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"Beruang madu (Helarctos malayanus) merupakan salah satu spesies dari Famili Ursidae dan dapat ditemukan di Pulau Sumatra dan Kalimantan. Ancaman yang dihadapi beruang madu di habitat alaminya menyebabkan diperlukannya lembaga konservasi ex-situ untuk melestarikan dan memastikan kesejahteraan beruang madu. Kebun Binatang Gembira Loka merupakan salah satu lembaga konservasi ex-situ yang berada di Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Beruang madu merupakan hewan soliter di alam, sedangkan beruang madu di penangkaran dapat ditempatkan di kandang yang sama. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menambah informasi mengenai interaksi antara sepasang beruang madu jantan dan betina dengan perbedaan usia yang mencolok yang ditempatkan di kandang peraga yang sama. Penelitian ini juga ingin mengamati perilaku reproduksi beruang madu jantan ketika ditempatkan di kandang peraga yang sama dengan beruang madu betina yang sudah melewati masa produktifnya. Subjek penelitian ini adalah seekor beruang madu jantan bernama Potter (8 tahun) dan seekor beruang madu betina bernama Tutik (24 tahun). Pengamatan dilakukan di Kebun Binatang Gembira Loka selama 100 jam atau 360.000 detik dengan metode focal animal sampling. Hasil yang didapat yaitu beruang madu jantan melakukan perilaku afiliatif dengan persentase sebanyak 94,82%, agonistik sebanyak 0,00%, dan reproduktif sebanyak 5,18%. Beruang madu betina melakukan perilaku afiliatif dengan persentase sebanyak 14,55%, agonistik sebanyak 76,37%, dan reproduktif sebanyak 9,09%. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah beruang madu jantan lebih banyak melakukan perilaku afiliatif (94,82%) dibandingkan agonistik (0,00%) terhadap beruang madu betina. Beruang madu betina cenderung menghindari interaksi sosial dan lebih banyak melakukan perilaku agonistik (76,37%) terhadap beruang madu jantan. Selama waktu pengamatan, perilaku reproduktif lebih banyak dilakukan beruang madu jantan (19 detik) dibandingkan beruang madu betina (5 detik). Beruang madu jantan tetap melakukan perilaku sosial normal, baik reproduktif maupun nonreproduktif, walaupun tidak dibalas dan ditolak beruang madu betina yang sudah melewati usia produktif.

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The malayan sun bear (Helarctos malayanus) is one of the species in Ursidae Family and can be found in the Island of Sumatra and Borneo. The threats that sun bears receive in its natural habitat lead to the need for ex-situ conservation to preserve and ensure the welfare of sun bears. Gembira Loka Zoo is one example of ex-situ conservation that is located at Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Sun bears are known to be solitary animals in the wild, however sun bears in captivity can be placed in the same enclosure. This study was done to add information about the interaction of male and female sun bear with prominent age gap when placed in the same enclosure. This study was also conducted to observe the male reproductive behavior when placed in the same enclosure with a female sun bear that has surpassed the productive age. The subject of this study was a male sun bear named Potter (8 years old) and a female sun bear named Tutik (24 years old). Observation was done for 100 hours or 360.000 seconds with focal animal sampling method. The result of this study is the male sun bear did affiliative behavior with the percentage of 94,82%, agonistic for 0,00%, and reproductive with 5,18%. The female sun bear did affiliative behavior with the percentage of 14,55%, agonistic with 76,37%, and reproductive with 9,09%. The conclusion of this study is the male sun bear did more affiliative behavior (94,82%) than agonistic behavior (0,00%). The female sun bear tends to avoid social interactions and did a lot of agonistic behavior (76,37%) towards the male sun bear. During observation, reproductive behavior was done more by the male sun bear (19 seconds) then the female sun bear (5 seconds). The male sun bear keeps on doing normal social behavior, whether it’s reproductive or non-reproductive, even though the behavior did not reciprocated and was rejected by the female sun bear that has surpassed the productive age."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian dilakukan pada Juli 2011 – Januari 2012 di koridor riparian perkebunan akasia yang dikelola oleh PT RAPP (Riau Andalan Pulp and Paper) Sektor Peranap, Riau untuk memperoleh informasi kelimpahan relatif, aktivitas dan sistem sosial beruang madu (Helarctos malayanus Raffles, 1821). Total 20 camera trap dipasang di 57 lokasi pada 4 koridor riparian, setengah dari kamera menggunakan aroma pemikat untuk meningkatkan probabilitas deteksi. Penelitian menghasilkan 3.337 trap nights efektif, 1.614 foto beruang madu dan 143 foto independen beruang madu. PRESENCE versi 5,7 digunakan untuk menganalisis penggunaan habitat dan efektivitas aroma pemikat. Analisis data menunjukkan kelimpahan relatif beruang madu di koridor riparian adalah 4,3%. Beruang madu sedikit lebih aktif selama siang hari (42%) dibandingkan pada malam hari (20%). Aroma pemikat meningkatkan probabilitas deteksi hingga 67,4%. Sebagian besar beruang madu di lokasi penelitian hidup secara soliter (84%), kecuali induk beruang madu dan anaknya (0,5%) atau pasangan beruang madu jantan dan betina dewasa yang diindikasikan akan kawin (15,5%). Persentase hutan alam di sekitar area penelitian memengaruhi penggunaan habitat beruang madu di koridor riparian (ΔAICc = 0). Penelitian jangka panjang yang melibatkan pemasangan kamera di hutan asli sekitar koridor sangat diperlukan untuk memberikan rekomendasi yang lebih baik bagi upaya pengelolaan beruang madu di area perkebunan.

