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"Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) is one of the waste products of oil palm plantations and has not been optimally used in Riau Province, Sumatera, Indonesia. OPEFB is reduced by incineration, which causes pollution problems. However, the combustion of OPEFB generates ash, which is rich in potassium. Moreover, OPEFB fiber has good strength, low cost, low density, and biodegradability, and it can be used as composite reinforcement. However, the natural fibers in composites have poor compatibility with the matrix and relatively high moisture absorption. Hydrolysis of OPEFB ash creates a base solution that can be utilized in an alkaline treatment process to increase the mechanical properties of natural composites. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of various extracts of OPEFB ash on the tensile strength, flexural strength, and water absorption of an OPEFB fiber-polypropylene composite. The experimental design used was the Response Surface Method-Central Composite Design (RSM-CCD). The results showed that the tensile strength increased with an increase of fiber length and concentration of the OPEFB ash extract solution, but tensile strength decreased with a longer soaking time. Flexural strength increased with an increase in fiber length but decreased with an increase in the concentration of the OPEFB ash extract solution and longer soaking time. Water absorption increased with lower and higher concentrations of OPEFB ash extract solution and fiber length and with shorter and longer soaking times. The highest tensile strength (20.100 MPa) was achieved at 5%wt alkaline concentration, 36 h soaking time, and 3 cm fiber length. The highest flexural strength (30.216 MPa) was achieved at 5%wt alkaline concentration, 12 h soaking time, and 3 cm fiber length. The lowest water absorption (0.324%) was achieved at 10%wt alkaline concentration, 24 h soaking time, and 2 cm fiber length."

"Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) is one of the waste products of oil palm plantations and has not been optimally used in Riau Province, Sumatera, Indonesia. OPEFB is reduced by incineration, which causes pollution problems. However, the combustion of OPEFB generates ash, which is rich in potassium. Moreover, OPEFB fiber has good strength, low cost, low density, and biodegradability, and it can be used as composite reinforcement. However, the natural fibers in composites have poor compatibility with the matrix and relatively high moisture absorption. Hydrolysis of OPEFB ash creates a base solution that can be utilized in an alkaline treatment process to increase the mechanical properties of natural composites.The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of various extracts of OPEFB ash on the tensile strength, flexural strength, and water absorption of an OPEFB fiber-polypropylene composite. The experimental design used was the Response Surface Method-Central Composite Design (RSM-CCD). The results showed that the tensile strength increased with an increase of fiber length and concentration of the OPEFB ash extract solution, but tensile strength decreased with a longer soaking time. Flexural strength increased with an increase in fiber length but decreased with an increase in the concentration of the OPEFB ash extract solution and longer soaking time. Water absorption increased with lower and higher concentrations of OPEFB ash extract solution and fiber length and with shorter and longer soaking times. The highest tensile strength (20.100 MPa) was achieved at 5%wt alkaline concentration, 36 h soaking time, and 3 cm fiber length. The highest flexural strength (30.216 MPa) was achieved at 5%wt alkaline concentration, 12 h soaking time, and 3 cm fiber length. The lowest water absorption (0.324%) was achieved at 10%wt alkaline concentration, 24 h soaking time, and 2 cm fiber length."

