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"Latar Belakang : Early Childhood Caries (ECC) merupakan masalah kesehatan gigi global yang berdampak pada anak-anak di berbagai negara. Di Indonesia, prevalensi ECC pada anak usia 3–4 tahun mencapai 78,3%. Pola pemberian ASI, konsumsi makanan dan minuman manis, serta tingkat pengetahuan ibu memiliki peran dalam terjadinya ECC. Tujuan : Mengetahui hubungan pola pemberian ASI, konsumsi makanan dan minuman manis, serta pengetahuan ibu dengan kejadian Early Childhood Caries (ECC) pada anak usia 6–36 bulan di Kecamatan Jatinegara, Jakarta Timur. Metode : Studi potong lintang pada 447 anak berusia 6–36 bulan. Pemeriksaan klinis karies gigi menggunakan ICDAS (International Caries Detection and Assessment System) dan indeks plak Silness-Löe dilakukan oleh dokter gigi yang telah dikalibrasi. Data pola pemberian ASI, konsumsi makanan dan minuman manis, serta pengetahuan ibu diperoleh melalui kuesioner yang tervalidasi. Hasil : Prevalensi ECC pada anak usia 6–36 bulan di Kecamatan Jatinegara sebesar 72,5%. Terdapat hubungan positif yang signifikan antara frekuensi konsumsi makanan manis (p=0,000 ; rs=+0,273), dan frekuensi konsumsi minuman manis (p=0,000 ; rs=+0,234) dengan kejadian ECC. Selain itu, terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara lama pemberian ASI (p=0,000), usia anak (p=0,000), tingkat pendidikan ibu (p=0,020) dan tingkat pendidikan ayah (p=0,016) dengan kejadian ECC. Namun, tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan antara frekuensi pemberian ASI (p=0,181), kebiasaan menyusui di malam hari (p=0,471), usia awal MPASI (p=0,262), frekuensi konsumsi MPASI (p=0,382), jenis kelamin anak (p=0,526), tingkat pengetahuan ibu (p=0,209), dan status ekonomi keluarga (p=0,088) dengan kejadian ECC. Kesimpulan : Terdapat hubungan positif antara frekuensi konsumsi makanan manis dan frekuensi konsumsi minuman manis dengan kejadian ECC. Terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara lama pemberian ASI, usia anak, tingkat pendidikan ibu, dan tingkat pendidikan ayah dengan kejadian ECC.

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Background: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is a significant global dental health issue that affects children worldwide. In Indonesia, the prevalence of ECC among children aged 3–4 years reaches 78.3%. Breastfeeding patterns, sweet food and beverage consumption, and maternal knowledge play a role in the occurrence of ECC. Objective: To determine the association of breastfeeding patterns, sweet food and beverage consumption, and maternal knowledge with Early Childhood Caries (ECC) in children aged 6–36 months in Jatinegara, East Jakarta. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 447 children aged 6–36 months. Clinical dental caries examination was performed using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS), and plaque assessment was conducted using the Silness-Löe Plaque Index by calibrated dentists. Data on breastfeeding patterns, sweet food and beverage intake, and maternal knowledge were obtained through validated questionnaires. Results: The prevalence of ECC among children aged 6–36 months in Jatinegara was 72.5%. There was a significant positive correlation between the frequency of sweet food consumption (p=0.000; rs=+0.273) and the frequency of sweet beverage consumption (p=0.000; rs=+0.234) with the occurrence of ECC. Additionally, significant differences in ECC occurrence were observed based on breastfeeding duration (p=0.000), child's age (p=0.000), maternal education level (p=0.020), and paternal education level (p=0.016). However, no significant differences were found between ECC occurrence and breastfeeding frequency (p=0.181), nighttime breastfeeding habits (p=0.471), age of complementary feeding initiation (p=0.262), frequency of complementary food consumption (p=0.382), child's sex (p=0.526), maternal knowledge level (p=0.209), and family socioeconomic status (p=0.088). Conclusion: There is a significant positive correlation between the frequency of sweet food and beverage consumption with ECC occurrence. Moreover, significant differences in ECC occurrence were observed based on the duration of breastfeeding, child's age, maternal education level, and paternal education level."

