentang pengaturan pola makan mengalami peningkatan dan terjadi penurunan berat badan pada anak. Diharapkan perawat dapat melakukan pembinaan keluarga dengan anak usia sekolah yang memiliki masalah gizi melalui asuhan keperawatan keluarga secara rutin dan berkelanjutan.

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ABSTRACTGlobalization era has positive and negative effects to public health. Increasing urban population, increased health problems too. One of the health problems is obesity in school aged children. Obesity in school aged children should be treated immediately through family nursing care. The aim of the intervention refers to five family heatlh tasks. The major nursing intervention that implemented is dietary adjustments based on balance nutrition guidelines. Family nursing care implemented based on nursing process. Evaluation shows the increasing family rsquo s cognitive and psychomotor about dietary adjustments and weight loss occurs in children. Hopefully, nurses can conduct the family with school aged children who have nutritional problems through family nursing care regularly and sustainably."

"Latar Belakang: Prevalensi infeksi parasit usus masih tinggi di Indonesia, terutama pada anak-anak usia sekolah karena beberapa faktor termasuk kebersihan yang buruk, faktor sosial ekonomi, perilaku, dan penduduk yang padat. Saat ini faktor-faktor tersebut masih ditemukan di Indonesia, sehingga angka infeksi masih tinggi. Nutrisi dan infeksi parasit memiliki hubungan erat. Infeksi parasite usus dapat menyebabkan gangguan penyerapan makanan dan status gizi pada anak usia sekolah yang membutuhkan nutrisi yang cukup untuk tumbuh. Infeksi parasit usus sebagai penyebab kekurangan gizi masih menjadi masalah utama kesehatan masyarakat dan dapat menunda pertumbuhan anak.Metode: Sampel diperoleh dari SDN Kalibata 04, Jakarta Selatan dengan cara mengumpulkan tinja dari murid kelas 1-5. Secara total ada 157 anak mengumpulkan sampel mereka. Pemeriksaan langsung dari tinja dilakukan di Departemen Parasitologi, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Indonesia menggunakan lugol dan eosin. Data status gizi didapatkan dengan pemeriksaan fisik langsung berat dan tinggi badan yang digunakan untuk menghitung persentil indeks massa tubuh IMT. Setelah itu, data dianalisis menggunakan uji Chi-square; SPSS versi 20 untuk mengetahui apakah ada hubungan antara infeksi parasit usus dan status gizi.Hasil: Sampel diperiksa sebanyak 157 tinja dan ditemukan adanya 60 anak 38.2 positif terinfeksi dengan berbagai macam parasit. Sebagian besar infeksi disebabkan oleh B. hominis, yang menginfeksi 44 anak 69,4. Infeksi lain disebabkan oleh G. intestinalis 15,3, T. trichiura 1,4, cacing tambang 1,4, dan infeksi campuran B. hominis dan E. coli 4,2 , dan B.hominis dengan G. intestinalis 4,2. Dari total anak yang terinfeksi, 17 anak 28,3 memiliki IMT di bawah 5 persentil, dianggap sebagai kekurangan gizi. Secara statistik, terdapat hubungan antara infeksi parasit usus dan status gizi di SDN Kalibata 04, Jakarta Selatan. Kesimpulan: Kejadian infeksi parasit usus di SDN Kalibata 04 adalah 38,2 dengan 28,3 dari anak-anak yang terinfeksi memiliki gizi kurang. Pada penelitian ini bisa disimpulkan ada hubungan antara infeksi parasit usus dan status gizi di SDN Kalibata 04, Jakarta Selatan.