"Tesis ini membahas mengenai tinjauan yuridis pertanggungjawaban Uni Eropa terhadap sengketa kelapa sawit yang terjadi di Indonesia. Metode penelitian yang digunakan merupakan penelitian deskriptif yang bersifat yuridis normatif, yakni mengkaji pelaksanaan atau implementasi ketentuan hukum atau aturan secara faktual pada suatu peristiwa hukum tertentu yang terjadi di dalam masyarakat untuk mencapai tujuan yang ditentukan. Kali ini Indonesia dihadapkan dengan sengketa perdagangan Internasional dengan Uni Eropa yaitu terkait dengan produk kelapa sawit. Uni Eropa dalam kebijakan RED II akan menghentikan pemakaian minyak sawit sebagai bahan bakar nabati pada tahun 2030, karena isu pengrusakkan lingkungan. Hal ini tentu berdampak pada perdagangan Indonesia, terutama dengan adanya penurunan ekspor minyak kelapa sawit atau CPO ke Eropa secara bertahap dari tahun 2021 sampai di hilangkan pada tahun 2030. Hal ini akan mengakibatkan kerugian pada pendapatan negara Indonesia, pengurangan tenaga kerja, stok yang berlebihan, pengurangan devisa negara, dan mengurangi kesejahteraan petani dan pengusaha sawit Indonesia. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian Indonesia telah mengajukan gugatan ke WTO lewat badan penyelesaian sengketa WTO atas tindakan diskriminasi produk kelapa sawit. Kebijakan RED II dianggap telah membatasi akses pasar minyak sawit ke Eropa dengan regulasi dan persyaratan-persyaratannya. Berdasarkan kesimpulan penulisan tesis ini kebijakan RED II telah melanggar ketentuan dalam perjanjian perdagangan internasional, bahwa kebijakan RED II tidak sesuai dengan aturan WTO, khususnya tentang perjanjian Technical Barriers to Trade, dan GATT 1994. Hasil penelitian menyarankan perlunya merevisi atau mengubah kebijakan RED II Uni Eropa untuk menyesuaikan diri dengan perkembangan liberalisasi perdagangan sesuai dengan aturan WTO, sehingga tidak menimbulkan kerugian terhadap produk minyak kelapa sawit dan produk produk lain kedepannya.

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This thesis discusses the juridical review of the EU's responsibility for oil palm disputes in Indonesia. The research method used is a descriptive normative juridical study, which examines the factual implementation or implementation of legal provisions or rules on a certain legal event that occurs in society to achieve specified goals. This time Indonesia is faced with an international trade dispute with the European Union, which is related to palm oil products. The European Union in the RED II policy will stop the use of palm oil as a biofuel by 2030, due to issues of environmental destruction. This certainly has an impact on Indonesia's trade, especially with the gradual decline in exports of palm oil or CPO to Europe from 2021 until it is eliminated in 2030. This will result in losses to Indonesia's state income, reduction of labor, excessive stock, reduction of foreign exchange, and reduce the welfare of Indonesian palm oil farmers and entrepreneurs. Based on the results of the research, Indonesia has filed a lawsuit to the WTO through the WTO dispute resolution agency for discrimination against palm oil products. The RED II policy is considered to have limited market access for palm oil to Europe with its regulations and requirements. Based on the conclusion of this thesis, the RED II policy has violated the provisions in the international trade agreement, that the RED II policy is not in accordance with the WTO rules, especially regarding the Technical Barriers to Trade agreement, and GATT 1994. The results of the study suggest the need to revise or change the EU RED II policy to adapt to the development of trade liberalization in accordance with WTO rules, so as not to cause harm to palm oil products and other products in the future."

"Beberapa tahun terakhir, petani kelapa sawit Di Desa Toman yang menggantungkan hidupnya di sektor pertanian kelapa sawit berada pada posisi yang rentan. Di tengah kondisi kerentanan tersebut, mereka harus menghadapi proses peremajaan kelapa sawit yang membuat mereka kehilangan mata pencaharian dan sumber pendapatan utama. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan strategi adaptasi petani kelapa sawit dalam mempertahankan mata pencahariannya selama masa peremajaan kelapa sawit dengan menganalisa aktivitas, faktor pendukung dan faktor penghambat dalam melakukan strategi adaptasi tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian deskriptif. Sedangkan pengumpulan data menggunakan Teknik observasi dan wawancara mendalam dengan informan yang terdiri dari pemerintah desa, KUD Makmur, dan petani kelapa sawit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa strategi adaptasi pada petani kelapa sawit dilakukan melalui aktivitas produksi dan aktivitas konsumsi. Aktivitas produksi yang dilakukan petani kelapa sawit seperti nelayan, buruh pabrik dan buruh tani, berternak, bertani sayuran, dan membuka usaha kecil-kecilan, sedangkan aktivitas konsumsi yang dilakukan petani kelapa sawit seperti meminimalisir pengeluaran dan meminjam uang dengan memanfaatkan jaringan sosial. Kemudian adanya faktor- faktor pada petani kelapa sawit dalam melakukan strategi adaptasi yaitu faktor pendukung internal (istri, anak, dan keluarga lainnya), faktor pendukung eksternal (tetangga, pemerintah desa, KUD Makmur, dan PT. PI, serta faktor penghambat (masalah finansial dan minimnya pengetahuan petani kelapa sawit). Hasil penelitian ini juga menyarankan kepada pihak pemerintah desa, petani kelapa sawit, dan KUD Makmur untuk lebih memperhatikan petani kelapa sawit dengan meminimalisir faktor penghambat pada petani kelapa sawit selama masa peremajaan kelapa sawit