"Latar Belakang : Early Childhood Caries (ECC) merupakan masalah kesehatan gigi global yang berdampak pada anak-anak di berbagai negara. Di Indonesia, prevalensi ECC pada anak usia 3–4 tahun mencapai 78,3%. Pola pemberian ASI, konsumsi makanan dan minuman manis, serta tingkat pengetahuan ibu memiliki peran dalam terjadinya ECC. Tujuan : Mengetahui hubungan pola pemberian ASI, konsumsi makanan dan minuman manis, serta pengetahuan ibu dengan kejadian Early Childhood Caries (ECC) pada anak usia 6–36 bulan di Kecamatan Jatinegara, Jakarta Timur. Metode : Studi potong lintang pada 447 anak berusia 6–36 bulan. Pemeriksaan klinis karies gigi menggunakan ICDAS (International Caries Detection and Assessment System) dan indeks plak Silness-Löe dilakukan oleh dokter gigi yang telah dikalibrasi. Data pola pemberian ASI, konsumsi makanan dan minuman manis, serta pengetahuan ibu diperoleh melalui kuesioner yang tervalidasi. Hasil : Prevalensi ECC pada anak usia 6–36 bulan di Kecamatan Jatinegara sebesar 72,5%. Terdapat hubungan positif yang signifikan antara frekuensi konsumsi makanan manis (p=0,000 ; rs=+0,273), dan frekuensi konsumsi minuman manis (p=0,000 ; rs=+0,234) dengan kejadian ECC. Selain itu, terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara lama pemberian ASI (p=0,000), usia anak (p=0,000), tingkat pendidikan ibu (p=0,020) dan tingkat pendidikan ayah (p=0,016) dengan kejadian ECC. Namun, tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan antara frekuensi pemberian ASI (p=0,181), kebiasaan menyusui di malam hari (p=0,471), usia awal MPASI (p=0,262), frekuensi konsumsi MPASI (p=0,382), jenis kelamin anak (p=0,526), tingkat pengetahuan ibu (p=0,209), dan status ekonomi keluarga (p=0,088) dengan kejadian ECC. Kesimpulan : Terdapat hubungan positif antara frekuensi konsumsi makanan manis dan frekuensi konsumsi minuman manis dengan kejadian ECC. Terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara lama pemberian ASI, usia anak, tingkat pendidikan ibu, dan tingkat pendidikan ayah dengan kejadian ECC.

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Background: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is a significant global dental health issue that affects children worldwide. In Indonesia, the prevalence of ECC among children aged 3–4 years reaches 78.3%. Breastfeeding patterns, sweet food and beverage consumption, and maternal knowledge play a role in the occurrence of ECC. Objective: To determine the association of breastfeeding patterns, sweet food and beverage consumption, and maternal knowledge with Early Childhood Caries (ECC) in children aged 6–36 months in Jatinegara, East Jakarta. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 447 children aged 6–36 months. Clinical dental caries examination was performed using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS), and plaque assessment was conducted using the Silness-Löe Plaque Index by calibrated dentists. Data on breastfeeding patterns, sweet food and beverage intake, and maternal knowledge were obtained through validated questionnaires. Results: The prevalence of ECC among children aged 6–36 months in Jatinegara was 72.5%. There was a significant positive correlation between the frequency of sweet food consumption (p=0.000; rs=+0.273) and the frequency of sweet beverage consumption (p=0.000; rs=+0.234) with the occurrence of ECC. Additionally, significant differences in ECC occurrence were observed based on breastfeeding duration (p=0.000), child's age (p=0.000), maternal education level (p=0.020), and paternal education level (p=0.016). However, no significant differences were found between ECC occurrence and breastfeeding frequency (p=0.181), nighttime breastfeeding habits (p=0.471), age of complementary feeding initiation (p=0.262), frequency of complementary food consumption (p=0.382), child's sex (p=0.526), maternal knowledge level (p=0.209), and family socioeconomic status (p=0.088). Conclusion: There is a significant positive correlation between the frequency of sweet food and beverage consumption with ECC occurrence. Moreover, significant differences in ECC occurrence were observed based on the duration of breastfeeding, child's age, maternal education level, and paternal education level."

