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"In this research, based on actual data gathered from an industrial scale vacuum gas oil (VGO) hydrocracker and artificial neural network (ANN) method, a model is proposed to simulate yields of products including light gases, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), light naphtha, heavy naphtha, kerosene, diesel and unconverted oil (off-test). The input layer of the ANN model consists of the catalyst, feed and recycle flow rates, and bed temperatures, while the output neurons are yields of those products. The results showed that the AAD% (average absolute deviation) of the developed ANN model for training, testing, and validating data are 0.445%, 1.131% and 0.755%, respectively. Then, by considering all operational constraints, the results confirmed that the decision variables (i.e., recycle rate and bed temperatures) generated by the optimization approach can enhance the gross profit of the hydrocracking process to more than $0.81 million annually, which is significant for the economy of the target refinery."

"PT. X berperan untuk distribusi BBM ke Kalimantan dan Sulawesi. Unit ini menjadi salah satu roda perekonomian Indonesia dengan kapasitas 260 MBSD (metric barrels per stream day). Hal ini setara dengan 25% kapasitas intake nasional bahan bakar minyak (BBM) nasional per akhir 2017. Objek penelitian ini ditekankan pada studi di salah satu Kilang minyak terbesar di Indonesia, dengan data tahun 2018 dan 2019. Saat ini Publikasi LCA untuk Emisi di PT. Kilang Balikpapan belum pernah dipublikasi/ditemukan. Kebaruan dalam penelitian ini adalah membuat basis data (database) emisi per produk berharga dari setiap Unit seperti Crude Distillation Unit (CDU), HydroCracking Unit (HCU), Hydro Vacuum Unit (HVU), Naphta Hydrotreating Unit (NHT) dan Platforming Unit di Indonesia dengan memperhatikan dua variabel yaitu Global Warming Potential dan Acidification Potential, selain itu akan dilakukan perbandingan emisi dari tahun 2018 dan 2019 agar dari penelitian ini dapat diketahui kondisi Unit di PT. X dan juga dilakukan perbandingan dari nilai LCIA (Life Cycle Impact Assesment) dan beberapa parameter lingkungan. Dari hasil penelitian ini dUnit CDU-IV mengeluarkan Emisi CO2 yang paling besar pada tahun 2019 sebesar 314.077.190,17 Kg.CO2.eq/Unit dan Unit NHT mengeluarkan Emisi SOx yang paling besar di tahun 2018 dan 2019 sebesar 91.852,48 Kg.SO2.eq/Unit. Hasil penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa nilai emisi semua unit di PT. X tidak melebihi Nilai Ambang Batas Parameter Lingkungan yang dijadikan acuan penelitian ini.

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PT. X plays a role in the distribution of fuel to Kalimantan and Sulawesi. the company is one of the wheels of the Indonesian economy with a capacity of 260 MBSD (metric barrels per stream day). This is equivalent to 25% of the national intake of national fuel oil (BBM) as of the end of 2017. The object of this research focused on the study in one of the largest Oil refinery in Indonesia, with the data in 2018 and 2019. Presently Publications about LCA Emission PT Balikpapan refinery has not been published/found. The novelty in this research is to create a database of emissions per valuable product from each Unit such as the Crude Distillation Unit (CDU), HydroCracking Unit (HCU), Hydro Vacuum Unit (HVU), Naphta Hydrotreating Unit (NHT) and Platforming Unit in Indonesia with two variables: Global Warming Potential and Potential Acidification, and the, in this research will do a comparison of emissions from 2018 and 2019 to find the condition of the Unit at PT. X and also carried out a comparison of the value of the LCIA with some environmental parameters. From the results of this study the CDU-IV Unit issued the largest CO2 emissions in 2019 amounting to 314,077,190.17 Kg.CO2.eq/Unit and the NHT Unit issued the largest SOx Emissions in 2018 and 2019 amounting to 91,852.48 kg. SO2.eq/Unit. The results of this study also indicate that the emission value of all units in PT X does not exceed the Threshold Value of Environmental Parameters used as a reference for this study."

