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"Latar belakang: Preeklamsia dihubungkan dengan kondisi inflamasi. Nekroptosis adalah kematian sel terprogram dengan luaran keadaan inflamasi. Vitamin D diketahui memiliki sifat anti-inflamasi, namun sampai saat ini belum ada penelitian yang mengaitkan konsentrasi vitamin D dan nekroptosis dalam pathogenesis preeklamsia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi status vitamin D dan aktivitas nekroptosis pada preeklamsia.Metode: Studi potong lintang dilakukan di Jakarta selama tahun 2021-2023. Subjek dikelompokkan menjadi normal dan preeklampsia. Setelah persalinan, sampel darah vena dan plasenta diambil. Pengukuran konsentrasi 25(OH)D sampel serum dan plasenta dilakukan dengan LC-MS/MS. Imunohistokimia dilakukan untuk mengukur nekrosom RIPK1, RIPK3, dan MLKL pada trofoblas dan endotel.Hasil: Sebanyak 60 subjek terlibat dalam studi (31 normal, 29 preeklampsia). Kelompok preeklampsia memiliki usia gestasi yang lebih rendah (35 vs 38 minggu), berat lahir yang lebih rendah (3080.33 ± 454.62 g vs 2283.27 ± 833.63 g), berat plasenta yang lebih rendah (580.40 ± 129.36 g vs 453.06 ± 173.65 g), kadar 25(OH)D plasenta yang lebih rendah (15.00 (3.50 – 58.00) vs 26.50 (5.00 – 153.00) ng/mL, p=0.014), dan kadar RIPK3 trofoblas yang lebih tinggi (93.88 (23.94) vs 76.20 (20.59), p=0.003). Ditemukan korelasi negatif sedang antara kadar 25(OH)D plasenta dan kadar RIPK3 trofoblas (-0.352, p=0.003), RIPK3 endotel (r=-0.244, p=0.03), dan MLKL trofoblas (r=-0.296, p=0.011).Kesimpulan: Adanya korelasi negatif sedang antara 25(OH)D dan nekrosom trofoblas dapat menunjukkan efek protektif vitamin D terhadap nekroptosis pada patogenesis preeklamsia.

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Background: Preeclampsia is correlated with inflammatory condition. Necroptosis is programmed cell death with inflammatory state. Vitamin D has anti-inflammatory properties, however, there has been no study linking vitamin D and necroptosis in preeclampsia. This study aimed to evaluate vitamin D status and necroptosis activity in preeclampsia.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Jakarta during 2021-2023. Subjects were grouped into normal and preeclampsia. Following delivery, venous blood and placental samples were taken. Serum and placental 25(OH)D assay were performed by LC-MS/MS. Immunohistochemistry was performed to measure necrosomes RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL in trophoblast and endothelial.

Results: A total of 60 subjects participated (31 normal, 29 preeclampsia). Preeclampsia group had lower gestational age (35 vs 38 weeks), lower birth weight (3080.33 ± 454.62 g vs 2283.27 ± 833.63 g), lower placental weight (580.40 ± 129.36 g vs 453.06 ± 173.65 g), lower placental 25(OH)D (15.00 (3.50 – 58.00) vs 26.50 (5.00 – 153.00) ng/mL, p=0.014), and higher trophoblast RIPK3 (93.88 (23.94) vs 76.20 (20.59), p=0.003). A moderate negative correlation between placental 25(OH)D and trophoblast RIPK3 (-0.352,p=0.003), endothelial RIPK3 (r=-0.244, p=0.03), and trophoblast MLKL (r=-0.296,r-0.011) were observed.

Conclusion: Moderate negative correlation between 25(OH)D and trophoblast necrosomes suggest protective effect of vitamin D against necroptosis.

Keywords: Preeclampsia, necroptosis, cell death, vitamin D, pregnancy, inflammation"

"Untuk mencapai kehamilan sehat dibutuhkan interaksi dalam kandungan yang baik antara ibu hamil dengan janin. Apabila terjadi gangguan, maka masalah pada kehamilan yang bersifat fatal seperti preeklamsia dapat terjadi. Banyak studi telah menunjukkan adanya korelasi yang tinggi antara rusaknya proses aktivasi invasi trofoblas dan masalah pada maternal vascular endothelium. Peranan penting sebuah faktor transkripsi bernama Hif-1⍺ penting untuk regulasi oksigen khususnya dalam kondisi hipoksia, dan dipercaya juga berperan penting pada terjadinya preeklamsia di kehamilan. Pada studi ini, 20 sampel jaringan plasenta terdiri dari 10 sampel dari kehamilan preeklamsi dan 10 sampel dari kehamilan normal dianalisis menggunakan ELISA untuk melihat peranan protein HIF-1⍺ dan diinterpretasikan untuk menunjukkan hipoksia pada kehamilan preeklamsi. Hasil dalam studi ini menemukan bahwa tidak ada hasil yang signifikan ketika dianalisa secara statistic (p>0,05), namun ada kecenderungan bahwa kadar HIF-1⍺ lebih tinggi dibanding kadar HIF-1⍺ yang ditemukan dalam plasenta kehamilan normal.

