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"Tugas karya akhir ini membahas mengenai perbudakan modern terhadap anak buah kapal (ABK) di asia tenggara khususnya di Indonesia. Studi ini berfokus mengetahui bagaimana fenomena perbudakan modern terhadap anak buah kapal di Asia tenggara dan bagaimana perbudakan modern terhadap anak buah kapal sebagai kejahatan dalam masyarakat kapitalis. Studi ini menganalisis fenomena perbudakan modern anak buah kapal di Asia Tenggara serta menjelaskan bagaimana kapitalisme menjadi penyebab utama dari perbudakan modern. Teori yang digunakan dalam studi ini adalah crime pattern, crime in capitalist society, criminology and public policy dan konflik konservatif. Studi ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pengambilan data sekunder. Studi ini juga mengidentifikasi bentuk-bentuk perbudakan modern yang dialami oleh ABK pada kasus Benjina, kapal fu yuan yu 1218, kapal longxing 629 dan kapal yuan yu 329. Pemerintah harus memastikan ABK bekerja dengan kondisi yang aman. Tulisan ini menghasilkan temuan jika terdapat dua pola yang sama dari keempat kasus perbudakan modern yang digunakan penulis. Pertama adalah adanya penipuan berupa iming-iming gaji yang besar kepada calon ABK. Kedua adalah adanya tindak kekerasan terhadap ABK diatas kapal yang berupa pemukulan dan penendangan.

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This final project discusses modern slavery against ship crew (ABK) in Southeast Asia, especially in Indonesia. This study focuses on finding out the phenomenon of modern slavery against ship crew in Southeast Asia and how modern slavery against ship crew is a crime in capitalist society. This study analyzes the phenomenon of modern slavery of ship crew in Southeast Asia and explains how capitalism is the main cause of modern slavery. The theories used in this study are crime in capitalist society, criminology and public policy and conservative conflict. This paper uses qualitative methods with secondary data collection. This study also identified forms of modern slavery experienced by crew members in the cases of the Benjina, the Fu Yuan Yu 1218 ship, the Longxing 629 ship and the Yuan Yu 329 ship. The government must ensure that the crew members work in safe conditions. This article produces findings that there are two similar patterns from the four cases of modern slavery used by the author. The first is that there is fraud in the form of luring large salaries to prospective crew members. Second, there were acts of violence against crew members on board the ship in the form of beatings and kicking."

"Artikel ini membahas mengenai perbudakan yang memiliki kaitan dengan perdagangan manusia, penyelundupan manusia dan kejahatan penangkapan ikan secara ilegal, tidak dilaporkan, dan tidak mengikuti regulasi yang terjadi di Benjina, Indonesia. Menurut penulis, permasalahan artikel ini dimulai dari potensi perikanan yang besar menyebabkan tingginya permintaan ikan. Akan tetapi, tingginya permintaan ikan tidak diikuti oleh persediaan yang ada dan pengawasan yang lemah dalam bidang perikanan sehingga memunculkan praktik penangkapan ikan secara ilegal, tidak dilaporkan, dan tidak mengikuti regulasi. Praktik tersebut juga menyebabkan munculnya permintaan akan tenaga kerja berbiaya rendah untuk dapat memenuhi tingginya permintaan ikan. Para tenaga kerja tersebut rentan menjadi korban perbudakan, perdagangan manusia, dan penyelundupan manusia karena edukasi yang rendah dan tuntutan perekonomian. Perbudakan, perdagangan manusia, dan penyelundupan manusia, juga berhubungan dengan kejahatan terorganisir transnasional dan merupakan tindakan yang melanggar hak asasi manusia. Penulis dalam artikel ini menggunakan studi pustaka sebagai metode penulisan. Artikel ini menunjukkan bahwa praktik perbudakan, perdagangan manusia, dan penyelundupan manusia menyebabkan anak buah kapal penangkap ikan asing menjadi korban dari kejahatan tersebut, dilakukan oleh pihak yang normal, rasional dan berorientasi pada keuntungan, serta pelanggaran hak asasi manusia yang dilanggengkan oleh permintaan tenaga kerja berbiaya rendah.

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This article focus on slavery and its association with human smuggling, human trafficking, and IUU fishing that happens in Benjina, Indonesia. The author found that the problem started from high fishing potential resulting in high demand for fish. However, the high demand for fish is not followed by the supply of fish and the weak supervision in the field of fisheries contributes to the IUU fishing practices. Such practices also lead to the emergence of demand for low-cost labor to help meet the high demand for fish. The workers is particularly vulnerable to slavery, human trafficking, and human smuggling because of economic demands and lack of education. Slavery, human trafficking, and human smuggling are also associated with transnational organized crime and act that violates human rights. The author in this article uses library research as a writing method. The writing shows that the practice of slavery, human trafficking, and human smuggling caused the crew of foreign fishing vessels to be victims of those crime, conducted by the normal, rational, and profit-oriented, and the violations of human rights are perpetuated by low-cost labor demand."