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ABSTRACTThis research was conducted from July 2011 until January 2012 at riparian corridor within acacia plantation managed by Sector Peranap PT RAPP (Riau Andalan Pulp and Paper), Riau to gain information on relative abundance, activity, and social system of sun bear (Helarctos malayanus Raffles, 1821). A total of 20 camera traps were installed at 57 locations in 4 riparian corridors, half of which used aromatic scent to increase the detection probability. The research produced 3,337 effective trap nights, 1,614 photos, and 143 independent photos of sun bear. PRESENCE v.5.7 was applied to analyze habitat use and the effectiveness of aromatic scent. Data analyses showed that relative abundance of sun bear in the riparian corridor was 4.3%. The sun bears were slightly more active during the day (42%) compared at night (20%). Aromatic scent increased detection probability to 67.4%. Most of sun bear in the research areas was solitary (84%), except mother and her cub (0.5%) or adult male and female engaged in potential mating (15.5%). The percentage of natural forest around the research site influenced sun bear’s habitat use in riparian corridor (ΔAICc = 0). Long-term research using a more comprehensive camera traps installed in native forest around the riparian corridors in need to produce sound recommendations to protect and manage sun bears in this plantation."

"Owa kelawat (Hylobates muelleri) merupakan salah satu spesies owa yang berasal dari Kalimantan. Owa kelawat termasuk primata diurnal, arboreal, dan lebih menyukai buah-buahan. Keberadaan owa memiliki peran penting bagi kehidupan di sekitar kawasan hutan. Semakin maraknya perburuan liar dan rusaknya habitat, mengakibatkan adanya penurunan populasi sehingga owa kelawat tergolong satwa dilindungi dan berstatus Endangered (En) menurut IUCN. Owa kelawat termasuk satwa monogami yang memiliki pola pengasuhan biparental, yaitu pengasuhan dilakukan oleh induk betina maupun induk jantan. Ada beberapa kebun binatang yang memisahkan induk betina dengan induk jantan dari kandang dengan alasan untuk memudahkan pemeriksaan bayi satwa dan mengantisipasi kejadian tidak terduga misalnya induk jantan menyerang anak (infanticide), salah satunya di Kebun Binatang Gembira Loka. Kebijakan pemisahan antara induk betina dengan induk jantan di Kebun Binatang Gembira Loka hanya dipisahkan secara barrier fisik tetapi masih dapat saling melihat satu sama lain. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perilaku harian dari betina serta mengamati interaksi individu betina terhadap jantan owa kelawat yang berada pada kandang terpisah di Kebun Binatang Gembira Loka. Subjek penelitian, yaitu satu individu betina (+20 tahun) dalam kondisi satu kandang dengan anaknya (2 tahun) yang merupakan hasil keturunan dengan jantan (+15 tahun) yang berada pada kandang sebelah yang dipisahkan secara fisik namun masih dapat saling melihat. Penelitian ini dilakukan selama 20 pengulangan dari April sampai Mei 2023 mulai pukul 09.00 – 14.00 WIB. Metode pada penelitian ini yaitu focal animal sampling dan ad libitum sampling. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian perilaku harian betina yang teramati terdiri dari istirahat (79,68%), autogrooming (5,65%), vokalisasi (4,95%), makan (4,40%), bergerak (2,68%), menyusui (2,32%), dan menggendong (0,32%), sedangkan untuk perilaku agonistik tidak ditemukan selama pengamatan berlangsung dan untuk perilaku interaksi yang teramati, yaitu sitting close (63,31%), allogrooming (36,65%), dan body contact (0,04%). Keberadaan pengunjung memiliki dampak netral bagi satwa. Implementasi The Five Freedoms di Kebun Binatang Gembira Loka terlaksana dengan baik. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah perilaku harian tertinggi yaitu istirahat dan individu betina owa kelawat masih memiliki ketertarikan kepada individu jantan.