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Healthy pregnancy requires successful appropriate interaction established between mother and the fetus. When this fails to occur, problems in pregnancy such as a life- threatening disorder called preeclampsia may occur. Many studies have shown high correlation between the development of preeclampsia with faulty trophoblast invasion and spiral artery remodelling at early weeks of gestation, that consequently led to placental ischemia. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1a (HIF-1⍺), an essential transcription factor for oxygen regulation induced in hypoxic environment, is believed to be important in the course of this disease. However, the exact mechanism of the pathogenesis of preeclampsia is still elusive. In this study, 20 tissue samples composed of 10 preeclamptic placenta and 10 normal pregnancy placenta were examined using ELISA Kit, with the aim to assess the HIF-1⍺ protein level and determine whether it could be used to demonstrate presence of persistent hypoxia in preeclampsia. The results demonstrated that there is no statistically significant difference between the HIF-1⍺ level in preeclamptic and normal placenta (p>0.05), but there is an evident tendency of the level in preeclampsia placenta to be elevated."

"Tesis ini bertujuan mengetahui kadar vitamin D dan zinc serum pasien preeklamsia berat dan hamil normal, mengetahui hubungan antara kadar vitamin D dan zinc dengan kejadian preklamsia berat, dan prevalensi preeklamsia berat di RSCM. Penelitian ini merupakan observasional potong lintang. Subyek penelitian adalah perempuan hamil yang menjalani persalinan di Kamar Bersalin RSCM pada Januari sampai dengan April 2014. Terdapat 22 subyek kelompok preeklamsia berat dan 22 subyek kelompok hamil dengan tekanan darah normal. Hasil penelitian didapatkan rerata kadar vitamin D dan median kadar zinc lebih rendah pada kelompok preeklamsia berat dibandingkan hamil normal, namun tidak berbeda bermakna. Kadar vitamin D dan zinc tidak berhubungan bermakna dengan kejadian preklamsia berat, dengan p=0,689 dan 0=0,517. Prevalensi hipertensi dalam kehamilan di RSCM adalah 31,07%, dengan rincian sebagai berikut: hipertensi kronik, hipertensi gestasional, preeklamsia ringan, preeklamsia berat, preeklamsia berat superimposed, sindrom HELLP, dan eklamsia gravidarum adalah 0,54%, 2,14%, 1,96%, 17,14%, 3,21%, 4,64%, dan 1,44%.

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The purpose of this investigation was to examine the maternal plasma level of vitamin D and zinc in cases of severe preeclampsia compare to normal pregnancy, to know association between level of vitamin D and zinc and severe preeclampsia, and to know prevalence of severe preeclampsia in Cipto Mangunkusumo. This is a cross sectional observational study. Subjects were pregnant women who gave birth in delivery room Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital in between January and April 2014. There are 22 subjects in severe preeclampsia group and 22 subjects in normotensive pregnancy. Subject with severe preeclampsia were noted to have lower maternal vitamin D and zinc level to normotensive pregnancy with not significant statistically (p 0,689 and p 0,517). Prevalence of hypertension in Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital is 31,07% which is contain of: chronic hypertension 0,54%, gestational hypertension 2,14%, mild preeclampsia 1,96%, severe preeclampsia 17,14%, superimposed severe preeclampsia 3,21%, HELLP syndrome 4,64%, and eclampsia 1,44%."

