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Gendis Ayu Ardias
"Latar belakang: Palsi serebral (PS) merupakan gangguan permanen pada perkembangan gerakan dan postur tubuh, bersifat non-progresif, dan dapat menyebabkan keterbatasan aktivitas. Gangguan motorik pada PS dapat disertai dengan gangguan fungsi sensasi, persepsi, kognisi, komunikasi dan tingkah laku, masalah muskuloskeletal sekunder, dan berisiko untuk terjadinya epilepsi di kemudian hari. Jenis PS yang diyakini berhubungan erat dengan kejadian epilepsi adalah PS tipe spastik dengan topografi kuadriplegia. Meskipun terdapat beberapa teori yang diyakini menjadi etiologi spesifik epilepsi pada PS spastik, masih sekitar 70% kasus belum diketahui penyebabnya.
Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi observasional analitik dengan desain kasus kontrol yang bertujuan untuk menelaah faktor-faktor risiko epilepsi pada PS spastik. Faktor risiko yang terkait kejadian epilepsi pada PS tipe spastik yang akan diteliti adalah mikrosefal, topografi PS spastik, usia pertama kejang < 1 tahun, riwayat kejang periode neonatal, riwayat infeksi SSP di usia < 2 tahun, temuan abnormal CT scan/ MRI, dan temuan abnormal EEG.
Hasil: Sebanyak 103 subjek populasi kasus (PS spastik dengan epilepsi) dan 103 subjek populasi kontrol (PS spastik tanpa epilepsi) diikutsertakan dalam penelitian ini. Analisis univariat hingga multivariat dilakukan menggunakan program statistical package for the social sciences versi 27 (SPSS 27). Faktor risiko dianggap bermakna apabila nilai p<0,05. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa faktor-faktor risiko PS tipe spastik yang paling berperan untuk terjadinya epilepsi pada penelitian ini adalah mikrosefal (p=0,003; OR 3,577; IK 95% 1,559–8,209), topografi PS spastik kuadriplegia dan hemiplegia (p=0,005; OR 6,636; IK 95% 1,797–24,509; dan p=0,006; OR 7,888; IK 95% 1,782–34,914), temuan abnormal CT scan/ MRI (nilai p=0,002; OR 4,153; IK 95% 1,715–10,058), dan temuan abnormal EEG berupa gambaran hipofungsi (p < 0,0001; OR 219,338; IK 95% 40,103–1199,63). Kesimpulan: Mikrosefal, topografi PS spastik kuadriplegia, temuan abnormal CT scan/ MRI, dan temuan abnormal EEG terbukti meningkatkan risiko terjadinya epilepsi pada PS spastik, sedangkan usia kejang pertama < 1 tahun, riwayat kejang neonatal, dan infeksi SSP usia < 2 tahun tidak terbukti meningkatkan risiko terjadinya epilepsi pada PS spastik.

Background: Cerebral palsy (CP) is a permanent and non-progressive disturbance in the development of movement and posture, and causes activity limitations. Motor disturbances in PS can be accompanied by impaired function of sensation, perception, cognition, communication and behaviour, secondary musculoskeletal problems, and the risk of developing epilepsy later in life. The type of CP that is believed to be closely related to the incidence of epilepsy is the spastic type with a quadriplegic topography. Although there are several theories that are believed to be the specific aetiology of epilepsy in spastic PS, the cause is still unknown in about 70% of cases.
Method: This is a case-control study design that aims to examine the risk factors of epilepsi in spastic CP. The risk factors associated with the occurrence of epilepsy that will be involved are microcephaly, topography of spastic CP, age at first seizure <1 year, history of neonatal seizures, history of CNS infection at the age < 2 years, abnormal CT scan/ MRI findings, and abnormal EEG findings.
Result: A total of 103 case population subjects (spastic CP with epilepsy) and 103 control population subjects (spastic CP without epilepsy) were included in this study. Univariate to multivariate analysis was performed using the statistical package for the social sciences version 27 (SPSS 27). Risk factors are considered significant if the p value <0.05. This study showed that the risk factors for epilepsy in spastic CP which were most significant for the occurrence of epilepsy were microcephaly (p=0.003; OR 3.577; 95% CI 1.559 – 8.209), quadriplegia and hemiplegia topography (p=0.005; OR 6.636; 95% CI 1.797- 24.509 and p=0.006; OR 7.888; 95% CI 1.782-34.914), abnormal CT scan/MRI findings (p=0.002; OR 4.153; 95% CI 1.715– 10.058), and hypofunction form of EEG findings (p<0,0001; OR 219.338; 95% CI 40.103–1199.63).
Conclusion: Microcephaly, quadriplegia topography, abnormal CT scan/MRI findings, and abnormal EEG findings have been shown to increase the risk of developing epilepsy in spastic CP. Whereas age of first seizure <1 year, history of neonatal seizures, and CNS infection at age <2 years old were not proven to increase the risk of epilepsy in spastic CP.
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Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2023
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UI - Tugas Akhir  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Anidar
"Latar belakang. Epilepsi dapat terjadi 34 - 94% pada pasien palsi serebral. Epilepsi pada anak palsi serebral akan sulit dikontrol, sehingga akan meningkatkan bertambah beratnya gangguan fungsi kognitif, gangguan fungsi motorik berjalan, gangguan prilaku, yang nantinya dapat menurunkan kulitas hidup anak di kemudian hari. Faktor risiko terjadinya epilepsi pada palsi serebral berbeda-beda antara satu peneliti dengan peneliti lainnya.