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Kelawat gibbon (Hylobates muelleri) is a species of gibbon originating from Kalimantan. The gibbon kelawat includes diurnal, arboreal primates, and prefers fruits. The existence of gibbons has an important role for life around forest areas. The increasing prevalence of poaching and habitat destruction has resulted in a decline in population so that the gibbon is classified as a protected animal and has Endangered (En) status according to the IUCN. The kelawat gibbon is a monogamous animal that has a bi-parental parenting pattern, in which parental care is carried out by either the female or the male parent. There are several zoos that separate the female and male parents from the cages for the reason of facilitating medical check-ups of baby animals and anticipating unexpected events, for example the male parent attacking the child (infanticide), one of which is at the Gembira Loka Zoo. The separation policy between female and male parents at the Gembira Loka Zoo is only separated by a physical barrier but they can still see each other. This study aims to analyze the daily behavior of females and observe the interactions of individual females with male gibbons in separate cages at the Gembira Loka Zoo. The research subject was a female individual (+20 years) in the same cage with her child (2 years) who was the result of offspring with a male (+15 years) who were in the next cage which were physically separated but could still see each other. This research was conducted for 20 repetitions from April to May 2023 from 09.00 – 14.00 WIB. The methods in this study were focal animal sampling and ad libitum sampling. Based on the results of the research, the observed female daily behavior consisted of resting (79,68%), autogrooming (5,65%), vocalization (4,95%), eating (4,40%), moving (2,68%), breastfeeding (2,32%), and carrying (0,32%), while for agonistic behavior was not found during the observation and for the observed interaction behavior, namely sitting close (63,31%), allogrooming (36,65%) , and body contact (0,04%). The presence of visitors has a neutral impact on animals. The implementation of The Five Freedoms at the Gembira Loka Zoo is well done. The conclusion of this study is that the highest daily behavior is resting and the female gibbon kelawat still has an interest in the male individual."