"Emisi gas buang kendaraan bermotor khususnya yang berbahan bakar bensin berpotensi meningkatkan kandungan CO di perparkiran bawah tanah dua kali lebih besar dalam empat bulan. Korelasi konsentrasi CO, HC dan Opasitas dari emisi gas buang dengan perparkiran sangat erat dengan nilai r untuk rata-rata kandungan CO mencapai 0.9845. Kandungan CO dan HC dapat terakumulasi di perparkiran tertutup dengan terbatasnya ventilasi, sirkulasi udara dan exhaust. Perancangan sistem perparkiran yang memadai dan memenuhi kaidah Kesehatan dan Keselamatan Kerja menentukan seberapa besar akumulasi CO.Kandungan CO dalam darah dan Phenol dalam air kemih merupakan indikasi paparan CO emisi gas buang kendaraan dengan udara ruang parlor P2 BEJ. Kandungan CO berdampak negatif langsung terhadap kesehatan manusia. CO dengan cepat dapat menggeser 02 dari dalam darah karena CO dengan Hb membentuk COHb dengan cepat 200 - 300 kali lebih kuat dari oksigen dalam mengikat Hb darah. Dampak CO terhadap pekerja parkir tergantung lamanya pemajanan dan konsentrasi CO nya. Perokok lebih berisiko terhadap pajanan CO di P2. Kondisi pekerja yang terpajan CO di P2 sudah relatif terganggu, potensi hipoksia sudah megganggu sistem kardiovaskuler terlihat dari keluhan-keluhan pekerja seperti nyeri kepala, pusing, mual dan vertigo.Pengendalian dampak emisi gas buang dapat dilakukan oleh pekerja secara proaktif. Tindakan preventif dengan menekan emisi gas buang melalui penyuluhan pemeliharaan mesin secara teratur, pemiiihan jenis dan tahun produksi kendaraan. Pengelola gedung sebaiknya melakukan tindakan perbaikan yang terpadu mencakup perencanaan system perparkiran, ventilasi, sirkulasi udara dan sistem pengaturan kerja.

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Within four month periods the gas emissions from burning gasoline vehicles has the potential to doubling increase of the carbon monoxide (CO) concentration in the underground parking area. The correlation of HC, CO and Opacity of gas emission is very close to the parking indoor air quality, it shows by the r-value of CO about 0.9845. CO and HC content can be accumulated in the indoor parking area due to the poor ventilation, air circulation, number and capacity of exhaust fans. The adequate parking system designs that meet with Health and Safety requirement will effect the CO content accumulation.

The CO content in the blood and phenol in the urine are indicating the employee exposure to CO vehicles gas emission and P2 BET parking indoor air quality. The CO concentration at P2 has direct impact to the parking employee health. Carbon monoxide quickly reduce the oxygen intake from blood stream and by binding carbon monoxide with hemoglobin (Hb) to become a carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) compounds that toxic to human. CO bound Hb rapidly 200 - 300 times stronger than oxygen in the blood. The effect of carbon monoxide to the employee depends on the duration of exposure and CO concentration. Moreover smokers have a higher risk to the CO exposure in the P2. The condition of employee who expose to the CO at P2 has relatively been affected of the gas emission and will suffering from hypoxia with aggravated cardiovascular problem such as head pain, headache, fatigue and vertigo.

The employee can proactively participate in controlling of vehicles gas emission. Preventive action by minimizes the gas emission through awareness program, regular engine maintenance, choosing type of vehicles and year of product are parts of better control_ The building management should concern a continuous improvement through corrective action such as redesign the parking system, ticketing system, ventilation system, and shift work system of the employee."

"A series of cyclic triaxial tests at very low frequency was carried out on unsaturated clean sand in order to quantitatively investigate the influence of the degree of saturation on dynamic response. The conventional triaxial testing apparatus, which is usually used on saturated soil, was employed to test the unsaturated soil with the additional pore air pressure controller. During the series of tests, four different degrees of saturation level (Sr = 55%, 70%, 85%, 98%) were applied to the soil specimen based on a single value of effective confining pressure (?’3). The results revealed that the application of cyclic loading at a very low frequency occurring continuously triggered the decrease of soil resistance. For degree saturation, Sr = 55% revealed that the resistance of soil was stronger in comparison to another level. Furthermore, the experimental results confirmed that applied cyclic loading induced a change in saturation level before and after testing. In addition, at a certain level of saturation, a phenomenon of settlements was likely to occur and the soil specimen then underwent liquefaction."

"The first study uses tunable vacuum-ultraviolet radiation from a synchrotron to identify negative ions from twenty four photoexcited polyatomic molecules in the gas phase. From these experiments, Matthew collects a vast amount of data and summarises and reviews ion-pair formation from polyatomic molecules. The second study is on selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry. Matthew investigates the reactions of cations and anions with ethene, monofluoroethene, 1,1-difluoroethene and tetrafluoroethene. In this study Matthew tries to explain why certain products are formed preferentially over other products at a microscopic level of understanding. "

"Perkembangan bahan bakar terbarukan dari biomassa sangat pesat, dan menjadi alternatif utamauntuk menggantikan bahan bakar yang berasal dari minyak bumi yang jumlahnya terbatas. Salah satu prosesdalam produksi bahah bakar terbarukan ini adalah hydrocracking.Percobaan ini bertujuan untukmempelajari pengaruh tekanan dan suhu dalam proses hydrocracking dengan metode Analytical SemiEmpirical Model ASEM dalam merepresentasikan yield produk. Model matematis dimodifikasi dandivalidasi dengan menggunakan data-data dari penelitian yang sudah ada.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Analytical Semi Empirical Model ASEM dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi yield produk hasilhydrocracking dengan tingkat ketelitian tinggi. Hal ini ditunjukkan oleh parameter statistik R2 yangmemiliki nilai diatas 0.95 dan SSE yang memiliki nilai di bawah 3. Penelitian ini juga menghasilkanpersamaan yang dapat digunakan untuk proses cracking secara umum.