Tujuan. (1) mengetahui manifestasi klinis palsi serebral spastik, (2) mengetahui apakah faktor-faktor risiko seperti kejang neonatus, awitan kejang pertama < 1 tahun, riwayat keluarga epilepsi, subtipe palsi serebral spastik, proses persalinan, usia gestasi, berat badan lahir, ukuran lingkar kepala, riwayat infeksi susunan saraf pusat, gambaran EEG dan gambaran CT scan/MRI kepala berhubungan dengan kejadian epilepsi pada palsi serebral spastik
Metode penelitian. Desain penelitian adalah kasus kontrol dan dilakukan poliklinik rawat jalan Neurologi Anak di RSCM, RSUP Fatmawati dan RSAB Harapan Kita kurun waktu Januari 2010 sampai Agustus 2015 terhadap 250 anak palsi serebral spastik usia 1 sampai 18 tahun. Faktor risiko dianalisis bivariat dan multivariat.
Hasil. Manifestasi klinis palsi serebral spastik yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah tipe kuadriplegia 53,2% dan epilepsi lebih banyak terjadi pada tipe ini yaitu 52%. Pada analisis bivariat didapatkan faktor risiko yang bermakna yaitu awitan kejang pertama < 1 tahun (RO 5,49; IK 95% 2,98-10,10), EEG epileptik (RO 11,60; IK 95% 3,63-37,00), dan pencitraan abnormal (RO 2,96; IK 95% 1,07-8,13). Pada analisis multivariat didapatkan yaitu awitan kejang < 1 tahun dan EEG epileptik merupakan faktor risiko yang berperan untuk terjadinya epilepsi pada palsi serebral spastik.
Simpulan. Manifestasi klinis palsi serebral spastik yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah tipe kuadriplegia. Faktor risiko yang berperan untuk terjadinya epilepsi pada palsi serebral spastik adalah awitan kejang pertama < 1 tahun dan EEG epileptik.

Background. Epilepsy occurs in 34?94 percent of children with cerebral palsy. Epilepsies associated with cerebral palsy are difficult to control and associated with greater impairment of cognitive function, with lower probability of walking, with more severe behavioural problem, and a poorer quality of lifein compromising autonomy. Risk factors of epilepsy in children with cerebral palsy vary among studies.
Objective. (1) to identify clinical feature in spastis cerebral palsy, (2) to identify and analyze the association of risk factors including neonatal seizures, onset of first seizures before 1 year, family history of epilepsy, the type of cerebral palsy, delivery process, gestational age, birth weight, head circumference, history of central nervous system infection, the electroencephalogram (EEG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/computed tomography (CT) Scan findings with occure of epilepsy in spastic cerebral palsy.
Methods. Casus-control study was conducted in child neurology outpatient clinics in Cipto Mangunkusumo, Fatmawati, Harapan Kita Hospital Jakarta on January 2010 to August 2015 to 250 children of spastic cerebral palsy from 1 until 18 years old age. Data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS for Windowsv, 22 software.
Results. The most common type of spastic cerebral palsy is quadriplegia 53,2% and the occurance of epilepsy 52% in this type. Bivariate analysis showed that significantly onset of first seizures before 1 year (OR = 5.49; 95%CI 2.98-10.10), epileptiform EEG wave (OR = 11.60; 95%CI 3.63-37.00), and abnormal MRI/CT Scan (OR = 2.96; 95%CI 1.,07-8.13). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that onset of first seizures before 1 year and epileptiform EEG wave were all found to be significant and independent risk factors for epilepsy in children with spastic cerebral palsy.
Conclusion. The most common type of spastic cerebral palsy is quadriplegia. The present study reveals that onset of first seizures before 1 year and epileptiform EEG wave are strongly associated with epilepsy in children with spastic cerebral palsy."
Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2015
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UI - Tesis Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Maghffira Maura R. A. Dunda
"Epilepsi masih menjadi masalah neurologis pada anak, dengan pertambahan kasus sebesar 75%-80% setiap tahunnya di negara-negara berkembang. Sudah terdapat banyak pilihan Obat Anti Epilepsi (OAE) yang tersedia. Sayangnya, mencapai 30% pasien anak yang menjalani pengobatan tidak mencapai bebas kejang, dan berkembang menjadi epilepsi dengan kejang tidak terkontrol, atau disebut dengan epilepsi intraktabel. Perjalanan pengobatan sangat penting pada keadaan epilepsi anak usia di bawah tiga tahun, yang masih dalam masa perkembangan otak, namun belum banyak penelitian yang melihat evolusi faktor risiko dalam memprediksi kejadian epilepsi intraktabel. Penelitian ini melihat perubahan atau evolusi faktor risiko pasien epilepsi anak usia di bawah tiga tahun pada 3 lokasi penelitian di Jakarta, dengan melakukan studi kasus-kontrol.
Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengidentifikasi peran evolusi faktor risiko untuk memprediksi epilepsi intraktabel anak usia di bawah tiga tahun. Penelitian dilakukan secara retrospektif, menggunakan data sekunder, dengan melihat rekam medis pasien epilepsi anak usia di bawah tiga tahun yang diperoleh dari RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo, Jakarta Pusat, RS Puri Cinere Depok, dan Klinik Anakku Pondok Pinang Center, Jakarta Selatan. Total subjek sebanyak 102 rekam medis pasien, dengan perbandingan kasus:kontrol yaitu 1:1. Hasil analisis pearson chi-square memperoleh 3 evolusi faktor risiko yang signifikan terhadap kejadian epilepsi intraktabel, yaitu: evolusi kelumpuhan motorik kasar (p<0,001; OR 7,86; IK95% 3,142-19,659); evolusi status neurologis (p<0,001; OR 9,84; IK95% 3,934-24,614); dan evolusi gelombang epileptiform EEG (p<0,001; OR 23,25; IK95% 7,657-70,599). Evolusi tipe kejang menunjukkan hasil tidak bermakna terhadap kejadian epilepsi intraktabel anak. Hasil analisis multivariat kemudian menunjukkan bahwa evolusi gelombang epileptiform EEG baik/buruk memiliki peran paling kuat dalam memprediksi kejadian epilepsi intraktabel (p<0,001; OR 0,075; IK95% 0,022-0,253). Evolusi gelombang epileptiform EEG buruk merupakan faktor prediktor epilepsi intraktabel anak usia di bawah tiga tahun yang paling berpengaruh.

Epilepsy is still a neurological problem among children, with an increase in cases of 75% -80% annually in developing countries. There are already many choices of Anti-Epileptic Drugs (AED) available. Unfortunately, up to 30% of pediatric patients who undergo treatment do not achieve seizure-free, and develop epilepsy with uncontrolled seizures, also known as intractable epilepsy. The course of treatment is very important in the epilepsy of children under three years of age, who are still in the process of brain development, but not many studies have looked at the evolution of risk factors in predicting the incidence of intractable epilepsy. This study looked at changes or evolution of risk factors for epilepsy patients under three years of age in 3 study locations in Jakarta, by conducting a case-control study. The objective of this research is to Identified the evolution of risk factors role in predicting intractable epilepsy in children under three years of age. The study was conducted retrospectively, using secondary data, by looking at the medical records of epilepsy children under three years of age obtained from RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo, Central Jakarta, Puri Cinere Hospital Depok, and Klinik Anakku Pondok Pinang Center, South Jakarta. The total subjects were 102 patient medical records, with a case: control ratio of 1: 1. The results of the Pearson chi-square analysis obtained three significant evolution of risk factors for the incidence of intractable epilepsy, namely: the evolution of gross motor paralysis (p<0.001; OR 7.86; 95% CI 3.142-19.659); evolution of neurological status (p<0.001; OR 9.84; CI95% 3,934-24.614); and EEG epileptiform wave evolution (p<0.001; OR 23.25; IK95% 7,657-70,599). The evolution of seizure types showed no significant effect on the incidence of intractable epilepsy in children. The results of multivariate analysis then showed that the evolution of epileptiform EEG waves good/bad had the strongest role in predicting the incidence of intractable epilepsy (p<0.001; OR 0.075; CI95% 0.022-0.253). The bad evolution of EEG epileptiform waves was the most influential predictor of intractable epilepsy among children under three years of age."
Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2020
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UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Tartila
"[ABSTRAK
Latar belakang Pemeriksaan EEG merupakan modalitas terpenting dalam diagnosis multi aksial pada epilepsi dan pemberian obat anti epilepsi yang tepat Sensitivitas EEG untuk memperoleh gelombang epileptiform cukup rendah sehingga berbagai upaya dilakukan untuk meningkatkan sensitivitas EEG Faktor faktor yang memengaruhi kejadian gelombang epileptiform telah banyak diteliti pada pasien dewasa namun belum ada penelitian yang spesifik pada anak Tujuan Mengetahui proporsi kejadian gelombang epileptiform pada EEG anak dengan epilepsi dan faktor faktor yang berpengaruh Metode Studi potong lintang terhadap 110 anak epilepsi usia 1 bulan 18 tahun yang datang ke Poliklinik EEG Kiara RSCM dari bulan Mei hingga September 2015 Faktor faktor yang dianggap berpengaruh dianalisis secara multivariat dengan uji regresi logistik Hasil Proporsi munculnya gelombang epileptiform sebesar 48 110 43 6 Pada analisis bivariat didapatkan faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap munculnya gelombang epileptiform adalah lama anak terbangun hingga dilakukannya pemeriksaan EEG p 0 034 OR 2 449 IK95 1 071 5 599 dan jarak kejang terakhir dengan EEG p 0 005 OR 3 037 IK95 1 386 6 626 Pada analisis multivariat didapatkan faktor yang paling berpengaruh terhadap kejadian gelombang epileptiform adalah jarak kejang terakhir dengan EEG p 0 016 OR 2 671 IK95 1 198 5 957 Simpulan Jarak kejang terakhir dengan pemeriksaan EEG kurang dari 3 hari dan deprivasi tidur parsial selama 6 jam merupakan faktor terjadinya gelombang epileptiform pada EEG anak dengan epilepsi ABSTRACT Background Top of Form EEG is an important modality in the multi axial diagnosis of epilepsy and therapy Sensitivity of EEG was low so efforts were made to improve it Factors related to the occurence of epileptiform waves has been studied in adult patients but no specific studies in children Top of Form