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Background Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection still high in Indonesia, especially in the school aged children. Several factors including poor hygiene, socioeconomic factors, behavior, and crowded population have a contribution in this high prevalence. Nutrition and parasitic infection are closely linked. Intestinal parasitic infection can cause malabsorption and malnutrition especially in school aged children while they need adequate nutrition intake to grow. Therefore, intestinal parasite infection in school aged children is become a major public health problem since it will delay their growth.Methods Sample is obtained from SDN Kalibata 04, South Jakarta by collecting the children's stool from 1st 5th grade. Direct examination of the stool is conducted in the Parasitology Department, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Indonesia by Lugol and eosin staining. Additionally, data of nutritional status was obtained by direct physical examination of the weight and height of the children and then they were used to calculate the BMI percentile. Thereafter, data was analyzed using Chi square test, SPSS version 20 to know is there any association between intestinal parasitic infection and nutritional status.Results From the total 157 stool examined in the laboratory, there were 60 38.2 children positively infected with various kinds of intestinal parasites. Mostly the infection is caused by B. hominis, which infect 44 children 69.4 . Other infection is caused by G. intestinalis 15.3, T. trichiura 1.4, hookworm 1.4, and mixed infection of B. hominis and E. coli 4.2, and B.hominis with G. intestinalis 4.2 . From the total of infected children, 17 children 28.3 have BMI below 5th percentile, and it was considered as malnourished. Moreover, 67 uninfected children have healthy weight. Statistically, there is association between intestinal parasitic infection and nutritional status in SDN Kalibata 04, South Jakarta. Conclusion The incidence of intestinal parasitic infection in SDN Kalibata 04 is 38.2. Moreover, 28.3 of the infected children were malnourished and it is suggested that children with intestinal parasite infection has low nutritional status in SDN Kalibata 04, South Jakarta. "

"ABSTRAKLatar belakang : Sebanyak 70% dari anemia pada anak merupakan anemiamikrositik hipokrom, dan yang terbanyak adalah anemia defisiensi besi (ADB).Anemia defisiensi besi pada anak sekolah berkaitan dengan penurunan prestasibelajar. Anak dengan masalah nutrisi berisiko mengalami defisiensi besi. Asupanzat besi, pemacu dan penghambat absorpsi besi memengaruhi kadar besi. Sekolahdasar (SD) Pegangsaan 01 Jakarta Pusat merupakan sekolah negeri denganmayoritas siswa berasal dari sosial ekonomi rendah.Tujuan : Mengetahui status besi pada anak usia 6-12 tahun serta hubungannyadengan status gizi dan asupan diet.Metode : Studi potong lintang dilakukan di SD Negeri Pegangsaan 01, JakartaPusat antara bulan Maret-April 2016. Asupan pemacu absorpsi zat besi (vitaminC) dan penghambat (fitat, teh, kopi, susu) dinilai dengan food record selama tigahari, diolah dengan NutriSurvey®. Darah tepi lengkap, feritin, besi serum, totaliron binding capacity (TIBC), saturasi transferin, dan high sensitivity C-reactiveprotein (hs-CRP) diperiksakan di laboratorium.Hasil : Terdapat 115 subyek berpartisipasi dalam penelitian. Prevalens deplesibesi sebesar 4,3%, defisiensi besi tanpa anemia sebesar 14,8%, ADB sebesar1,7%. Tidak terbukti ada hubungan antara status gizi kurang dengan status besi[p=0,094; OR=2,29(0,86-6,10)], gizi lebih dan obesitas dengan status besi[p=0,050; OR=0,30(0,09-1,00)], asupan besi total dengan status besi (p=0,260),vitamin C dengan status besi (p=0,740), fitat dengan status besi (p=0,901), tehdengan status besi (p=0,931), kopi dengan status besi (p=0,624), dan susu denganstatus besi (p=0,277).Simpulan : Prevalens deplesi besi, defisiensi besi tanpa anemia, dan ADB padaanak usia 6-12 tahun berturut-turut adalah 4,3%, 14,8%, dan 1,7%. Tidak terbuktiada hubungan antara status gizi, asupan zat besi, vitamin C, fitat, teh, kopi, dan susu dengan status besi pada anak usia 6-12 tahun.

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ABSTRACTBackground : Prevalence of anemia in Indonesian school-age children is high.Approximately 70% cases are microcytic hypochromic anemia which irondeficiency anemia (IDA) are the most frequent. Iron deficiency anemia associatedwith decreased learning achievement. Children with nutritional problems at riskfor iron deficiency. Intake of enhancer and inhibitor of iron absorption affects ironbody level. Pegangsaan 01 Public School is primary school in Central Jakarta,which most of the students come from low socioeconomic family.Objective: To measure iron status in children aged 6-12 years and its relationshipwith nutritional status and dietary intake.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Pegangsaan 01 PrimarySchool, Central Jakarta, on March-April 2016. Dietary iron enhancer (vitamin C)and inhibitor (phytate, tea, coffee, milk) were obtained using a 3-days food recordand analyzed with NutriSurvey®. Complete blood count, ferritin, serum iron, totaliron binding capacity, transferrin saturation and high sensitivity C-reactive proteinwere examined.Results: A total of 115 children were studied. Prevalence of iron depletion, irondeficiency without anemia, and iron deficiency anemia were 4,3%, 14,8%, and1,7% respectively. No evidence of relationship between undernourished and ironstatus (p=0,094), overweight-obesity and iron status (p=0,050), iron intake andiron status (p=0,260), vitamin C and iron status (p=0,740), phytate and iron status(p=0,901), tea and iron status (p=0,931), coffee and iron status (p=0,624), milkand iron status (p=0,277).Conclusion: Prevalence of iron depletion, iron deficiency without anemia andiron deficiency anemia in children aged 6-12 years were 4,3%, 14,8%, and 1,7%respectively. No evidence of relationship between nutritional status, dietary intake and iron status"