"Latar Belakang: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) merupakan masalah umum kesehatan gigi dan mulut yang mempengaruhi anak-anak secara global, tidak terkecuali Indonesia. ECC merupakan penyakit yang dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor. Salah satu faktor yang diasosiasikan dengan kejadian ECC adalah praktik kebersihan gigi dan mulut. Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan antara praktik kebersihan gigi dan mulut dengan kejadian Early Childhood Caries (ECC) di Kecamatan Jatinegara, Jakarta Timur. Metode: Cross-sectional pada 447 anak berusia 6–36 bulan, kuesioner tervalidasi, pemeriksaan klinis karies gigi menggunakan indeks dmf-t dan pemeriksaan plak menggunakan Silness-Löe Plaque Index oleh dokter gigi yang telah dikalibrasi. Hasil: Prevalensi ECC pada 447 anak adalah 53,9%. Terdapat korelasi positif antara waktu membersihkan gigi (p=0,001 ; r=0,2), supervisi orang tua dalam membersihkan gigi (p=0,01; r=0,139), dan usia mulai membersihkan gigi (p=0,001 ; r=0,301) terhadap skor dmf-t. Terdapat korelasi negatif antara alat membersihkan gigi (p=0,001 ; r=-0,156) dan bahan membersihkan gigi (p=0,003 ; r=-0,161) terhadap skor dmf-t. Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara frekuensi membersihkan gigi (p=0,084) dan durasi membersihkan gigi (p=0,689) terhadap kejadian ECC. Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara status sosioekonomi (p=0,113) terhadap kejadian ECC. Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara waktu, alat, bahan, supervisi orang tua, dan usia mulai membersihkan gigi dengan kejadian ECC.

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Background: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is a common oral health problem that affects children globally, including Indonesia. ECC is a disease that is influenced by various factors. One of the factors associated with the occurrence of ECC is oral hygiene practices. Objective: The study aimed to determine the relationship between oral hygiene practices and the incidence of Early Childhood Caries (ECC) in Jatinegara, East Jakarta. Method: Cross-sectional in 447 children aged 6–36 months, validated questionnaire, clinical examination of dental caries using the dmf-t index and plaque examination using the Silness-Löe Plaque Index by calibrated dentists. Results: The prevalence of ECC in 447 children was 53.9%. There was a positive correlation between the time of brushing teeth (p=0,001; r=0,2), parental supervision in brushing teeth (p=0,01; r=0,139), and the age of starting to brush teeth (p=0,001; r=0,301) with the dmf-t score. There was a negative correlation between the type of cleaning tool used (p=0,001; r=-0,156) and the material used (p=0,003; r=-0,161) with the dmf-t score. There was no significant difference between the frequency of brushing teeth (p=0,084) and the duration of brushing teeth (p=0,689) on the incidence of ECC. There was no significant difference between socioeconomic status (p=0,113) on the incidence of ECC. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between time, type of cleaning tool, materials, parental supervision, and age of starting to brush teeth with the occurrence of ECC."