Objectives Determine proportion of epileptiform waves in the EEG of children with epilepsy and identify the factors related to the occurence of epileptiform waves Methods This is a cross sectional study on 110 children with epilepsy aged 1 month 18 years old who came to the EEG outpatient clinic at Kiara Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital from May to September 2015 Related factors was analyzed using multivariate Results The proportion of epileptiform waves was 48 110 43 6 Results in bivariate analysis revealed related factors were the duration of awakeness p 0 034 OR 2 499 95 CI 1 071 5 599 and the duration of last seizure until EEG done p 0 005 OR 3 037 95 CI 1 386 6 626 In the multivariate analysis duration of last seizure until EEG done was the most related factors to the occurence of epileptiform waves p 0 016 OR 2 671 95 CI 1 198 5 957 Conclusion Factors related to the occurence of epileptiform waves are duration of last seizure until EEG done less than 3 days and patial deprivation for 6 hours ;Background Top of Form EEG is an important modality in the multi axial diagnosis of epilepsy and therapy Sensitivity of EEG was low so efforts were made to improve it Factors related to the occurence of epileptiform waves has been studied in adult patients but no specific studies in children Top of Form Objectives Determine proportion of epileptiform waves in the EEG of children with epilepsy and identify the factors related to the occurence of epileptiform waves Methods This is a cross sectional study on 110 children with epilepsy aged 1 month 18 years old who came to the EEG outpatient clinic at Kiara Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital from May to September 2015 Related factors was analyzed using multivariate Results The proportion of epileptiform waves was 48 110 43 6 Results in bivariate analysis revealed related factors were the duration of awakeness p 0 034 OR 2 499 95 CI 1 071 5 599 and the duration of last seizure until EEG done p 0 005 OR 3 037 95 CI 1 386 6 626 In the multivariate analysis duration of last seizure until EEG done was the most related factors to the occurence of epileptiform waves p 0 016 OR 2 671 95 CI 1 198 5 957 Conclusion Factors related to the occurence of epileptiform waves are duration of last seizure until EEG done less than 3 days and patial deprivation for 6 hours ;Background Top of Form EEG is an important modality in the multi axial diagnosis of epilepsy and therapy Sensitivity of EEG was low so efforts were made to improve it Factors related to the occurence of epileptiform waves has been studied in adult patients but no specific studies in children Top of Form Objectives Determine proportion of epileptiform waves in the EEG of children with epilepsy and identify the factors related to the occurence of epileptiform waves Methods This is a cross sectional study on 110 children with epilepsy aged 1 month 18 years old who came to the EEG outpatient clinic at Kiara Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital from May to September 2015 Related factors was analyzed using multivariate Results The proportion of epileptiform waves was 48 110 43 6 Results in bivariate analysis revealed related factors were the duration of awakeness p 0 034 OR 2 499 95 CI 1 071 5 599 and the duration of last seizure until EEG done p 0 005 OR 3 037 95 CI 1 386 6 626 In the multivariate analysis duration of last seizure until EEG done was the most related factors to the occurence of epileptiform waves p 0 016 OR 2 671 95 CI 1 198 5 957 Conclusion Factors related to the occurence of epileptiform waves are duration of last seizure until EEG done less than 3 days and patial deprivation for 6 hours , Background Top of Form EEG is an important modality in the multi axial diagnosis of epilepsy and therapy Sensitivity of EEG was low so efforts were made to improve it Factors related to the occurence of epileptiform waves has been studied in adult patients but no specific studies in children Top of Form Objectives Determine proportion of epileptiform waves in the EEG of children with epilepsy and identify the factors related to the occurence of epileptiform waves Methods This is a cross sectional study on 110 children with epilepsy aged 1 month 18 years old who came to the EEG outpatient clinic at Kiara Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital from May to September 2015 Related factors was analyzed using multivariate Results The proportion of epileptiform waves was 48 110 43 6 Results in bivariate analysis revealed related factors were the duration of awakeness p 0 034 OR 2 499 95 CI 1 071 5 599 and the duration of last seizure until EEG done p 0 005 OR 3 037 95 CI 1 386 6 626 In the multivariate analysis duration of last seizure until EEG done was the most related factors to the occurence of epileptiform waves p 0 016 OR 2 671 95 CI 1 198 5 957 Conclusion Factors related to the occurence of epileptiform waves are duration of last seizure until EEG done less than 3 days and patial deprivation for 6 hours ]"
Depok: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2015
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UI - Tugas Akhir  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Awidiya Afiati
"Latar belakang. Epilepsi fokal merupakan jenis epilepsi terbanyak pada anak. Kemungkinan untuk terjadinya epilepsi intraktabel pada epilepsi fokal lebih besar dibandingkan dengan epilepsi umum. Data mengenai faktor risiko epilepsi fokal intraktabel masih sangat sedikit. Perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk mengetahui strategi pengobatan dan konseling bagi pasien dan keluarga.