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In recent years, the economic sustainability of oil palm farmers In the Toman village who have depended on the oil palm agriculture sector is in vulnerable state because of their low income. In addition to that difficult situation, the farmers have to face another issue which is replanting oil palm that took place simultaneously. This research aims to describe the adaptation strategy by the oil palm farmers during the oil palm’s replanting program to maintain their livelihood, by analyzing the supporting and inhibiting factors of the adaption strategy. This research conducted by qualitative approach and applies descriptive research. The data collection conducted through observation and in-depth interview with informants who were composed of the local government, the local cooperative (KUDMakmur), and the oil palm farmers. The result shows that two form of oil palm farmers’s adaptation strategy persist during replanting program to sustain their livelihood which are; first, production activities and second, consumption activities. Production and income activities done by oil palm farmers such as working as fishermen, factory workers and farm laborers, livestock raising, vegetable farming, and opening small businesses; while consumption activities done by oil palm farmers such as reducing expenses and borrowing money by utilizing their social networks. Furthermore, there are contributing factors of oil palm farmers’s adaptation strategy, namely, livelihood asset. The results of this research also suggest the local government, oil palm farmers, and local cooperative (KUD Makmur) to give more attention by minimizing inhibiting factors for oil palm farmers during the replanting program"

"Beberapa tahun terakhir, petani kelapa sawit Di Desa Toman yang menggantungkan hidupnya di sektor pertanian kelapa sawit berada pada posisi yang rentan. Di tengah kondisi kerentanan tersebut, mereka harus menghadapi proses peremajaan kelapa sawit yang membuat mereka kehilangan mata pencaharian dan sumber pendapatan utama. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan strategi adaptasi petani kelapa sawit dalam mempertahankan mata pencahariannya selama masa peremajaan kelapa sawit dengan menganalisa aktivitas, faktor pendukung dan faktor penghambat dalam melakukan strategi adaptasi tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian deskriptif. Sedangkan pengumpulan data menggunakan Teknik observasi dan wawancara mendalam dengan  informan yang terdiri dari pemerintah desa, KUD Makmur, dan petani kelapa sawit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa strategi adaptasi pada petani kelapa sawit dilakukan melalui aktivitas produksi dan aktivitas konsumsi. Aktivitas produksi yang dilakukan petani kelapa sawit seperti nelayan, buruh pabrik dan buruh tani, berternak, bertani sayuran, dan membuka usaha kecil-kecilan, sedangkan aktivitas konsumsi yang dilakukan petani kelapa sawit seperti meminimalisir pengeluaran dan meminjam uang dengan memanfaatkan jaringan sosial. Kemudian adanya aset penghidupan yang juga sangat penting bagi petani kelapa sawit dalam mendukung aktivitas yang dilakukan. Hasil penelitian ini juga menyarankan kepada pihak pemerintah desa, petani kelapa sawit, dan KUD Makmur untuk lebih memperhatikan petani kelapa sawit dengan meminimalisir akibat dari peremajaan kelapa sawit yang dilakukan.