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The development of renewable fuels from biomass is very rapid, and becomes the main alternativeto replace petroleum derived fuels that are limited in stock. One of the processes in the production of thisrenewable fuel is hydrocracking.

This experiment aims to study the effect of pressure and temperature inthe hydrocracking process using the Analytical Semi Empirical Model ASEM method in representing theyield of the product. Mathematical model is modified and validated using data from existing research.

The results show that Analytical Semi Empirical Model can be used to predict the yield of product fromhydrocracking, with all of the models show R2 higher than 0.95 and SSE lower than 3. This experimentalso produces an equation that can be used to predict the yield of product from various cracking process ingeneral."

"[ABSTRAKJakarta adalah kota terbesar di Indonesia. Sebagai kota terbesar di Indonesia, Jakartajuga memiliki populasi yang sangat besar, yang diimbangi oleh majunya ekonomiJakarta. Sebagai imbas populasi dan pertumbuhan ekonomi, permasalahanpengelolaan limbah padat adalah salah satu permasalahan dasar kota Jakarta.Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk menganalisis keberlanjutan pengelolaan limbahpadat di Jakarta dengan mengukur ekoefisiensinya, serta menganalisis keberlanjutanmetode hydrocracking sebagai cara pengolahan limbah padat perkotaan, khususnya diJakarta. Pada sistem pengelolaan terkini, ditemukan bahwa pengelolaan limbah padatdi Jakarta tidak berlanjut (Ekoefisiensi pada tahun 2013, sebesar 0,52 lebih kecil dari1). Oleh sebab itu diperlukan intervensi berupa proses hydrocracking (Ekoefisiensiproses sebesar 1,775) agar pengelolaan limbah padat di Jakarta berlanjut. Skenariointervensi hydrocracking baru akan berlanjut apabila limbah padat di Jakarta telahdipilah sebesar 50% dan limbah padat organik diproses melalui hydrocrackingsebesar 30%.

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ABSTRACT

Jakarta is the biggest city in Indonesia. As such, it is densely populated, and has a

major economic activity. These two factors contribute towards the current solid waste

management issues in Jakarta. This paper aims to analyze the sustainability of

existing municipal solid waste by measuring its ecoefficiency, and to analyze the

sustainability of hydrocracking method as a means of municipal solid waste

treatment. In the existing condition, We find that Jakarta?s municipal solid waste

management system is not sustainable (In 2013, the ecoefficiency was measured at

0,52 which is less than 1). Therefore, based on this finding we find it to be necessary

to do an intervention. In this paper, the intervention was introduced in the form of

hydrocracking process. As a process we find hydrocracking to be a sustainable

process (ecoefficiency of the process is measured at 1,775). However, the

intervention scenario will only be sustainable, once 50% of the solid waste of sorted,

and if hydrocracking method treats 30% of this fraction;Jakarta is the biggest city in Indonesia. As such, it is densely populated, and has a

major economic activity. These two factors contribute towards the current solid waste

management issues in Jakarta. This paper aims to analyze the sustainability of

existing municipal solid waste by measuring its ecoefficiency, and to analyze the

sustainability of hydrocracking method as a means of municipal solid waste

treatment. In the existing condition, We find that Jakarta?s municipal solid waste

management system is not sustainable (In 2013, the ecoefficiency was measured at

0,52 which is less than 1). Therefore, based on this finding we find it to be necessary

to do an intervention. In this paper, the intervention was introduced in the form of

hydrocracking process. As a process we find hydrocracking to be a sustainable

process (ecoefficiency of the process is measured at 1,775). However, the

intervention scenario will only be sustainable, once 50% of the solid waste of sorted,

and if hydrocracking method treats 30% of this fraction, Jakarta is the biggest city in Indonesia. As such, it is densely populated, and has a

major economic activity. These two factors contribute towards the current solid waste

management issues in Jakarta. This paper aims to analyze the sustainability of

existing municipal solid waste by measuring its ecoefficiency, and to analyze the

sustainability of hydrocracking method as a means of municipal solid waste

treatment. In the existing condition, We find that Jakarta’s municipal solid waste

management system is not sustainable (In 2013, the ecoefficiency was measured at

0,52 which is less than 1). Therefore, based on this finding we find it to be necessary

to do an intervention. In this paper, the intervention was introduced in the form of

hydrocracking process. As a process we find hydrocracking to be a sustainable

process (ecoefficiency of the process is measured at 1,775). However, the

intervention scenario will only be sustainable, once 50% of the solid waste of sorted,

and if hydrocracking method treats 30% of this fraction]"