Tujuan. (1) mendapatkan frekuensi terjadinya epilepsi intraktabel pada anak dengan epilepsi fokal. (2) mengetahui karakteristik pasien epilepsi fokal yang kontrol ke poliklinik Neurologi Anak. (3) mengetahui apakah usia awitan, etiologi epilepsi, frekuensi awal serangan, status perkembangan motor kasar awal, respon terapi awal, gambaran EEG awal, dan gambaran CT-Scan/MRI kepala dapat memprediksi kemungkinan terjadinya epilepsi intraktabel pada pasien anak dengan epilepsi fokal. (4) mengetahui apakah evolusi status perkembangan motor kasar, dan evolusi EEG epileptiform dapat memprediksi terjadinya epilepsi intraktabel.
Metode penelitian. Desain penelitian adalah kohort retrospektif dan dilakukan poliklinik rawat jalan Neurologi Anak di RSCM sejak November 2013 sampai dengan Februari 2014 terhadap anak epilepsi fokal hingga usia 18 tahun, dengan lama pengobatan minimal 6 bulan. Faktor risiko dianalisis bivariat dan multivariat.
Hasil penelitian. Angka kejadian epilepsi fokal intraktabel adalah 35 (39%).Usia subjek terbanyak adalah usia>3 tahun sebanyak 81(90%) subjek. Pada analisis bivariat didapat faktor risiko bermakna adalah etiologi kejang simtomatik (OR 6,12 IK95% 2,08-18,04), frekuensi kejang>5x/hari (OR 3,91 IK95% 1,43-10,75), respon awal terapi buruk (OR 233,14 IK95% 27,40-1983,27), EEG awal abnormal (OR 4,51 IK95% 1,82-11,17), MRI abnormal (OR 10,38 IK95% 2,91-37,06), evolusi status perkembangan motor kasar buruk (OR 21,62 IK95% 2,62-178,1), dan evolusi EEG epileptiform buruk (OR 25 IK95% 7,71-81,03). Pada analisis multivariat didapatkan respon awal terapi buruk dengan nilai OR136,00 (IK95% 14,79 sampai 1250,08), dan evolusi EEG epileptiform buruk dengan nilai OR 10,00 (1,68 sampai 59,35) merupakan faktor risiko yang berperan untuk menjadi epilepsi fokal intraktabel.
Simpulan. Angka kejadian epilepsi fokal intraktabel sebanyak 39%. Faktor risiko yang berperan adalah respon terapi awal buruk, dan evolusi EEG epileptiform buruk.

Background. Epilepsy focal is the most common type epilepsy in children. The chance to be intractable epilepsy is higher than general epilepsy. Therefore, study of the risk factors to predict intractable epilepsy is the utmost importance to conduct the treatment strategy and consult the patients and family.
Objective. (1) to determine the characteristic focal epilepsy in children (2) to determine the frequency of intractable focal epilepsy (3) to identify and analyze the association of early risk factors including the onset of seizure, frequency of seizure, etiology of epilepsy, gross motor developmental status, the response of antiepileptic drugs, the electroencephalogram (EEG), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) / computed tomography (CT) Scan findings with intractable focal epilepsy, (4) to identify and analyze the relationship between the evolution factors including the evolution of EEG epileptiform, and the evolution of gross motor development with intractable focal epilepsy.
Methods. Retrospective cohort study was conducted in child neurology outpatient clinics in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta on November 2013 to February 2014. Inclusion criteria was children with epilepsy focal who was treated with antiepileptic drugs at least 6 month therapy until 18 years old age. Patients with febrile convulsions; central nervous system infections; neurodegenerative, neurometabolic diseases; and catastrophic epileptic syndromes with poor prognosis were excluded from the study. Data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS for Windowsv.17 software (IBM, New York, USA).
Results. The proportion of intractable focal epilepsy is 35 (39%). The most of children is >3 years old 81 (90%). Bivariate analysis showed that significantly early risk factors are symptomatic epileptic (OR = 6.12; 95%CI 2.08-18.04), frequency of seizure >5x/day (OR = 3.91; 95%CI 1.43-10,75), gross motor developmental delay (OR = 233.14; 95%CI 27.40-1983.27), early abnormal EEG wave (OR = 4.51; 95%CI 1.82-11.17), abnormal MRI (OR = 10.38; 95%CI 2.91-37.06), poor gross motor developmental evolution (OR = 21.62; 95%CI 2.62-178.1), and poor the EEG epileptiform evolution (OR = 25; 95%CI 7.71-81.03). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that an initial non response to antiepileptic drugs (OR = 136.00; 95%CI 14.79-1250.08), and the poor evolution of EEG epileptiform (OR =10.00; 95%CI 1.68-59.35) were all found to be significant and independent risk factors for intractable focal epilepsy.
Conclusion. The present study reveals that the early non response to antiepileptic drugs, and poor of EEG epileptiform evolution are strongly associated with intractable focal epilepsy.