"Millions of people around the world are forced to work without pay and under threat of violence. These individuals can be found working in brothels, factories, mines, farm field, restaurants, construction sites and private homes: many have been tricked by human traffickers and lured by false promises of good jobs or education, some are forced to work at gunpoint, while others are trapped by phony debts from unscrupulous moneylenders. The SAGE Handbook of Human Trafficking and Modern-Day Slavery provides a comprehensive, interdisciplinary and global look at the diverse issues surrounding human trafficking and slavery in the post-1945 environment. Covering everything from history, literature and politics to economics, international law and geography, this Handbook is essential reading for academics and researchers, as well as for policy-makers and non-governmental organisations"

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis upaya ABK asal Indonesia yang menjadi korban tindak pidana perdagangan orang di kapal perikanan asing untuk memperoleh keadilan melalui berbagai forum yang disediakan dalam sistem hukum nasional Indonesia. Penulis berupaya untuk menjelaskan kesulitankesulitan yang dihadapi oleh ABK di kapal perikanan ketika melakukan usaha tersebut. Penulis menemukan bahwa kesulitan ini lahir karena adnaya kerangka hukum normatif yang kurang memadai, kurangnya pengetahuan dan kesadaran hukum, hambatan dalam memperoleh bantuan hukum, victim blaming, dan persoalan lainnya. Penulis menyimpulkan bahwa sistem hukum Indonesia belum siap dan tidak mampu memberikan akses terhadap keadilan yang baik bagi ABK korban perdagangan orang.

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This research aims to analyze how Indonesian fishermen who were trafficked in foreign fishing vessels overseas attempt to achieve justice through the various forums provided within the Indonesian legal system. The writer seeks to describe the difficulties faced by Indonesian fishermen when attempting to obtain justice. The writer discovers that these difficulties are borne out of a faulty legal framework, a lack of legal knowledge and awareness, obstacles in acquiring legal aid, victim blaming, and other issues. The writer concludes that the Indonesian legal system is not prepared and is unable to provide adequate access to justice for these victims."

"Pandemi COVID-19 telah memberikan dampak yang signifikan pada banyak aspek kehidupan manusia, termasuk pada aktivitas kejahatan lintas negara seperti human trafficking sebagai transnational organized crimes. Di Eropa Tenggara, daerah ini telah lama menjadi pusat perhatian terkait kejahatan lintas negara tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis peningkatan angka Human Trafficking sebagai Transnational Organized Crimes (TOC) di Eropa Tenggara, studi atas negara Turki dan Yunani selama masa pandemi COVID-19 dari tahun 2019-2022. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan teori regional security complex, konsep transnational organized crime dan konsep resolusi konflik. Dalam penelitian ini, menggunakan penelitian data sekunder. Teknik analisis deskriptif dan naratif melalui analisis dokumen terkait, laporan pemerintah, dan literatur terkait. Pendekatan teori ini membantu dalam memahami kompleksitas dan dinamika kejahatan lintas negara dengan memperhatikam hubungan antara Turki dan Yunani, serta dampak pandemi COVID-19 terhadap kejahatan tersebut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pandemi COVID-19 meningkatkan kerentanan terhadap human trafficking di Turki dan Yunani, terutama pada kelompok migran dan pengungsi. Penelitian ini juga membahas upaya pemerintah dan organisasi masyarakat sipil dalam melindungi korban dan menangani human trafficking secara komprehensif.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on many aspects of human life, including transnational organized crimes such as human trafficking. In Southeast Europe, this region has long been the center of attention regarding these transnational crimes. This research aims to analyze the increasing number of human trafficking as Transnational Organized Crimes (TOC) in Southeast Europe, a study of Turkey and Greece during the COVID-19 pandemic from 2019-2022. This research uses qualitative research methods with a regional security complex theory approach, the concept of transnational organized crime and the concept of conflict resolution. In this study, secondary data research was used. Descriptive and narrative analysis techniques through analysis of related documents, government reports, and related literature. This theoretical approach helps in understanding the complexity and dynamics of transnational crime by considering the relationship between Turkey and Greece, as well as the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on these crimes. The results show that the COVID-19 pandemic has increased vulnerability to human trafficking in Turkey and Greece, especially among migrants and refugees. This research also discusses the efforts of the government and civil society organizations in protecting victims and dealing with human trafficking comprehensively."