"Latar Belakang : Preeklamsia terjadi akibat adanya gangguan pada proses implantasi dan desidualisasi pada awal kehamilan. Vitamin D memainkan peranan penting pada proses desidualisasi, implantasi dan plasentasi. Penelitian terbaru menunjukkan bahwa kadar 25(OH)D yang rendah dalam serum merupakan faktor risiko preeklamsia. Bukti terbaru mendukung peran suplementasi vitamin D yang dimulai pada saat sebelum, awal dan selama kehamilan dalam mengurangi risiko preeklamsia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui peranan suplementasi vitamin D 5000 IU/hari pada implantasi dan plasentasi melalui pemeriksaan PI A. Uterina dan PlGF serum maternal pada wanita hamil trimester pertama.Metode : Uji klinis paralel acak tersamar tunggal. Subjek wanita hamil usia 7-11 minggu yang dibagi 2 kelompok, yaitu normal dan risiko tinggi berdasarkan kriteria risiko tinggi ACOG. Tiap kelompok dibagi lagi menjadi kontrol yang hanya mendapat obat standar dan perlakuan yang mendapat vitamin D 5000 IU/hari. Semua pasien diperiksa kadar 25(OH)D awal, kemudian diberikan intervensi selama 1 bulan dan diperiksa ulang kadar 25(OH)D akhir, PlGF serum maternal dan PI. A. Uterina. Menilai perbandingan kenaikan kadar 25(OH)D, PlGF, dan PI A. Uterina diantara semua kelompokHasil : Subjek awal berjumlah 92 orang, dieksklusi sebanyak 12 orang dan tersisa 80 subjek yang menyelesaikan penelitian. Semua subjek mengalami defisiensi vitamin D. Dibandingkan pasien kontrol kenaikan kadar 25(OH)D pada kelompok perlakuan normal masih lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kelompok perlakuan risiko tinggi yaitu 12,33±6,26 ng/mL dan 10,45±5,09 ng/mL dengan nilai p<0,001. Kelompok normal, penurunan PI A. Uterina dibandingkan antara kontrol dan perlakuan bermakna sebesar 0,57±0,36 dan 1,08±0,29 (p<0,001) sedangkan kadar PlGF juga berbeda bermakna antara kontrol (84,27±10,02) dan perlakuan (107,87±31,97) dengan nilai p 0,005. Pada kelompok risiko tinggi, perbadingan rerata kadar PlGF pada kontrol dan perlakuan berbeda bermakna yaitu 37,59±9,67 dan 70,53±18,32) nilai p<0,001. Pada pasien intervensi baik kelompok normal dan risiko tinggi rerata penurunan PI A. Uterina (1,08±0,29 vs 0,43±0,26; nilai p<0,001) dan kadar PlGF (107,87±31,97 vs 70,53±18,32; nilai p<0,001) berbeda bermakna.

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Background : Preeclampsia occurs due to disruption of the implantation and decidualization in early pregnancy. Vitamin D plays an important role in decidualization, implantation, and placentation. Recent evidence supports the role of vitamin D supplementation initiated before, early and during pregnancy in reducing the risk of preeclampsia. The study aim is to determine the effect of vitamin D supplementation of 5000 IU/day on implantation and placentation through examination of Uterine Artery PI (UtA-PI) and maternal serum PlGF in first trimester pregnant women.

Methods: Using a single-blind, randomized parallel clinical trial. Subjects were pregnant women 7-11 weeks gestation and divided into 2 groups, normal and high risk, based on ACOG preeclampsia high risk criteria. Each group was further divided into controls who received the standard drug and interventions who received 5000 IU of vitamin D/day. Subjects were examined for 25(OH)D levels before and after the 1 month intervention, including maternal serum PlGF and UtA-PI levels. Both groups were compared for the difference of 25(OH)D levels, mean PlGF, and UtA-PI.

Results: We have 80 subjects who have vitamin D deficiency. The normal and high-risk intervention group showed the increase of 25(OH)D levels, 12.33±6.26 ng/mL and 10.45±5.09 ng/mL with p<0.001 accordingly. For the normal group, the decrease of UtA-PI compared between control and intervention was significant 0,57±0,36 and 1,08±0,29 (p<0.001) while PlGF levels were also significantly different between control (84,27±10,02) and intervention (107,87±31,97) with p<0.05. While in high-risk group, the PlGF levels of control and intervention were significantly different, 37.59±9.67 and 70.53±18.32 with p<0.001. In intervention patients, both normal and high-risk groups, the decrease of UtA-PI (1.08±0.29 vs 0.43±0.26; p<0.001) and PlGF levels (107.87±31.97 vs 70.53±18.32; p<0.001) were significantly different."

"Objektif. Preeklampsia adalah penyakit pada kehamilan ditandai dengan hipertensi dan proteinuria. Di Indonesia, preelampsia/eklampsia merupakan penyebab utama mortalitas dan morbiditas ibu dan anak. Stress oksidatif pada plasenta dan sistem sirkulasi menyebabkan disfungsi dan kerusakan sel endotel. Stres oksidatif di plasenta menyebabkan gangguan pertumbuhan janin. HSP70 adalah molekul protein yang sangat penting untuk penyembuhan sel dan menjaga homeostasis. Tujuan penelitian untuk membandingkan kadar MDA dan HSP70 yang diproduksi di plasenta pada kehamilan dengan preeklampsia berat, ringan dan kehamilan normal. Plasenta didonorkan secara sukarela dari ibu2 yang melahirkan dengan preeklampsia ringan (N=10), preeklampsia berat (N=10) dan kehamilan normal (N=10). Plasenta dikultur dengan RPMI dan FBS 20%, pada hari ke 3, supernatant diambil. Diperiksa kadar Malondealdehida (MDA), petanda untuk stres oksidatif dan kadar HSP70. Kadar MDA diukur dengan spektrofotometer pada panjang gelombang 530nm. Kadar HSP 70 diukur dengan metoda enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Kadar rata2 MDA pada preeklampsia berat (7,13+5,36 nmol/ml), preeklampsia ringan (4,82+2,47 nmol/ml) dan hamil normal (4,87+2,4 nmol/ml). Kadar MDA pada preeklampsia berat paling tinggi, tetapi perbedaan tersebut tidak berbeda bermakna. Kadar rata2 HSP70 pada preeklampsia ringan tertinggi (10,15+12,39 nmo/ml) dibandingkan dengan kadarnya pada preeklampsia berat (3,78 +3,07 nmol/ml) dan kehamilan normal (3,76+4,65nmol/ml), namun perbedaan ini tidak berbeda bermakna. Walaupun demikian, kadar HSP sangat tinggi pada preeklampsia ringan menunjukkan respons homeostasis relatif tinggi. Hal ini tidak ditunjukkan pada preeklampsia berat. Kadar rata2 MDA dan HSP70 pada preeklampsia berat, ringan maupun hamil normal tidak berbeda bermakna. Kadar HSP yang sangat tinggi pada preeklampsia ringan menunjukkan respons homeostasis masih tinggi.