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Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2014
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UI - Tesis Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Lady Aurora
"Pemberian terapi yang sesuai, khususnya obat antiepilepsi (OAE) sebagai terapi utama dapat menyembuhkan pasien penyandang epilepsi.Seringkali faktor yang berkaitan erat dengan pemberian OAE kurang diperhatikan.Oleh karena itu, penelitian yang dilakukan penulis membahas bagaimana hubungan antara faktorfaktor yang memengaruhi respons terapi pada anak penyandang epilepsi.Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode cross-sectional, yaitu dengan menggunakan data sekunder dari rekam medis epilepsy registry pada pasien anak di Departemen Ilmu Kesehatan Anak RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo dengan tanggal kunjungan 1995-2010. Dari penelitian, ditemukan bahwa dari 174 subyek penelitian, 76,4% mengalami bangkitan umum dan 23,6% mengalami bangkitan fokal. Terdapat 62,1% subyek yang mengalami epilepsi simtomatik dan 37,9% epilepsi idiopatik. Sembilan puluh enam koma enam persen subyek mendapatkan regimen yang sesuai dengan lini pertama, 63,8% mendapatkan OAE dengan dosis sesuai, 77,0% subyek mendapatkan terapi tunggal (monoterapi), dan 70,3% tidak mengalami perubahan regimen selama terapi. Dari analisis bivariat menggunakan uji Chi-Square maupun Fisher's, tidak ditemukan hubungan yang signifikan baik untuk faktor kesesuaian regimen, dosis OAE, kombinasi OAE, maupun perubahan regimen selama terapi (seluruhnya memiliki nilai p > 0,05). Namun, nilai OR masing-masing faktor menunjukkan hasil yang sesuai dengan teori sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa secara klinis respons bebas kejang akan didapatkan pada pasien yang mendapatkan regimen sesuai, dosis sesuai, monoterapi, dan tidak ada pergantian regimen. Adapun bila dikaitkan dengan klasifikasi epilepsi yang dialami, pasien dengan epilepsi idiopatik memiliki kecenderungan mendapatkan respons bebas kejang (OR=1,407 95%CI 0,732-2,705). Analisis multivariat menggunakan uji regresi logistik menunjukkan monoterapi menjadi faktor yang terkuat dalam pencapaian respons terapi epilepsi walaupun hasil pada penelitian ini tidak signifikan.

Appropiate therapy admission, especially antiepileptic drugs (AED) as the main therapy for epileptic patients, might help the patients to achieve its maximum recovery. Health care providers don?t pay much attention to factors related to AED admission. Therefore, this research was determined to analyze the association between several factors affecting treatment response in children with epilepsy. This research is a cross-sectional study, using secondary data from epilepsy registry medical record in pediatric patient at Pediatric Health Department of RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo during 1995-2010. This study showed that among 174 subjects, 76.4% subjects had general seizure and 23.6% subjects had focal seizure. It is also found that 62.1% subjects had symptomatic epilepsy and 37.9% subjects had idiophatic epilepsy. Ninety six point six percent subjects had appropriate regiment with first-line drugs, 63.8% subjects had appropriate AED dose, 77.0% subjects received monotherapy, and 70.3% did not receive any regiment modification during therapy. Through bivariate analysis using Chi-Square and Fisher?s test: there were no significant association between regiment compatibility, AED dose, AED combination, and regiment modification during therapy (p > 0.05). However, the odds ratio (OR) of each factors showed corresponding result with the theory. In conclusion, seizure-free response will be achieved by patients who had appropriate regiment, appropriate dose, monotherapy, and no regiment modification. Analysis about association between epilepsy classification and therapy response showed that patient with idiophatic epilepsy tended to be easier to be seizure-free. Multivariate analysis using logistic regression showed that monotherapy was the strongest factor affecting therapy response, even though in this study it was not statistically significant.
"
Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2015
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UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Ginting, Jenny Br.
"Latar Belakang: Epilepsi di negara berkembang dua kali lebih tinggi dibandingkan negara maju. Sekitar 60-70% pasien bebas kejang dengan obat antiepilepsi (OAE) generasi satu, jika tidak respons dan kejang menetap maka dipertimbangkan OAE generasi dua. Keberhasilan pengobatan epilepsi dipengaruhi oleh pelbagai faktor serta bergantung terhadap plastisitas dan maturitas otak hingga usia tiga tahun. Belum ada penelitian yang menilai faktor-faktor keberhasilan terapi OAE generasi dua.
Tujuan: Mengetahui faktor risiko keberhasilan keberhasilan terapi OAE generasi 2 pada pasien epilepsi anak usia di bawah tiga tahun.
Metode: Studi kasus kontrol dengan data sekunder berupa rekam medis. Sampel penelitian adalah anak epilepsi berusia di bawah tiga tahun yang mendapatkan minimal salah satu OAE generasi 2 berupa topiramat/levetiracetam/lamotrigin. Subyek terbagi kelompok kontrol (dilakukan matching usia) yang kejangnya tidak terkontrol dan kelompok kasus yang kejangnya terkontrol minimal enam bulan. Faktor risiko yang diteliti adalah tipe kejang, status perkembangan, status neurologis awal, gambaran elektroensefalografi (EEG) awal, evolusi klinis dan evolusi EEG.
Hasil: Didapatkan 60 subyek pada masing-masing kelompok; pada kelompok kasus paling banyak dijumpai 66,7% laki-laki, 31,7% rentang usia 6-12 bulan, 83,3% usia awitan kejang <12 bulan, dan 93,3% tipe kejang umum. Dari 6 faktor risiko yang diteliti, hanya evolusi EEG berperan independen dalam memengaruhi keberhasilan terapi, nilai p<0,001; aOR 9,53; IK95% 3,39-26,77.