"Perilaku pengasuhan orangutan kalimantan (Pongo pygmaeus) menjadi gambaran adanya interaksi antara orangutan induk dan anaknya. Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai pola perilaku pengasuhan orangutan kalimantan di Kebun Binatang Gembira Loka. Peralihan habitat dari alam ke kebun binatang dapat menyebabkan perubahan perilaku salah satunya perilaku pengasuhan. Perilaku pengasuhan menjadi bagian terpenting dalam pertumbuhan dan perkembangan orangutan anak. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengamati dan menganalisis pola perilaku pengasuhan orangutan kalimantan, sehingga orangutan dapat berperilaku secara alami dan orangutan anak dapat diasuh dengan baik. Subjek penelitian ini yaitu satu orangutan induk (Mony) dan satu orangutan anak (Hope). Metode yang digunakan yaitu focal animal sampling dan ad libitum sampling. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian terdapat pola pengasuhan yang terbentuk, yaitu breastfeeding, grooming, following, food sharing, protection, carried, playing, no food sharing, dan aggression. Perilaku pengasuhan tertinggi yaitu perilaku breastfeeding (32,60%), sedangkan perilaku terendah yaitu perilaku no food sharing dan aggression (0%). Pengaruh keberadaan pengunjung membuat perilaku pengasuhan yang muncul memiliki perbedaan, seperti ketika ramai pengunjung perilaku yang mendominasi (following), sedangkan ketika sepi pengunjung perilaku yang mendominasi (breastfeeding). Kesejahteraan orangutan kalimantan di Kebun Binatang Gembira Loka, Yogyakarta termasuk ke dalam kategori sangat baik dengan nilai rata-rata 85,20. Perilaku pengasuhan yang diberikan orangutan induk sesuai dengan kondisi anaknya dimana masih usia yang belum disapih. Selain itu, terdapat pengaruh keberadaan pengunjung terhadap beberapa perilaku pengasuhan yang muncul pada orangutan kalimantan di Kebun Binatang Gembira Loka.

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Parenting behavior of Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) becomes an overview of interactions between parent orangutans and their children. A study regarding the parenting behavior of Bornean orangutans in Gembira Loka Zoo has been conducted. Habitat transition from nature to the zoo can cause changes in behavior, one of which is parenting behavior. Parenting behavior becomes the most important part of the growth and development of baby orangutans. Therefore, this study aims to observe and analyze the parenting behavior of Bornean orangutans, so that orangutans can behave naturally and baby orangutans can be well cared for. The subjects of the study were one parent orangutan (Mony) and one baby orangutan (Hope). Methods used were focal animal sampling and ad libitum sampling. Based on the results of the study, the parenting behaviors formed were breastfeeding, grooming, following, food sharing, protection, carried, playing, no food sharing, and aggression. The highest parenting behavior was breastfeeding (32,60%), while one lowest parenting behavior was no food sharing and aggression (0%). The influence of visitors made parenting behavior different. When there were many visitors, the dominating behavior was following, while when there were no visitors, the dominating behavior was breastfeeding. The welfare of Bornean orangutans in Gembira Loka Zoo, Yogyakarta is included in a very good category with an average score of 85,20. The parenting behavior given by parent orangutans is in accordance with the babies’ conditions, which are not weaned yet. Moreover, there is an influence of visitors on some parenting behavior that appear in Bornean orangutans in Gembira Loka Zoo."

"Pengunjung dapat memberikan pengaruh pada perilaku satwa di kebun binatang. Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai pengaruh pengunjung yang difokuskan pada kepadatan pengunjung terhadap perilaku gajah sumatra (Elephas maximus sumatranus) di Kebun Binatang Gembira Loka. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menganalisis perilaku individu dan sosial gajah sumatra dikaitkan dengan keberadaan pengunjung. Fokus penelitian yaitu pada dua ekor gajah betina Gilang (25 tahun) dan Cempaka (33 tahun) dan tidak berkerabat. Penelitian dilakukan selama tujuh pekan dari April sampai Mei 2023 mulai pukul 09.00––14.00 WIB. Metode focal sampling digunakan untuk mencatat perilaku gajah dalam interval 15 menit secara kontinu tanpa jeda. Perilaku yang diamati terbagi menjadi dua kategori, yaitu individu dan sosial. Kondisi pengunjung dibagi menjadi dua kategori, yaitu kepadatan pengunjung rendah dan kepadatan pengunjung tinggi. Hasil penelitian menggunakan uji t independen dengan α = 0,05 yaitu pada perilaku individu 0,457 (P > 0,05) dan pada perilaku sosial 0,005 (P < 0,05) menunjukkan kepadatan pengunjung memberi pengaruh terhadap perilaku sosial gajah sumatra. Berdasarkan penelitian pada 9 perilaku (makan, minum, bergerak, istirahat, grooming, kontak belalai, kontak fisik, trunk slap dan mendorong), perilaku dengan rerata durasi tertinggi yaitu perilaku makan pada gajah Gilang dan gajah Cempaka saat kondisi kepadatan pengunjung rendah masing-masing 130,23 ± 20,17 menit dan 115,31 ± 24,02 menit saat kondisi kepadatan pengunjung tinggi masing-masing 145,96 ± 18,98 menit dan 136,40 ± 17,24 menit. Rerata durasi perilaku terendah yaitu perilaku sosial kontak fisik pada gajah Gilang dan gajah Cempaka saat kondisi kepadatan pengunjung rendah masing-masing 0,67 ± 0,63 menit dan 0,86 ± 0,80 menit saat kondisi kepadatan pengunjung tinggi masing-masing 0,91 ± 0,42 menit dan 0,94 ± 0,40 menit. Kesimpulan penelitian yaitu pengunjung tidak memberikan pengaruh terhadap perilaku individu namun, memberikan pengaruh terhadap perilaku sosial.