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Objective: Preeclampsia is a disease in pregnancy and characterized by hypertension and proteinuria. Preeclampsia and eclampsia are the most causes of maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity in Indonesia. Placental and systemic oxidative stress caused endothelial cell dysfunction and injury. Placental oxidative stress also linked to fetal growth restriction. HSP70 is essential for cellular recovery, survival and maintenance of homeostasis. The purpose of this study was to compare the MDA, a marker for oxidative stress and HSP70 production in placental of severe preeclampsia, mild preeclampsia and normotensive pregnant women. Placenta were collected after delivery from normotensive pregnancies (N=10), severe preeclampsia (N=10) and mild preeclampsia (N=10). Placenta was cultured in RPMI and 20% FBS, and supernatant were collected in day 3. MDA was measured using spectrophotometer and absorbance read in 530nm. HSP70 was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The mean MDA concentration did not differ significantly between patients with severe preeclampsia (7.13+5.36 nmol/ml) and mild preeclampsia (4.82+2.47 nmol/ml) when compared with normotensive pregnancies (4.57+2.4 nmol/ml). The mean HSP70 concentration in mild preeclampsia is highest (10.15+12.39 nmo/ml) when compared with severe preeclampsia (3.78 +3.07 nmol/ml) and normotensive pregnant women (3.76+4.65nmol/ml), but the difference was not significant. Although the difference was not significant, is indicates homeostasis response in mild preclampsia women is relative good. This response was abated in severe preeclampstic women. Although MDA and HSP70 concentration did not differ significantly between groups, however the high HSP70 concentration is indicates homeostasis response relatively good in mild preeclamptic women."

"Latar Belakang: Kejadian preeklamsia dilaporkan berkisar 5-15% dari seluruhkehamilan dan terkait erat dengan morbiditas dan mortalitas maternal dan perinatal.Preeklamsia merupakan penyakit dengan berbagai teori (disease of theory) yangmenggambarkan ketidakpastian patofisiologi dan penyebabnya. Salah satu teoripatogenesis preeklamsia adalah peningkatan stres oksidatif. Stres oksidatifmerupakan ketidakseimbangan jumlah oksidan dan antioksidan dalam tubuh.Peningkatan radikal bebas pada preeklamsia diduga menyebabkan penurunanantioksidan endogen seperti superoksida dismutase (SOD) karena banyak antioksidantersebut yang terpakai untuk menanggulangi radikal bebas. Mengingat pentingnyaperanan SOD pada patogenesis preeklamsia, maka pemberian suplementasi SODdiduga dapat memberi manfaat pada preeklamsia maupun kehamilan normal.Tujuan Penelitian: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan kadar SODpada kehamilan normal dan preeklamsia. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga bertujuanuntuk mengetahui kenaikan kadar SOD pasca pemberian suplementasi SOD padakehamilan normal dan preeklamsia.Metode Penelitian: Penelitian uji klinis ini dilakukan di RSCM, RSAB HarapanKita, RSIA Bunda, dan RSIA Brawijaya pada bulan September hingga Desember2019. Subjek penelitian berasal dari Ibu hamil normotensi dan Ibu hamil preeklamsiayang akan dilakukan tindakan operasi sesar berencana dalam waktu 2 minggu. Padasubjek di kelompok uji, akan diberikan suplementasi Glisodin 2 x 250 U selama 14hari. Dilakukan pengukuran kadar SOD serum pra- dan pasca- suplementasi Glisodin,SOD plasenta, dan kadar Cu, Mn dan Zn serum. Data selanjutnya diolah denganmenggunakan uji statistik dengan paket SPSS versi 15. Analisis data berupa analisisunivariat, bivariat dan multivariat.Hasil Penelitian: Didapatkan 91 subjek penelitian yang terdiri dari 42 Ibu hamilnormotensi dan 49 Ibu hamil dengan preeklamsia. Dari 25 subjek penelitian yangdiberikan suplementasi Glisodin, 15 orang berasal dari kelompok Ibu hamilnormotensi dan 10 orang berasal dari kelompok Ibu hamil preeklamsia. Kadar Zn pada kelompok preeklamsia didapatkan lebih rendah bermakna dibandingkan padakelompok normotensi (45 (25,00-110,00) ug/dL vs 52,00 (36,00-88,00) ug/dL, p0,025). Tidak didapatkan perbedaan bermakna kadar SOD pra- dan pascasuplementasi pada kelompok normotensi dan preeklamsia. Tidak terdapatpeningkatan bermakna kadar SOD pasca suplementasi , baik pada kelompoknormotensi maupun preeklamsia (+1,08 ± 2,45, p 0,069 dan +0,12 ± 2,04, p 0,721).Satu-satunya perbedaan bermakna yang ditemukan adalah kadar SOD plasentadimana didapatkan kadar SOD plasenta lebih rendah pada kelompok preklamsiadibandingkan normotensi (26,04 (10,49-91,16) U/mL vs 37,62 (13,58-105,40) U/mL,p<0,001).Kesimpulan: Kadar SOD plasenta pada kehamilan hipertensi atau preeklamsia lebihrendah dibandingkan dengan normotensi. Tidak ada peningkatan bermakna kadarSOD pasca-suplementasi dengan Glisodin pada kehamilan normotensi dan hipertensiatau preeklamsia.

