Drug abuse among students and college students in Indonesia has been increasing each year. Smoking is one of gateway to drug abuse. This study aims to understand the assocation between smoking habit and drug abuse among students and college students in 16 provinces in Indonesia 2011. This is a cross-sectional study using secondary data from National Survey Development of Drug Abuse and Trafficking on Students and College Students in Indonesia 2011. Perkembangan Penyalahgunaan dan Peredaran Gelap Narkoba Pada Kelompok Pelajar dan Mahasiswa di Indonesia Tahun 2011” by Pusltikes UI and National Anti Narcotic Agency . Result shows prevalence of drug abuse among students and college students are 2,3%. There is association between smoking and drug abuse with sex as modifier. In women, odds ever smoke are 3,3 times (95% CI 2,3-4,7) and odds current smoke are 3,4 times (95% CI 2,1-5,4) than men who never smoke to do drug abuse. In men, odds ever smoke are 0,6 times (95% CI 0,6-3,7) and odds current smoke are 2,9 times (95% CI 1,1-8,2) than men who never smoke to do drug abuse. Smoking habit has asociation with drug abuse among students and college students, therefore we should do more promotif and preventif action related to danger of smoking and drug abuse."
Hubungan antara pertumbuhan ekonomi dan pengurangan kemiskinan, meskipun mapan, bersifat heterogen. Sumber heterogenitas tidak hanya berasal dari faktor sosial ekonomi tetapi juga dari struktur pertumbuhan output itu sendiri. Di Indonesia, sektor sekunder tampak inferior dalam mengurangi kemiskinan dibandingkan sektor lainnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dampak pertumbuhan sektoral terhadap kemiskinan di Indonesia dengan perhatian khusus pada disagregasi sektor sekunder, dan juga menganalisis sensitivitas relatif terhadap penanggulangan kemiskinan dari sektor padat karya dan non padat karya. Analisis empiris yang digunakan adalah analisis data panel provinsi di Indonesia dari tahun 2003-2018 dengan metode pooled OLS.
Hasil analisis data panel menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan sektoral tidak banyak berpengaruh terhadap perbaikan kondisi masyarakat miskin di Indonesia. Namun demikian, menarik kesimpulan langsung dari hasil tersebut berpotensi tinggi untuk tidak tepat sasaran. Kesimpulan yang lebih komprehensif mengenai hubungan pertumbuhan sektoral dan kemiskinan bisa didapatkan jika kondisi provinsi-provinsi yang didorong oleh pertambangan dan non-pertambangan di Indonesia diperhitungkan.
Di provinsi non-pertambangan, pengaruh sektor sekunder terhadap pengentasan kemiskinan jauh lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan sektor jasa. Disagregasi enam sektor ekonomi (dengan atau tanpa mengontrol efek distribusi melalui intensitas tenaga kerja) menunjukkan bahwa di dalam sektor sekunder, memang tidak semua sub-sektor secara signifikan mengurangi kemiskinan. Subsektor yang secara signifikan mengurangi kemiskinan di provinsi non-pertambangan adalah pertambangan dan konstruksi. Namun, provinsi yang digerakkan oleh pertambangan tidak menunjukkan adanya hubungan pertumbuhan-kemiskinan sektoral. Peran signifikan dari intensitas tenaga kerja dalam menentukan karakteristik pro-poor dari pertumbuhan sektoral menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan yang cenderung membuat bisnis enggan mempekerjakan tenaga kerja tidak disarankan. Sejalan dengan kebijakan yang mendorong lapangan kerja, kebijakan pengembangan keterampilan diperlukan untuk memastikan respons pasar kerja yang tepat terhadap permintaan dari setiap sektor.
The relationship between economic growth and poverty reduction, although well established, is heterogeneous. The source of heterogeneity not only comes from socio economic factors but also from the structure of output growth itself. In Indonesia, secondary sector seemed to be less poverty reducing than other sectors. This study aims to examine the impact sectoral growth on poverty in Indonesia with particular attention to disaggregated secondary sector, and also analyzes the relative sensitivity on poverty reduction from labor intensive sector and non-labor intensive one. The empirical analysis uses provincial panel data of Indonesia from 2003-2018 and employs pooled OLS method. The results show that sectoral growth has little effect to the improvement of the poors condition in Indonesia. Nevertheless, this conclusion has a high potential to be preposterous. A more comprehensible conclusion of sectoral growth-poverty linkage can be found if the condition of mining and nonmining-driven provinces in Indonesia is taken into account. In nonmining-driven provinces, secondary sector pales in comparison to services in alleviating poverty. Six sector disaggregation of the economy (with or without controlling the distributional effect through labor intensity) reveals that within secondary sector, indeed not all the subsectors are significantly poverty reducing. The subsectors that significantly reduce poverty in nonmining-driven provinces are mining and construction. Mining-driven provinces, however, does not display a sectoral growth-poverty linkage. The significant role of labor intensity in determining pro-poor characteristic of sectoral growth suggests that malformation of policies that leans towards discouraging businesses to employ labor is inadvisable. In line with policies that induce labor employment, skill development policy is needed to ensure a correct response of the labor market to the demand from each sector.
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