Kesimpulan: Pasien dengan evolusi EEG baik memiliki kemungkinan sebesar 9,53 kali lipat lebih besar untuk kerjangnya terkontrol dengan OAE generasi 2, dibandingkan pasien dengan evolusi EEG buruk.

Background: Epilepsy in developing countries is twice compared developed countries. About 60-70% epilepsy patients had seizure-free with first generation antiepileptic drugs (AED), if there is no response and persistent seizures, second generation AED is considered. The success of epilepsy treatment is influenced by various factors and depends on the plasticity and maturity of the brain until the first 3 years. There are no studies that assess the success factors of second generation OAE therapy.
Purpose: To assess the risk factors that affecting the success of second generation therapy in children under 3 years old with epilepsy.
Methods: A case control study with secondary data from medical records. The study sample was children under 3 years old with epilepsy who received at least one of second generation AED (topiramate/levetiracetam/lamotrigine). Subjects were divide into 2 groups, control groups (age matching) whose seizure were not controlled and case groups whose seizure were controlled for at least six months. The risk factors studied were seizure type, developmental status, initial neurological status, initial electroencephalography (EEG), clinical evolution and EEG evolution,
Results: There were 60 subjects in each group; the most proportion in case group were 66,7% males, 31,7% of the age range of 6-12 months, 83,3% onset of seizures <12 months, and 93,3% general seizures. Of the 6 risk factors studied, only the EEG evolution significantly and independently affecting the success of therapy, with p value <0,001; aOR 9.53; 95%CI 3.39-26.77.
Conclusion: Patients with good EEG evolution were 9.53 times more likely to have controlled seizure with second generation AED, compared to patients with poor EEG evolution."
Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2020
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UI - Tugas Akhir  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Prima Heptayana
"Penderita epilepsi anak memiliki risiko tinggi mengalami gangguan kognitif yang mempengaruhi kualitas hidup. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui prevalensi gangguan kognitif pada usia 8-11 tahun menggunakan Mini Mental State Examination MMSE modifikasi Ouvrier. Metode penelitian potong lintang dilakukan di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo RSCM dan Pasar Rebo pada Mei-Juni 2018. Tiga puluh satu pasien diikutsertakan dalam penelitian ini. Jumlah laki-laki dan perempuan adalah 58,1 dan 41,9 . Sebagian besar subyek berasal dari RSCM 87,1 dengan kelompok usia terbanyak 10-11 tahun 48,4 . Prevalensi gangguan kognitif sebesar 74,2 . Sebanyak 87,5 subyek dengan obat anti epilepsi OAE politerapi mengalami gangguan kognitif. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna jumlah bangkitan 11-100 kali selama hidup dengan gangguan kognitif p

Children with epilepsy are at high risk of cognitive disorders. We performed cross sectional study to evaluate clinical characteristics and prevalence of cognitive disorders in children aged 8 ndash 11 years using Ouvrier rsquo s Modified Mini Mental State Examination MMSE . The study was done in Cipto Mangunkusumo RSCM and Pasar Rebo Hospital from May June 2018. Thirty one patients were enrolled. Male and female were 58,1 and 41,9 . The prevalence of cognitive disorder was 74,2 . There was 87,5 patients with AEDs polytherapy had cognitive disorders. It was significantly different between lifetime seizure frequency 11 100 with cognitive disorder p10 times had 59,5 higher risk, and AEDs polytherapy showed tendency of cognitive impairment risk."
Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2018
T57603
UI - Tesis Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Alvi Lavina
"Latar belakang. Gangguan perilaku pada anak epilepsi memiliki prevalens yang tinggi dan dapat menyebabkan dampak psikososial pada anak. Namun sejauh ini di Indonesia belum terdapat studi yang meneliti gangguan perilaku pada anak epilepsi serta faktor-faktor yang berhubungan.
Tujuan. Penelitian ini untuk mengetahui: (1) proporsi dan jenis gangguan perilaku pada anak epilepsi berdasarkan child behavior checklist (CBCL), (2) hubungan antara: usia awitan kejang, frekuensi kejang, durasi epilepsi, obat anti epilepsi, tingkat sosial ekonomi, dan pendidikan orangtua, dengan gangguan perilaku pada anak epilepsi, (3) adaptasi keluarga dalam menghadapi anak epilepsi.
Metode. Penelitian potong lintang di Klinik Neurologi Anak FKUI RSCM. Skrining gangguan perilaku dengan kuesioner CBCL dilakukan pada 30 anak epilepsi tanpa defisit neurologis dan disabilitas intelektual. Studi kualitatif untuk menilai adaptasi keluarga dalam menghadapi anak epilepsi.