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Background: Preeclampsia incidence varies between 5-15% from all pregnancy andrelated to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Preeclampsia is a disease oftheory which describe uncertainty in its pathogenesis and pathophysiology. One ofthe preeclampsia pathogenesis theory is the increasing oxidative stress level.Oxidative stress is a condition caused by imbalance between oxidant and anti-oxidantinside the body. Increased free radicals level in preeclampsia causing furtherdecreased in endogenous antioxidant level such as superoxide dismutase (SOD)because antioxidant were used to neutralize free radicals. Given the important role ofSOD in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia, supplementation of SOD is thought to bebeneficial, both in the normal pregnancy and preeclampsia.Objective: The aim of this study is to determine differences in SOD levels in normalpregnancy and preeclampsia. This study is also aims to determine the increase inSOD levels after SOD supplementation in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia.Methods: This clinical trial study was conducted at RSCM, RSAB Harapan Kita,RSIA Bunda, and RSIA Brawijaya in September to December 2019. The researchsubjects came from normotensive pregnant women and preeclampsia pregnantwomen who will undergo planned cesarean operations within 2 weeks. Subjects inthe test group will be given Glisodin 2 x 250 U supplementation for 14 days. SerumSOD pre-and post-supplementation with Glisodin, placental SOD, and serum Cu, Mnand Zn levels were measured. Data were then processed using statistical tests withSPSS package version 15. Data analysis was in the form of univariate, bivariate andmultivariate analyzes.Results: There were 91 research subjects consisting of 42 normotensive pregnantwomen and 49 pregnant women with preeclampsia. Of the 25 study subjects whowere given Glisodin supplementation, 15 were from the group of normotensivepregnant women and 10 were from the group of preeclampsia. The level of Zn in thepreeclampsia group was significantly lower than in the normotensive group (45(25.00-110.00) ug/dL vs 52.00 (36.00-88.00) ug/dL, p 0.025). There were nosignificant differences in pre- and post-supplementation SOD levels in the normotensive and preeclampsia groups. There was no significant increase in SODlevels after supplementation, both in the normotensive and preeclampsia groups(+1.08 ± 2.45, p 0.069 and + 0.12 ± 2.04, p 0.721). The only significant differencefound was placental SOD levels in which placenta SOD levels were lower in thepreeclampsia group than normotensive (26.04 (10.49-91.16) U / mL vs 37.62 (13.58-105.40 ) U / mL, p <0.001).Conclusions: Placental SOD levels in pregnancy with hypertension or preeclampsiaare lower than normotensive. There was no significant increase in post-Glisodinsupplementation SOD levels in normotensive and hypertensive or preeclampsiapregnancy."