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Visitor’s can have an impact on animal’s behavior in the zoo. Research has been carried out on the influence of visitors focused on visitor density on the behavior of the Sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus) at the Gembira Loka Zoo. The research aims to analyze the individual and social behavior of Sumatran elephants associated with the presence of visitors. The research focuses on two female elephants, Gilang (25 years) and Cempaka (33 years), and they are unrelated. The research was conducted for seven weeks from April to May 2023 starting at 09.00––14.00 WIB. The focal sampling method continuously recorded the elephant's behavior in 15 minutes intervals without interlude. The observed behavior is divided into two categories, namely individual and social. Visitor conditions are divided into two categories, namely low visitor density and high visitor density. The results of the study used an independent t-test with α = 0.05 on individual behavior 0.457 (P > 0.05) and on social behavior 0.005 (P < 0.05) showing that visitor density influences the social behavior of sumatran elephants. Based on research on 9 behaviors (eating, drinking, moving, resting, grooming, trunk contact, physical contact, trunk slap and pushing), the highest average duration of behavior was feeding behavior in Gilang elephants and Cempaka elephants when the visitor density was low, respectively 130,23 ± 20,17 minute and 115,31 ± 24,02 minute when the visitor density was high, respectively 145,96 ± 18,98 minute and 136,40 ± 17,24 minute. The lowest average duration of behavior is social physical contact behavior on Gilang elephants and Cempaka elephants when the visitor density is low, respectively 0,67 ± 0,63 minute and 0,86 ± 0,80 minute when the visitor density is high, respectively 0,91 ± 0,42 minute and 0,94 ± 0,40 minute. The study concludes that visitors do not influence individual behavior but do influence social behavior."

"Perilaku merupakan semua mobilitas satwa yang dipengaruhi oleh asosiasi antara satwa dengan lingkungan. Perilaku pada gajah meliputi perilaku sosial (kelompok), perilaku individu, perilaku asuh, dan sebagainya. Salah satu perilaku gajah sumatra (Elephas maximus sumatranus) yaitu perilaku asuh. Induk gajah dalam mengasuh anaknya bersifat protektif, sehingga selalu mengikuti pergerakan anaknya. Peralihan habitat ke penangkaran menyebabkan ruang gerak terbatas, sehingga konservasi ex-situ harus menjamin kesejahteraannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis perilaku asuh induk gajah sumatra serta pengelolaan kesejahteraannya, sehingga gajah dapat berperilaku alami dan anak gajah dapat diasuh dengan baik oleh induknya. Subjek penelitian ini yaitu 1 induk gajah (Sinta) dan 1 anak gajah betina (Arinta). Metode pada penelitian ini yaitu focal animal sampling dan ad libitum sampling. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, terdapat 9 perilaku asuh induk dengan durasi rata-rata tertinggi yaitu perilaku menyusui 10,46 menit dan terendah yaitu perilaku mengajari 0,63 menit serta perilaku asuh induk dengan persentase tertinggi yaitu perilaku mendekat 31,46% dan terendah yaitu perilaku mandi 0,70%. Kesejahteraan induk dan anak gajah di kebun binatang Gembira Loka, Yogyakarta termasuk kategori sangat baik. Hasil Uji Korelasi Jenjang Spearman (2-tailed) dengan SPSS Statistic 22.0, durasi perilaku menyusui (ρ = 0,013) dan perilaku mengikuti (ρ = 0,036) berkorelasi signifikan terhadap jumlah pengunjung.