"Latar Belakang: Asupan makanan merupakan salah satu faktor penyebab karies gigi dengan prevalensi yang sangat tinggi di Indonesia terutama pada anak usia sekolah. Tingkat konsumsi sayur dan buah pada anak di Indonesia masih cukup rendah, padahal jenis makanan ini dikenal dapat merangsang aliran dan meningkatkan kemampuan makan anak. self-cleansing saliva yang penting dalam pencegahan karies. Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan antara frekuensi konsumsi sayur dan buah dengan kejadian karies pada gigi geraham pertama permanen pada anak usia 8 sampai 9 tahun di Jakarta Pusat. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian potong lintang dengan menggunakan kuesioner frekuensi makanan dan pemeriksaan klinis anak usia 8 sampai 9 tahun di Jakarta Pusat. 109 anak di Jakarta Pusat diperiksa karies dengan klasifikasi ICDAS. Hasil: Penelitian ini menemukan nilai median frekuensi konsumsi sayur per hari pada anak adalah 1,6 (0-8,14) dan 1,4 (0-5). Sebanyak 98,2% anak mengalami karies gigi dan 63,3% anak mengalami karies terbatas pada email. Hubungan antara frekuensi konsumsi sayur dan buah dengan karies ditemukan sangat lemah dan tidak signifikan. Kesimpulan: Tingkat frekuensi konsumsi sayur dan buah pada anak di Jakarta Pusat masih rendah, dan prevalensi karies cukup tinggi. Hubungan yang lemah dan tidak signifikan antara frekuensi konsumsi sayur dan buah dengan karies menunjukkan bahwa ada faktor lain penyebab karies yang harus dikendalikan.

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Background: Food intake is one of the factors causing dental caries with a very high prevalence in Indonesia, especially in school-age children. The level of consumption of vegetables and fruit in children in Indonesia is still quite low, even though this type of food is known to stimulate flow and improve children's eating abilities. self-cleansing saliva which is important in caries prevention. Objective: To analyze the relationship between the frequency of consumption of vegetables and fruit with the incidence of caries in the permanent first molars in children aged 8 to 9 years in Central Jakarta. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study using a food frequency questionnaire and clinical examination of children aged 8 to 9 years in Central Jakarta. 109 children in Central Jakarta were examined for caries with the ICDAS classification. Results: This study found the median frequency of vegetable consumption per day in children was 1.6 (0-8.14) and 1.4 (0-5). A total of 98.2% of children had dental caries and 63.3% of children had caries limited to enamel. The relationship between the frequency of consumption of vegetables and fruits with caries was found to be very weak and insignificant. Conclusion: The frequency of consumption of vegetables and fruit in children in Central Jakarta is still low, and the prevalence of caries is quite high. The weak and insignificant relationship between the frequency of consumption of vegetables and fruits with caries indicates that there are other factors that cause caries that must be controlled."

"[ABSTRAKRemaja putri perlu berada dalam status gizi yang optimal untuk persiapan kehamilannya kelak. Penelitian ini bertujuan membandingkan keragaman makanan pelajar remaja putri. Studi komparatif potong lintang dilakukan pada 220 pelajar putri berusia 14-18 tahun. Pengukuran tinggi dan berat badan dilakukan untuk menentukan skor-BAZ. Pemeriksaan diet dilakukan memakai metode 2xrecall-24 jam untuk menentukan skor keragaman makanan, menggunakan 13 kelompok makanan yang dikonsumsi minimal 15 gram/hari. Perbedaan skor keragaman makanan antara dua kelompok pelajar remaja putri dianalisis menggunakan uji Mann-Whitney. Remaja putri dengan BAZ≤-1 mengonsumsi makanan lebih beragam daripada kelompok -1