"Perdagangan perempuan dan anak-anak merupakan salah satu masalah yang menjadi perhatian dunia. Juga pada masa Hindia-Belanda, ditemukan berbagai macam modus dan faktor yang melatarbelakangi perdagangan manusia. Pada tahun 1920-1939, dunia sedang gencar dalam memerangi perdagangan perempuan dan anak-anak demikian pula di Hindia-Belanda. Penelitian ini bertujuan memaparkan perdagangan perempuan dan anak-anak perempuan di Hindia Belanda khususnya di Jawa pada tahun 1920-1939. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian sejarah dengan sumber primer berupa arsip, artikel majalah dan surat kabar sezaman. Penelitian menggunakan metode sejarah dengan tahapan penentuan topik, heuristik (penelusuran dan pengumpulan data), verifikasi, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan berbagai modus dan faktor melatarbelakangi praktik perdagangan manusia di Jawa. Juga ditemukan perhatian dari dunia internasional melalui konferensi yang diadakan di Bandung. Beberapa upaya pemerintah kolonial, kepolisian, serta asosiasi swasta seperti P.P.P.P.A (Perkoempoelan Pembasmian Perdagangan Perempuan dan Anak-anak) dan Ati Soetji ikut serta memerangi perdagangan manusia tersebut.

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Trafficking in women and children is one of the world’s concern. Dutch East Indies era is not an exception, there were various kinds of methods and factors underlying the human trafficking. In the 1920-1939, the world was very active in fighting the trafficking in women and children, likewise in Dutch East Indies. This study aims to describe how trafficking of women and girls in the Dutch East Indies, especially in Java in the 1920-1939. This study is a historical research with primary sources in the form of archives, magazine articles and newspapers. This tudy uses historical method with the stages of determining the topic, heuristics (data searching and collecting), verification, interpretation, and histiriography. The results showed that there were various methods and factors underlying the practice of human trafficking in Java. Also found international attention through a conference held in Bandung. Several efforts by the colonial government, police, and private associations such as P.P.P.P.A (Perkoempoelan Pembasmian Perdagangan Perempuan dan Anak-anak) and Ati Soetji participated in combating human trafficking."

"Human trafficking as a form of contemporary slavery evidently is not fractured by ages, and in fact, it continues to take place in various operation modes. Based on various information sources from the print as well as electronics media and supported by the research data, this phenomenon evidently is increasing all over the world, including Indonesia and often caused casualties especially towards women and children. This research was based from the concern towards the law enforcement on the case of human trafficking in Indonesia, and accordingly emerges the identification of the problems that cover the followings: the condition of women and children human trafficking in Indonesia, regulating this action as an action that is prohibited based on various applicable regulations in Indonesia, the aspect of law enforcement, including the prospect of Draft on Elimination of Human Trafficking which at the current moment is in the process of legalization. To answer these problems, the writer used the bibliography law research method, which is supported by material books and secondary data that is analyzed using the qualitative method and presented in analytical descriptive. From the research, it is discovered that women and children trafficking cases that are currently occurring in Indonesia are intended to obtain economic and sexual exploitation. Further, it is also found that there are various instruments of law and human rights, both national and international, which have classified this action as an act that is prohibited and resulting in a criminal punishment, and besides, the current Draft has also been structured adequately from the formulation aspect and expected to be applied maximally in its implementation. Moreover, in relation with the weakness of the law enforcement, it turns out that there is only a few cases brought before the court, and if it is then processed, the punishment that is sentenced for the criminal is very minimize. Based on this research results, the writer would like to view a recommendation, so that the government as well as related agency could increase the law enforcement towards the case of human trafficking especially women and children, have a tight supervision in various vulnerable territories for this type of case, strengthened the international, government agency, and NGO co-ordination and co-operation, as well as immediately legalize the Draft on Elimination of Human Trafficking."