"Preeklamsia merupakan kondisi spesifik pada kehamilan yang menjadi penyebab utama morbiditas dan mortalitas maternal-perinatal. Plasentasi abnormal menyebabkan hipoksia plasenta dan gangguan regulasi responss imun sehingga mengakibatkan perubahan mikroskopik struktur plasenta berupa penurunan syncytial bridge. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui toleransi imun dan nekrosis pada preeklamsia berdasarkan gambaran syncytial bridge, jumlah sel Treg, konsentrasi LDH serta profil vitamin 1,25(OH)2D3, dan seng. Penelitian potong lintang ini dilakukan pada bulan Februari–Agustus 2019 di RS Budi Kemuliaan dan RSUD Koja, Jakarta. Subjek penelitian adalah ibu hamil normotensi dan preeklamsia yang memenuhi kriteria penerimaan dan tidak memenuhi kriteria penolakan. Subjek dibagi tiga kelompok yaitu: normotensi/NT (n = 20), preeklamsia tanpa komplikasi/PE (n = 21), dan preeklamsia dengan komplikasi/PEK (n = 20). Semua subjek dilakukan pengukuran. jumlah syncytial bridge plasenta (HE), jumlah sel Treg (flowcytometric dan IHK), konsentrasi LDH (enzymatic colorimetric dan ELISA), vitamin 1,25(OH)2D3 (LC-MS/MS) dan seng (ICP-MS) darah maternal dan plasenta. Data diolah menggunakan SPSS versi 2 dan dianalisis dengan uji test-tidak berpasangan dan Mann-Whitney. Jumlah syncytial bridge pada kelompok PE (10,52/LPB) dan PEK (6,33/LPB) lebih rendah bermakna dibanding NT (14,71/LPB). Syncytial bridge PEK lebih rendah bermakna dibanding PE. Jumlah Treg plasenta kelompok PE (2,89/LPB) dan PEK (2,94/LPB) lebih rendah bermakna dibanding NT (4,11/LPB). Konsentrasi LDH maternal pada PEK (418U/L) lebih tinggi dibanding NT (167,5 U/L), dan PEK lebih tinggi dibanding PE (204 U/L) secara bermakna. Kkonsentrasi 1,25(OH)2D3 maternal kelompok PE (55 pg/mL) dan PEK (41,3 pg/mL) lebih rendah dibanding NT (63,5 pg/mL). Konsentrasi 1,25(OH)2D3 maternal PEK lebih rendah bermakna dibanding PE. Tidak ada perbedaan bermakna konsentrasi seng maternal dan plasenta pada ketiga kelompok. Sel Treg plasenta kelompok syncytial bridge sangat rendah (SSR) 2,86/LPB dan syncytial bridge rendah (SR) 3,09/LPB lebih rendah secara bermakna dibanding syncytial bridge normal (SN) 3,87/LPB. Konsentrasi LDH maternal SSR (318 U/L) lebih tinggi bermakna dibanding SR (213 U/L) dan SN (168 U/L). Konsentrasi vitamin 1,25(OH)2D3 maternal pada SSR (39 pg/mL) lebih rendah dibandingkan SR (53,85 pg/mL) dan SN (58,10 pg/mL). Peningkatan konsentrasi LDH maternal, penurunan konsentrasi 1,25(OH)2D3 maternal dan sel Treg plasenta merupakan faktor risiko berkurangnya jumlah syncytial bridge. Disimpulkan berkurangnya jumlah syncytial bridge menggambarkan beratnya proses nekrosis yang berhubungan dengan penurunan toleransi imun dan konsentrasi 1,25(OH)2D3 maternal.

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Preeclampsia is a specific condition in pregnancy as the main cause of maternal-perinatal morbidity and mortality. Abnormal placentation causes placental hypoxia and disturbances in the regulation of the immune response, thereby resulting in the microscopic structure of the placenta in the form of syncytial bridges. The present study aimed to determine the immune tolerance and necrosis in preeclampsia, on the basis of the syncytial bridge characteristic, Treg cell count, LDH concentration and vitamin 1,25(OH)2D3, and zinc profiles.

This cross-sectional study was carried out from February to August 2019 at RS Budi Kemuliaan and RSUD Koja, Jakarta. The subjects were pregnant women who met the inclusion criteria and did not meet the exclusion criteria. The subjects were divided into three groups, namely the normotensive (NT) group (n = 20), the uncomplicated preeclampsia (PE) group (n = 21), and the complicated preeclampsia (PEC) group (n = 20). All subjects underwent the following examinations: placental syncytial bridge count (HE), Treg cell count (flowcytometric and IHC), LDH (enzymatic colorimetric and ELISA), 1,25(OH)2D3 (LC-MS/MS) and zinc (ICP-MS) concentration in maternal blood and placenta. The data were processed using SPSS version 20 and analyzed by means of the unpaired t and Mann-Whitney tests.

The syncytial bridge count in groups PE (10.52/HPF) and PEC (6.33/HPF) was significantly lower compared with NT (14.71/HPF). PEC syncytial bridge count was significantly lower than PE. Placental Treg count in groups PE (2.89/HPF) and PEC (2.94/HPF) were significantly lower than that of the NT (4.11/HPF). Maternal LDH concentration in PEC (418U/L) was significantly higher than in NT (167.5 U/L), and PE (204 U/L). Maternal 1,25(OH)2D3 concentration in groups PE (55 pg/mL) and PEC (41.3 pg/mL) was lower compared with NT (63.5 pg/mL). Maternal 1,25(OH)2D3 concentration in group PEC was significantly lower than in PE. There were no significant differences in maternal blood and placental zinc concentration in the three groups. Placental Treg cell counts in the very low syncytial bridge count (VLSB) group (2.86/HPF) and the low syncytial bridge count (LSB) (3.09/HPF) were significantly lower than in the normal syncytial bridge count (NSB) (3.87/HPF). Maternal blood LDH in group VLSB (318 U/L) was higher than those in LSB (213 U/L) and NSB (168 U/L). Maternal 1,25(OH)2D3 concentration in group VLSB (39 pg/mL) was lower compared with LSB (53.85 pg/mL) and NSB (58.10 pg/mL). Increased maternal LDH concentration, decreased maternal 1,25(OH)2D3 concentration and placental Treg cell count were risk factors for decreased syncytial bridge count. It was concluded that the decrease in syncytial bridge count depicts the severity of the necrotic process that is associated with decreased immune tolerance and maternal 1,25(OH)2D3 concentration."