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Behaviour is all the mobility of animals that are influenced by the association between animals and their environment. Behaviour in elephant includes social behavior (group), individual behavior, maternal care behavior, and several other behavior. One of the behavior of sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus) is maternal care. The mother elephant in raising her calf will be protective, it will always follow the movement of her calf. The transition of habitat into a captivity causes limited space for movement and then the ex-situ conservation must ensure their welfare. This study to analyze the maternal care behavior of the sumatran elephant and the management to its welfare aspects, so that the elephant can behave naturally and the calf can be properly cared for by its mother. The subjects in this study were 1 mother sumatran elephant (Sinta) and 1 sumatran elephant calf (Arinta). The metods in this study are focal animal sampling and ad-libitum sampling. Based on the result of this study, there 9 maternal care behaviours with the highest duration shown by breastfeeding behavior 10,46 minutes and the lowest shown by teaching behavior 0,63 minutes as well as maternal care behaviours with the highest percentage shown by approaching behavior 31,46% and the lowest shown by bathing behavior 0,70%. The welfare of mother and calf sumatran elephant in the Gembira Loka Zoo, Yogyakarta is very good category. The results of test Spearman Rank Correlation (2-tailed) with SPSS Statistic 22.0, the duration of breastfeeding behavior (ρ = 0,013) and following behavior (ρ = 0,036) were significantly correlated with the number of visitors."

"Konservasi lutung jawa (Trachypithecus auratus) yang merupakan primata endemik Indonesia berstatus vulnerable dilakukan di Gembira Loka Zoo. Pengamatan interaksi sosial dan reproduksi dapat menjadi faktor pendukung dari keberhasilan rehabilitasi di penangkaran. Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai interaksi sosial dan reproduksi lutung jawa (Trachypithecus auratus E. Geoffroy, 1812) jantan dan betina di Gembira Loka Zoo, Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis interaksi sosial dan reproduksi 2 kelompok lutung jawa jantan dan betina pada 2 kandang yang berbeda. Pengamatan dilakukan pada 4 pasangan, yang terdiri dari P1 (jantan A dan betina 1A), P2 (jantan A dan betina 2A), P3 (jantan 1B dan betina B), serta P4 (jantan 2B dan betina B). Metode yang digunakan yaitu metode scan sampling dan ad libitum dengan interval 10 menit. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, interaksi sosial yang teramati adalah body contact, proximity, allogrooming, non-contact aggression, dan contact aggression. Interaksi sosial didominasi oleh interaksi sosial affiliative dibandingkan agonistik. Frekuensi interaksi sosial affiliative tertinggi teramati pada P3 (30,44%) dan interaksi sosial agonistik tertinggi teramati pada P1 (1,29%). Sementara itu, interaksi reproduksi yang teramati adalah atraktivitas, proseptivitas, dan reseptivitas, dengan frekuensi atraktivitas dan proseptivitas tertinggi teramati pada P3 (70,11%), sedangkan frekuensi reseptivitas tertinggi pada P2 (3,45%). Hasil uji Kruskal-Wallis menunjukkan adanya perbedaan signifikan (Asymp. Sig < 0,05) pada perilaku proximity, allogrooming, atraktivitas dan proseptivitas, serta menunjukkan tidak adanya perbedaan signifikan (Asymp. Sig > 0,05) pada perilaku body contact, non contact aggression, contact aggression dan reseptivitas. Selama pengamatan, teramati adanya interaksi sosial dan reproduksi lutung jawa antarkandang yang berbeda.