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In recent years, the economic sustainability of oil palm farmers in the Toman village who have depended on the oil palm agriculture sector is in vulnerable state because of their low income. In addition to that difficult situation, the farmers have to face another issue which is replanting oil palm that took place simultaneously. This research aims to describe the adaptation strategy by the oil palm farmers during the oil palms replanting program to maintain their livelihood, by analyzing the supporting and inhibiting factors of the adaption strategy. This research conducted by qualitative approach and applies descriptive research. The data collection conducted through observation and in-depth interview with  informants who were composed of the local government, the local cooperative (KUD Makmur), and the oil palm farmers. The result shows that two form of oil palm farmerss adaptation strategy persist during replanting program to sustain their livelihood which are first, production activities and second, consumption activities. Production and income activities done by oil palm farmers such as working as fishermen, factory workers and farm laborers, livestock raising, vegetable farming, and opening small businesses while consumption activities done by oil palm farmers such as reducing expenses and borrowing money by utilizing their social networks. Furthermore, there are contributing factors of oil palm farmerss adaptation strategy, namely, livelihood asset. The results of this research also suggest the local government, oil palm farmers, and local cooperative (KUD Makmur) to give more attention by minimizing inhibiting factors for oil palm farmers during the replanting program."

"Beberapa tahun terakhir, petani kelapa sawit Di Desa Toman yang menggantungkan hidupnya di sektor pertanian kelapa sawit berada pada posisi yang rentan. Di tengah kondisi kerentanan tersebut, mereka harus menghadapi proses peremajaan kelapa sawit yang membuat mereka kehilangan mata pencaharian dan sumber pendapatan utama. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan strategi adaptasi petani kelapa sawit dalam mempertahankan mata pencahariannya selama masa peremajaan kelapa sawit dengan menganalisa aktivitas, faktor pendukung dan faktor penghambat dalam melakukan strategi adaptasi tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian deskriptif. Sedangkan pengumpulan data menggunakan Teknik observasi dan wawancara mendalam dengan informan yang terdiri dari pemerintah desa, KUD Makmur, dan petani kelapa sawit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa strategi adaptasi pada petani kelapa sawit dilakukan melalui aktivitas produksi dan aktivitas konsumsi. Aktivitas produksi yang dilakukan petani kelapa sawit seperti nelayan, buruh pabrik dan buruh tani, berternak, bertani sayuran, dan membuka usaha kecil-kecilan, sedangkan aktivitas konsumsi yang dilakukan petani kelapa sawit seperti meminimalisir pengeluaran dan meminjam uang dengan memanfaatkan jaringan sosial. Kemudian adanya faktor-faktor pada petani kelapa sawit dalam melakukan strategi adaptasi yaitu faktor pendukung internal (istri, anak, dan keluarga lainnya), faktor pendukung eksternal (tetangga, pemerintah desa, KUD Makmur, dan PT. PI, serta faktor penghambat (masalah finansial dan minimnya pengetahuan petani kelapa sawit). Hasil penelitian ini juga menyarankan kepada pihak pemerintah desa, petani kelapa sawit, dan KUD Makmur untuk lebih memperhatikan petani kelapa sawit dengan meminimalisir faktor penghambat pada petani kelapa sawit selama masa peremajaan kelapa sawit

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In recent years, the economic sustainability of oil palm farmers In the Toman village who have depended on the oil palm agriculture sector is in vulnerable state because of their low income. In addition to that difficult situation, the farmers have to face another issue which is replanting oil palm that took place simultaneously. This research aims to describe the adaptation strategy by the oil palm farmers during the oil palm’s replanting program to maintain their livelihood, by analyzing the supporting and inhibiting factors of the adaption strategy. This research conducted by qualitative approach and applies descriptive research. The data collection conducted through observation and in-depth interview with informants who were composed of the local government, the local cooperative (KUD Makmur), and the oil palm farmers. The result shows that two form of oil palm farmers’s adaptation strategy persist during replanting program to sustain their livelihood which are; first, production activities and second, consumption activities. Production and income activities done by oil palm farmers such as working as fishermen, factory workers and farm laborers, livestock raising, vegetable farming, and opening small businesses; while consumption activities done by oil palm farmers such as reducing expenses and borrowing money by utilizing their social networks. Furthermore, there are contributing factors of oil palm farmers’s adaptation strategy, namely, livelihood asset. The results of this research also suggest the local government, oil palm farmers, and local cooperative (KUD Makmur) to give more attention by minimizing inhibiting factors for oil palm farmers during the replanting program."