"Preeklampsia adalah penyebab paling sering ketiga kematian ibu di dunia. Etiologi preeklamsia belum diketahui, hipoperfusi plasenta yang mengarah ke iskemia dan cedera sel endotel dianggap peristiwa patologis utama. Hal ini menyebabkan pertumbuhan janin terhambat dan bahkan kematian ibu dan janin. Preeclampsia juga mengarah ke penurunan berat badan plasenta. Untuk mengamati pengaruh tekanan arteri rata-rata (MAP) pada berat plasenta, sebuah penelitian Cross sectional dengan total 24 perempuan dilaksanakan (12 preeclampsia VS 12 normal). Data sekunder dari Rumah Sakit Bersalin Budi Kemuliaan digunakan dan pengukuran MAP dan berat plasenta dilakukan oleh para dokter di rumah sakit. Dari hasil penelitian ini, rata-rata berat plasenta non-preeklamsia VS preeklamsia adalah 555±74.7 VS 429.2±78.2(p<0.05), sedangkan rata-rata MAP non-preeklamsia VS preeclampsia adalah 91.7±11.3 VS 131±13.4(p<0,05). Korelasi tanpa mempertimbangkan faktor-faktor lain r = 0.640 (p<0.05). Korelasi wanita tanpa preeklampsia dengan MAP mereka menghasilkan r=0,539(p>0,05) dan wanita dengan preeklamsia dengan MAP, mereka menghasilkan r=-0,352(p>0,05), semua korelasi tidak signifikan ketika status penyakit dimasukkan kedalam analisis. Kesimpulan akhirnya ditemukan analisis korelasi statistik tidak signifikan, tetapi dari studi klinis yang didukung oleh hasil tinjauan literatur sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa ada kecenderungan penurunan pada berat plasenta dengan peningkatan MAP pada ibu preeklamsi. Oleh karena itu, kita tidak bisa hanya mengandalkan hanya pada analisis statistik saja dan analisis statistic yang tidak signifikan mungkin disebabkan karena kurangnya ukuran sampel.

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Preeclampsia is the third most frequent cause of maternal death worldwide. The cause of preeclampsia is still unclear, hypoperfusion which leads to placental ischemia and endothelial cell damage are thought to be the main pathologic events. It causes retarded fetal growth and even maternal and fetal death. Preeclampsia also leads to decreased placental weight. To observe the effect of mean arterial pressure (MAP) on placental weight, a cross sectional study with a total of 24 women in the study (12 preeclamptic VS 12 normal) was done. Secondary data from Budi Kemuliaan Maternity Hospital was used and the measurements of the MAP and placental weight were done by the doctors in the hospital. In the obtained result, mean placental weight of non-preeclampsia VS preeclampsia is 555±74.7 VS 429.2±78.2 (p<0.05), while for mean MAP of non-preeclampsia VS preeclampsia is 91.7±11.3 VS 131±13.4 (p<0.05). Correlation without considering other factors r = -0.640 (p<0.05). The correlation of women without preeclampsia with their MAP yielded r = 0.539 (p>0.05) and women with preeclampsia with their MAP yielded r = -0.352 (p>0.05), all the correlations are insignificant when disease status is considered. In conclusion, the correlation statistical analysis is insignificant but clinical studies and results supported by earlier literature reviews suggest that there is a decreasing trend on placental weight with increasing MAP in preeclamptic mothers. Therefore, we cannot just rely on just statistical analysis alone and the insignificant statistical analysis might be due to the lack of sample size."