"Kawasan perbatasan Kalimantan merupakan perbatasan darat panjang dengan wilayah negara Malaysia. Kawasan perbatasan identik dengan tingkat kesenjangan sosial ekonomi cukup tinggi. Masyarakat kawasan perbatasan cukup mudah untuk dikelabui oleh oknum tertentu yang berujung pada kasus perdagangan orang dengan tujuan domestik maupun luar negeri. Berdasarkan data Potensi Desa tahun 2021, ditemukan sebanyak 3 kasus tindak pidana perdagangan orang terjadi di Kabupaten Sanggau dan Kota Pontianak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa peluang terjadinya tindak pidana perdagangan orang di wilayah tersebut dalam rangka penguatan ketahanan nasional. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kuantitatif dengan pengolahan data matematis yang bersumber dari data potensi desa tahun 2021. Metode analisis data yang digunakan adalah metode regresi logistik biner. Penelitian ini juga menggunakan perangkat analisis data SPSS dan software Geoda untuk menampilkan hasil olah data geografisnya. Hasil analisis prediksi probabilitas menampilkan hasil bahwa desa Sosok, Kabupaten Sanggau berpeluang tinggi terjadi kasus tindak pidana perdagangan orang. Direktorat Jenderal Imigrasi merupakan salah satu instansi yang ikut berpartisipasi aktif dalam menangani dan mencegah terjadinya tindak pidana perdagangan orang di Indonesia. Imigrasi berperan aktif dengan cara melaksanakan fungsi pelayanan keimigrasian, penegakan hukum, keamanan negara dan fasilitator pembangunan kesejahteraan masyarakat berdasarkan kebijakan selektif keimigrasian.

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The Kalimantan border area is a long land border with the territory of Malaysia. Border areas are synonymous with quite high levels of socio-economic inequality. Communities in border areas are quite easy to be tricked by certain individuals, which leads to cases of human trafficking for domestic and overseas purposes. Based on 2021 Village Potential data, it was found that 3 criminal cases of human trafficking occurred in Sanggau Regency and Pontianak City. This research aims to analyze the opportunities for criminal acts of human trafficking to occur in the region in order to strengthen national resilience. The research method used is a quantitative approach with mathematical data processing sourced from village potential data in 2021. The data analysis method used is the binary logistic regression method. This research also uses SPSS data analysis tools and Geoda software to display the results of geographical data processing. The results of the probability prediction analysis show that Sosok village, Sanggau Regency has a high probability of a criminal case of human trafficking occurring. The Directorate General of Immigration is one of the agencies that actively participates in handling and preventing criminal acts of human trafficking in Indonesia. Immigration plays an active role by carrying out the functions of immigration services, law enforcement, state security and facilitator of community welfare development based on selective immigration policies."

"Tingginya komitmen pemerintah terhadap pemberantasan TPPO teraktualisasikan dengan diterbitkannya Undang-Undang No. 21 tahun 2007 tentang Pemberantasan TPPO yang dilengkapi dengan berbagai peraturan perundang-undangan lainnya. Selain itu, ditindaklanjuti dengan pembentukan unit-unit khusus dalam penanganan trafficking di hampir semua lembaga pemerintahan yang berwenang, diantaranya dengan pembentukan Gugus Tugas Pencegahan dan Penanganan TPPO.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memberikan rekomendasi bagi implementasi pencegahan dan penanganan tindak pidana perdagangan orang (human trafficking) yang sinergis antara berbagai sektor, baik pemerintah maupun non pemerintah."

"ABSTRAKTulisan ini menjelaskan fenomena pemenuhan hak korban human trafficking untuk tujuan perbudakan yang dialami oleh ABK PT. Kwojeng dengan menggunakan pendekatan kekerasan struktural dan kriminologi kesejahteraan. Sebanyak 163 ABK asal Indonesia telah diperdagangkan sebagai budak oleh PT. Kartigo untuk dipekerjakan pada kapal-kapal PT. Kwojeng. Negara mempunyai kewajiban untuk melakukan ganti rugi terhadap ABK dengan memenuhi hak korban ABK yang telah mengalami kejahatan perbudakan yang sangat tidak manusiawi. Data yang digunakan dalam tulisan ini adalah wawancara mendalam dengan korban dan staff LPSK yang menangani kasus ini, serta putusan sidang kasus ini. Temuan dalam tulisan ini adalah bahwa negara mengabaikan hak korban ABK yang disebabkan oleh faktor-faktor struktural, seperti aturan yang tidak memihak kepada korban, tidak ada konseling hukum, dan faktor-faktor lainnya. Saran dalam tulisan ini adalah untuk merubah regulasi hak korban, seperti jaminan untuk mendapatkan restitusi dan kompensasi bagi korban.

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ABSTRACT

This thesis discusses the fulfillment of Kwojeng.Co ships crew using structural violence and welfare criminology as perspective. In 2012, Kartigo. Co sold 163 people to Kwojeng. Co to be used as slaves in ships. State must repay the victimization felt by victims by providing restitution and compensation. The data used in this thesis is consist of interview with one of the victims, and victim support officer. Other data involved is trial document. The conclusion of this thesis is the state is ignoring the fullfillment of kwojeng Co victims right because of the structural factors, such as regulations, not providing assistance, and by making a false restitution scheme. This thesis also contains feedback for the state to repair their restitution scheme and to focus more on making a better welfare system."