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Conservation of  Javan lutung (Trachypithecus auratus), an endemic primate of Indonesia classified as vulnerable, is conducted at Gembira Loka Zoo. Observations of social interactions and reproductive can be supportive factors for the success of rehabilitation in captivity. Research has been conducted on the social interactions and reproduction of male and female Javan langur (Trachypithecus auratus E. Geoffroy, 1812) at Gembira Loka Zoo, Yogyakarta. This study aims to analyze the social interactions and reproductive of two groups of male and female Javan langurs in two different enclosures. Observations were made on four pairs, consisting of P1 (male A and female 1A), P2 (male A and female 2A), P3 (male 1B and female B), and P4 (male 2B and female B). The methods used were scan sampling and ad libitum with a 10-minute interval. Based on the results of the study, observed social interactions included body contact, proximity, allogrooming, non-contact aggression, and contact aggression. Social interactions were dominated by affiliative social interactions compared to agonistic ones. The highest frequency of affiliative social interactions was observed in P3 (30.44%), while the highest frequency of agonistic social interactions was observed in P1 (1.29%). Meanwhile, observed reproductive interactions included attractivity, proceptivity, and receptivity, with the highest frequency of receptivity was observed in P2 (3.45%). Kruskal-Wallis test results showed significant differences (Asymp. Sig < 0.05) in proximity behavior, allogrooming, attractiveness, and proceptivity, while showing no significant differences (Asymp. Sig > 0.05) in body contact, non-contact aggression, contact aggression, and receptivity behaviors. During the observation, social and reproductive interactions between different enclosures of Javan langurs were observed."

"Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus Raffles, 1821) merupakan spesies endemik asal Sumatera yang berstatus terancam/endangered akibat adanya degradasi habitat, fragmentasi, urbanisasi, hingga perburuan dan perdagangan hewan. Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai interaksi siamang jantan dan betina serta pengaruh duet vokalisasi siamang di Zona Primata Gembira Loka Zoo Yogyakarta. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menganalisis perilaku interaksi jantan-betina pada siamang, menganalisis adanya kaitan interaksi jantan-betina siamang terhadap vokalisasinya, dan mengidentifikasi serta menganalisis keberadaan pengaruh yang diakibatkan duet vokalisasi siamang terhadap vokalisasi hewan lain dalam Zona Primata Gembira Loka Zoo Yogyakarta. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap sepasang individu siamang jantan dan betina menggunakan kombinasi metode scan sampling, ad-libitum sampling, dan all occurrence sampling dengan 30 pengulangan pada periode Januari sampai Maret 2024, pukul 09.00 – 15.00 WIB. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jenis perilaku interaktif dengan total frekuensi tertinggi adalah approaching (436) dan terendah sharing food (0). Duet teramati pada 20 kali pengulangan dan selalu terjadi secara bersahutan dengan owa kalimantan (Hylobates albibarbis) yang letak kandangnya berdekatan. Adapun perilaku mating, berupa mounting hingga kopulasi, teramati pada sebagian besar pengulangan, dengan kopulasi yang berhasil teramati sebanyak sepuluh kali. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, diketahui bahwa sebagian besar interaksi siamang jantan dan betina dilakukan dalam kondisi close proximity, termasuk dalam melakukan duet. Duet yang dilakukan siamang dapat terdengar oleh H. albibarbis dan memicu vokalisasi balasan dari H. albibarbis sehingga terjadi vokalisasi secara antiphonal.

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Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus Raffles, 1821) is an endemic species from Sumatera which has been classified as endangered species due to habitat degradation, fragmentation, urbanization, hunting, and animal trade. Research on the interaction of male and female siamang and the influence of its duet vocalizations has been conducted in the Primate Zone of Gembira Loka Zoo Yogyakarta. This research aims to analyze the behavior of male-female interactions in siamang, analyze the relationship between its male-female interactions and its vocalizations, and to identify and analyze the countercall responses on siamang’s vocalizations from other animals in the Primate Zone. The research was conducted on one pair of male and female siamang using a combination of scan sampling, ad-libitum sampling, and all occurrence sampling methods and was held on 30 repetitions for the period of January to March 2024 at 09.00—15.00 WIB. The research results show that the highest and lowest total frequency of interactive behavior is approaching (436) and sharing food (0), respectively. The duets were observed in 20 repetitions and were always been responded by their neighboring group of singing primates, the bornean gibbon (Hylobates albibarbis). Mating behaviors (mounting and copulation) were observed in most of the repetitions, with ten successful copulations observed. Based on these results, it is concluded that most of the male-female siamang interactions are carried out in close proximity, including duets. The duet performed by the siamangs were heard by H. albibarbis and triggers H. albibarbis to produce their countercalls, resulting in antiphonal vocalizations."