"Tujuan penelitian cross sectional comparative ini adalah diketahuinya perbandingan antara kadar magnesium serum pada preeklampsia dan kehamilan normal. Pengumpulan data dilakukan di Poliklinik Obstetri dan Ginekologi dan Ruang Bersalin Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah (RSUD) Tarakan pada bulan Oktober sampai November 2013. Sebanyak 46 orang ibu hamil yang terdiri dari 23 orang dengan preeklampsia dan 23 orang dengan kehamilan normal yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi menyatakan kesediaannya mengikuti penelitian ini. Data diperoleh dari wawancara, pengukuran tekanan darah dan lingkar lengan atas, evaluasi asupan magnesium dengan metode FFQ semikuantitatif dan pemeriksaan kadar magnesium serum. Analisa statistik menggunakan uji t-test dan Mann Whitney. Uji karakteristik usia, usia kehamilan, paritas, pendidikan dan status gizi kedua kelompok homogen. Tidak ditemukan perbedaan rerata kadar magnesium serum pada preeklampsia (1,98 0,26 mg/dL) dengan kehamilan normal (1,89 0,21 mg/dL). Rerata asupan magnesium pada preeklampsia lebih rendah 233,6 (190,1;319,3) mg dibandingkan dengan kehamilan normal 380,1 (229,8;444,2) mg dengan p=0,024.Kesimpulan: tidak didapatkan perbedaan yang bermakna antara kadar magnesium serum pada preeklampsia dengan kehamilan normal sementara asupan magnesium pada preeklampsia lebih rendah bermakna dibandingkan dengan kehamilan normal.

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The aim of this cross sectional comparative study was to analyze serum level of magnesium in preeclamptic pregnancies and to compare them with those in normal pregnancies. The data was collected at RSUD Tarakan on October 2013. Out of 23 women with preeclampsia and 23 women with normal pregnancies that meet our inclusion criteria given their consents to join the study. Data collated including interviews, blood pressure and mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) measurement and intake of magnesium by semiquantitative FFQ method. Statistical analysis performed by t-test and Mann Whitney. The result of the characteristic test in two groups of study shows that both groups are homogenic. There was no different between magnesium serum level in women with preeclampsia (1.98±0.26 mg/dL) and normal pregnancy (1.89±0.21 mg/dL) While the mean daily intake of magnesium is significantly lower in preeclampsia 233.6 (190.1;319.3) mg than in normal pregnancy 380.1 (229.8;444.2) mg.

Conclusion: there was no significant different between serum magnesium level in women with preeclampsia dan normal pregnancy."

"Pendahuluan: Preeklampsia adalah kelainan kehamilan yang ditandai dengan hipertensi yang diikuti oleh proteinuria, disfungsi organ, atau hambatan pertumbuhan janin pada wanita yang sebelumnya normotensif. Berdasarkan timbulnya gejala, preeklamsia dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi awal (<32 minggu), menengah (32-36 minggu), dan terlambat (> 36 minggu). Kekurangan vitamin D ibu dan kondisi resistensi insulin dikaitkan dengan peningkatan risiko preeklampsia. Vitamin D memiliki kemampuan untuk meningkatkan sensitivitas jaringan terhadap insulin, sehingga kondisi resistensi insulin dapat diperbaiki. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara vitamin D dan kadar glukosa pada jaringan preeklampsia selama kehamilan 36 minggu. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pendahuluan dengan desain cross-sectional. Sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah jaringan plasenta preeklampsia selama kehamilan 36 minggu. Sebanyak 7 sampel diperoleh dari RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo pada 2016-2017. Data kadar vitamin D dan glukosa pertama kali diuji normalitas dengan menggunakan uji normalitas Shapiro-Wilk dan dilanjutkan dengan uji korelasi Pearson. Hasil: Berdasarkan uji normalitas, data kadar vitamin D dan glukosa normal (p> 0,05). Hasil uji korelasi Pearson menunjukkan bahwa ada korelasi positif yang kuat antara vitamin D dan glukosa meskipun data tidak signifikan secara statistik (r = 0,688, p = 0,087). Diskusi: Ada korelasi positif yang kuat antara vitamin D dan kadar glukosa pada jaringan plas preeklampsia selama kehamilan 36 minggu. Namun, studi lebih lanjut perlu dilakukan dengan 17 sampel untuk mendapatkan hasil yang lebih representatif.

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Introduction: Preeclampsia is a pregnancy disorder characterized by hypertension followed by proteinuria, organ dysfunction, or fetal growth restriction in previously normotensive women. Based on the onset of symptoms, preeclampsia can be classified into early (<32 weeks), intermediate (32-36 weeks), and late (> 36 weeks). Maternal vitamin D deficiency and insulin resistance conditions are associated with an increased risk of preeclampsia. Vitamin D has the ability to increase tissue sensitivity to insulin, so that the condition of insulin resistance can be improved. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between vitamin D and glucose levels in preeclampsia tissue during 36 weeks of pregnancy.

Method: This study was a preliminary study with a cross-sectional design. The sample used in this study was placental tissue preeclampsia during 36 weeks gestation. A total of 7 samples were obtained from Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital in 2016-2017. Data on vitamin D and glucose levels were first tested for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk normality test and continued with the Pearson correlation test.

Results: Based on normality tests, data on vitamin D and glucose levels were normal (p> 0.05). The Pearson correlation test results show that there is a strong positive correlation between vitamin D and glucose even though the data are not statistically significant (r = 0.688, p = 0.087).

Discussion: There is a strong positive correlation between vitamin D and glucose levels in preeclampsia plas tissue during 36 weeks' gestation. However, further studies need to be done with 17 samples to get more representative results."