"Salah satu bentuk pemanfaatan limbah dari industri minyak kelapa sawit di duniateknik sipil adalah penggunaan cangkang kelapa sawit (Oil Palm Shell / OPS)sebagai pengganti agregat kasar alami. Objek studi pada penelitian ini adalah betondengan substitusi 100% agregat kasar OPS berupa balok beton bertulang berukuran15 x 25 x 300 cm3. Sampel diuji dengan metode destruktif, yakni denganpembebanan four point loading. Dalam pengujian sampel dibebani hingga melewatibatas elastisnya. Pengamatan retak dilakukan dengan mempelajari evolusi bukaansampai dengan kondisi akhir pembebanan. Pengamatan respon struktur dilakukandengan menggunakan bantuan sistemDigital Image Correlation (DIC). Sistem DICini mengizinkan pengamatan lebih detail tanpa adanya sentuhan secara langsungpada sampel selama pengujian (contacless). Hasil pengujian menunjukan kapasitasbalok cangkang kelapa sawit mencapai lebih dari 6 ton. Berangkat dari hasilpengujian ini, pemodelan numerik dilakukan dengan menggunakan programCAST3M dengan menggunakan model kehancuran (damage model) yangdiperkenalkan oleh Mazars. Studi lebih lanjut mengenai perbandingan hasileksperimen dan permodelan menyimpulkan bahwa model kehancuran yangdiperkenalkan oleh Mazars pada elemen CUB8 dapat merepresentasikan responstruktur yang sesuai dengan hasil percobaan di laboratorium sampai dengan tahapanpembebanan 938 kg. Melewati pembebanan tersebut, hasil permodelan masih perludiperbaiki.

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Indonesia produce 42 million tons palm oil in 2019. One of impact from the number

of production is the waste of oil palm shell, which is can be use as coarse agregates

of concrete. This research will make a concrete using 100% coarse agregates from

oil palm shell, which the sample is beam 15x25x300 cm3 that will tested using

destructive method. Observation of structure response using Digital Image

Correlation (DIC), and numerical modeling using CAST3M with damage model

proposed by Mazars. Further studies from comparing experimental result and

numerical modeling conclude that damage model proposed by Mazars in CUB8

element give tha same structure response with experimental result up to 938 kg

loading. Exceed that loading, the modeling result still need to be improved"

"Tulisan ini membahas tentang perkembangan perkebunan sawit yang semakin meningkat dan tersebar di berbagai negara salah satunya di Indonesia. Perkembangan perkebunan sawit di tingkat global kemudian memiliki dampak kepada konteks lokal salah satunya di Kampung Palawijo yang berbatasan langsung dengan perkebunan sawit Kebun Cikasungka PTPN III KSO PTPN VIII. Para penduduk yang sebelumnya mayoritas bekerja di perkebunan karet milik PTPN VIII yang kemudian secara bertahap mengubah komoditasnya dari karet menjadi sawit dari tahun 2001. Perubahan komoditas tersebut tentu saja mengubah pola dan sistem penghidupan masyarakat yang tadinya bekerja di karet menjadi sawit. Namun, seiring berjalannya waktu terdapat perubahan ketergantungan penduduk Kampung Palawijo yang tadinya hampir seluruhnya menggantungkan penghidupannya dengan bekerja di karet kini setelah beralih menjadi komoditi sawit perlahan kemudian berkurang untuk bekerja di sawit. Situasi dan beban kerja yang berat dianggap tidak setara dengan upah yang diberikan, membuat minat untuk bekerja di sawit semakin menurun. Selain itu perempuan yang bekerja mayoritas menjadi Buruh Harian Lepas yang memiliki beban ganda karena harus mengurus kerja domestik yang sering diidentikkan sebagai pekerjaan yang tidak menghasilkan. Padahal kerja yang mereka lakukan itulah yang memungkinkan laki-laki bekerja di luar rumah dan mendapatkan upah. Kini strategi penghidupan yang dilakukan para penduduk sekitar memilih untuk bekerja di luar perkebunan sawit dan juga memilih untuk bermigrasi untuk mendapatkan penghidupan yang lebih baik.