Hasil. Terdapat tiga dari tiga puluh anak epilepsi yang mengalami gangguan perilaku, dengan jenis gangguan perilaku eksternalisasi (perilaku melanggar aturan dan agresif), masalah sosial dan gangguan pemusatan perhatian. Faktor usia awitan kejang (p=0,280), frekuensi kejang (p=0,007; RP 0,036; IK95% 0,005-0,245), durasi epilepsi (p=1,000), obat anti epilepsi (p=0,020; RP 0,019; IK95% 0,001-0,437), tingkat sosial ekonomi (p=0,251), dan pendidikan orangtua (p=1,000), tidak berisiko meningkatkan gangguan perilaku. Terdapat sikap dan reaksi, serta persepsi dan stigma orangtua yang negatif dalam menghadapi anak epilepsi yang mengalami gangguan perilaku. Terdapat masalah keluarga sejak anak mengalami epilepsi dan gangguan perilaku. Orangtua tidak dapat menerapkan pola asuh displin dan kemandirian pada anak dengan gangguan perilaku.
Simpulan. Proporsi gangguan perilaku pada anak epilepsi tanpa defisit neurologis dan disabilitas intelektual tidak tinggi. Tidak terdapat faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi gangguan perilaku. Adaptasi keluarga baik dalam menghadapi anak epilepsi tanpa gangguan perilaku, dibandingkan dengan keluarga anak epilepsi yang mengalami gangguan perilaku.

Background. Behavior problems are prevalent in children with epilepsy and have psychosocial impact in children. However, in Indonesia, no research has ever been done to study behavior problems in children with epilepsy and related factors.
Objectives. This study aimed to define: (1) proportion behavior problem and type of behavior disorder based on child behavior checklist (CBCL), (2) the relationship between factors: age at seizure onset, seizure frequency, epilepsy duration, antiepileptic drug, socio-economic, and parents education, with behavior problems in epileptic children, (3) family adaptation on managing children with epilepsy.
Method. A Cross sectional study in Pediatric Neurology Clinic FKUI RSCM. Screening for behavior problems with CBCL questionnaires in 30 children with epilepsy without neurologic deficit and intellectual disability. A qualitative study examined family adaptation on managing children with epilepsy.
Results. There were three of thirty children with epilepsy, who have behavior problems, with externalizing disorder (delinquent and agressive behavior), social and attention problems. Age at seizure onset (p=0,280), seizure frequency (p=0,007; PR 0,036; CI95% 0,005-0,245), epilepsy duration (p=1,000), anti epileptic drug (p=0,020; PR 0,019; CI95% 0,001-0,437), socio-economic (p=0,251), dan parents education (p=1,000), are not risk factors for development of behavior problems. Parents’ behavior and reaction, their perception and stigma are negative on managing children with epilepsy and behavior problems. There are family problems since their children have epilepsy and behavior problems. Parents are unable to discipline children with behavior problems and teach them to be independent.
Conclusion. The proportion of behavior problems in children with epilepsy without neurologic deficit and intellectual disability, are not high. There are no risk factors for development of behavior problems. Family adaptation on managing children with epilepsy without behavior problems are better than family who have children with epilepsy and behavior problems.
"
Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2014
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UI - Tugas Akhir  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Agung Triono
"Penghentian obat antiepilepsi OAE dengan terburu-buru meningkatkan risiko relaps pada epilepsi. Risiko resistensi obat pada epilepsi relaps sangat tinggi. Belum ada kesepakatan umum kapan OAE dapat dihentikan dengan aman sehingga tidak terjadi relaps. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui angka kejadian relaps pada anak dengan epilepsi terkontrol danyang belum terkontrol kejangnya, mengetahui karakteristik anak dengan epilepsi terkontrol yang mengalami relaps, mengetahui faktor prediktor epilepsi relaps, mengetahui luaranepilepsi relaps, mengetahui perjalanan EEG anak dengan epilepsi relaps. Penelitian dilakukan pada Juni-Desember 2016. Desain studi adalah kasus-kontrol, retrospektif, multisite dari rekam medis tahun 2012-2016. Studi rekam medis dilanjutkan dengan wawancara dan pemeriksaan EEG untuk kelompok kasus. Kelompok kasus adalah anak-anak dengan epilepsi relaps sedangkan kelompok kontrol adalah epilepsi remisi komplit. Analisis bivariat dan multivariat dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi faktor prediktor epilepsi relaps. Angka kejadian epilepsi relaps pada penelitian ini adalah 13,6 . Dilakukan analisis terhadap 63 subyek epilepsi relaps dan 63 subyek epilepsi remisi komplit. Faktor prediktor epilepsi relaps pada analisis bivariat yaitu: epilepsi simptomatik P

An inappropriate antiepileptic drugs AED withdrawal increases the risk of relapse. The risk of drug resistance in epilepsy relapse is very high. There is no consensus when the AED is safely withdrawn, so that epilepsy will not relapse. This study aims to know the incidence of relapse in children with controlled and uncontrolled epilepsy, the characteristics, predictors, outcomes, and EEG evolutions in children with epilepsy relapse. This study was held from June December 2016. This was a case control study with retrospective, multi site medical record evaluation from 2012 2016, followed by interview and EEG examination for the case group. The case group was children with epilepsy relapse, while the control was children with epilepsy complete remission. Bivariate and multivariate analysis was done to identify predictors of relapse. The incidence of epilepsy relapse in this study was 13,6 . We analyzed 63 epilepsy relapse and 63 epilepsy complete remission subjects. Relapse predictors in bivariate analysis were symptomatic etiology P
"
Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2017
SP-Pdf
UI - Tugas Akhir  Universitas Indonesia Library
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