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This paper examines the escalating and widespread development of palm oil plantations in various countries, with a particular focus on Indonesia. The global expansion of palm oil plantations has consequential effects on local contexts, exemplified by the case of Kampung Palawijo, which directly borders the palm oil plantation Kebun Cikasungka owned by PTPN III KSO PTPN VIII. The residents of Kampung Palawijo were predominantly engaged in the rubber plantation owned by PTPN VIII, which gradually transitioned its commodity focus from rubber to palm oil starting in 2001. This shift in commodities undoubtedly alters the patterns and livelihood systems of the community, transforming their occupation from rubber to palm oil workers. Over time, there has been a transformation in the dependency of the residents of Kampung Palawijo, who previously relied heavily on rubber-related employment but gradually reduced their engagement in palm oil-related activities. The demanding work conditions and heavy workload are perceived as disproportionate to the wages provided, leading to a declining interest in palm oil employment. Furthermore, women, who constitute the majority of the workforce, often serve as Casual Daily Laborers (Buruh Harian Lepas), experiencing a dual burden as they are tasked with domestic responsibilities, commonly regarded as unremunerative work, ironically, it is their labor that enables men to seek employment outside the home and earn wages. Presently, the livelihood strategies adopted by the surrounding population involve seeking employment beyond palm oil plantations and opting for migration to attain better livelihoods."

"Indonesia merupakan negara dengan produksi karet terbesar kedua didunia. Bahan baku karet paling banyak digunakan umumnya pada industri otomotif khususnya aplikasi ban kendaraan. Ban diharuskan memiliki sifat mekanik yang tinggi pada aplikasinya. Penambahan pengisi umum dipakai untuk meningkatkan sifat mekanik pada aplikasi kompon ban. Pengisi yang umum dipakai ialah karbon hitam dan silika namun terkendala pada biaya yang mahal pada material tersebut. Serat Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit(TKKS) berpotensi menjadi salah satu pengisi alternatif. Namun, Sifat permukaan serat TKKS yang sangat polar menjadi kendala dalam kompatibilitasnya terhadap karet alam yang non polar sehingga diperlukan coupling agent dalam aplikasinya. Hibrida karet alam-selulosa dapat menjadi agen pengikat antara karet alam dengan serat TKKS. Akan tetapi dalam pemrosesan karet setiap zat yang ditambahkan akan mempengaruhi proses vulkanisasi. Investigasi perilaku alir dari proses vulkanisasi dan kompatibilitas karet alam-serat TKKS yang ditambahkan coupling agent karet alam selulosa telah dilakukan. Hasil menunjukan penambahan coupling agent meningkatkan absorpsi ikatan hidrogen O-H serta menurunkan fiber pull-out dan meningkatkan distribusi dan dispersi serat. Perilaku alir menunjukan peningkatan torsi maksimum serta penurunan waktu scorch dan waktu optimal pematangan serta didapatkan optimum pada pemakaian suhu vulkanisasi 150°C dan coupling agent karet alam-selulosa sebesar 2 phr. Nilai konstanta laju reaksi menunjukkan kenaikan serta energi aktivasi mengalami penurunan terhadap temperatur dan komposisi coupling agent karet alam-selulosa.

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Indonesia is the second largest natural rubber producer in the world. Raw material of natural rubber found most of its application in automotive industries espesially the main material of vehicle tires. The tires require good mechanical properties in its application. Addition of filler is a common method to enhance the mechanical strength in rubber mostly utilizing carbon black and silica. Another alternative is by using oil palm empty fruit bunch(OPEFB) as the filler. However, OPEFB has a polar characteristic on its surface, thus reducing its compatibilty with natural rubber significantly. Natural rubber-cellulose hybrid shows possibility to be utilized. However, in processing rubber, each added substance will affect the vulcanization process. Investigation of flow behavior of the vulcanization process and compatibility of natural rubber-fiber OPEFB which was added to the narutral rubber grafted cellulose coupling agent was carried out. The results show that the addition of coupling agents increases the absorption of O-H hydrogen bonds and lowers fiber pull-out and increases fiber dispersion. Flow behavior showed an increase in maximum torque and a decrease in scorch time and optimal maturation time and was obtained optimum at the use of 150°C vulcanization temperature and latex-cellulose coupling agent of 2 phr. The value of the reaction rate constant increase and the activation energy decreases with temperature and the composition of the latex-cellulose coupling agent."