"Latar Belakang: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) merupakan masalah umum kesehatan gigi dan mulut yang mempengaruhi anak-anak secara global, tidak terkecuali Indonesia. ECC merupakan penyakit yang dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor. Salah satu faktor yang diasosiasikan dengan kejadian ECC adalah praktik kebersihan gigi dan mulut. Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan antara praktik kebersihan gigi dan mulut dengan kejadian Early Childhood Caries (ECC) di Kecamatan Jatinegara, Jakarta Timur. Metode: Cross-sectional pada 447 anak berusia 6–36 bulan, kuesioner tervalidasi, pemeriksaan klinis karies gigi menggunakan indeks dmf-t dan pemeriksaan plak menggunakan Silness-Löe Plaque Index oleh dokter gigi yang telah dikalibrasi. Hasil: Prevalensi ECC pada 447 anak adalah 53,9%. Terdapat korelasi positif antara waktu membersihkan gigi (p=0,001 ; r=0,2), supervisi orang tua dalam membersihkan gigi (p=0,01; r=0,139), dan usia mulai membersihkan gigi (p=0,001 ; r=0,301) terhadap skor dmf-t. Terdapat korelasi negatif antara alat membersihkan gigi (p=0,001 ; r=-0,156) dan bahan membersihkan gigi (p=0,003 ; r=-0,161) terhadap skor dmf-t. Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara frekuensi membersihkan gigi (p=0,084) dan durasi membersihkan gigi (p=0,689) terhadap kejadian ECC. Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara status sosioekonomi (p=0,113) terhadap kejadian ECC. Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara waktu, alat, bahan, supervisi orang tua, dan usia mulai membersihkan gigi dengan kejadian ECC.

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Background: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is a common oral health problem that affects children globally, including Indonesia. ECC is a disease that is influenced by various factors. One of the factors associated with the occurrence of ECC is oral hygiene practices. Objective: The study aimed to determine the relationship between oral hygiene practices and the incidence of Early Childhood Caries (ECC) in Jatinegara, East Jakarta. Method: Cross-sectional in 447 children aged 6–36 months, validated questionnaire, clinical examination of dental caries using the dmf-t index and plaque examination using the Silness-Löe Plaque Index by calibrated dentists. Results: The prevalence of ECC in 447 children was 53.9%. There was a positive correlation between the time of brushing teeth (p=0,001; r=0,2), parental supervision in brushing teeth (p=0,01; r=0,139), and the age of starting to brush teeth (p=0,001; r=0,301) with the dmf-t score. There was a negative correlation between the type of cleaning tool used (p=0,001; r=-0,156) and the material used (p=0,003; r=-0,161) with the dmf-t score. There was no significant difference between the frequency of brushing teeth (p=0,084) and the duration of brushing teeth (p=0,689) on the incidence of ECC. There was no significant difference between socioeconomic status (p=0,113) on the incidence of ECC. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between time, type of cleaning tool, materials, parental supervision, and age of starting to brush teeth with the occurrence of ECC."

"Latar belakang: ECC masih merupakan masalah kesehatan gigi masyarakat pada negara maju dan sedang berkembang, seperti di Indonesia. Prevalensi dan tingkat keparahan ECC meningkat sehingga perlu dilakukan pencegahan dini pada gigi anak. Adanya berbagai faktor yang mempengaruhi ECC, salah satunya perilaku menjaga kebersihan gigi dan mulut anak. Tujuan: Mengetahui prevalensi dan pola ECC berdasarkan tingkat keparahannya, dan menganalisis hubungan faktor risiko terhadap kejadian ECC. Metode: Cross-sectional pada 218 anak berusia 24-42 bulan, wawancara, pemeriksaan klinis karies gigi dan plak gigi. Hasil: Prevalensi ECC pada 218 anak adalah 52,8%. Pola karies berdasarkan tingkat keparahannya terbanyak ditemukan lesi dentin berkavitas (2,20 gigi/ anak), diikuti oleh karies email (1,73 gigi/ anak). Terdapat hubungan signifikan antara praktik menjaga kebersihan dan kesehatan gigi dan mulut, yaitu plak indeks (p= 0,001), pengawasan dalam menyikat gigi anak (p= 0,025), kebiasaan sikat gigi setelah minum susu atau makan (p= 0,060) dan sebelum tidur (p= 0,050). Tidak ada hubungan signifikan antara faktor demografi pola pemberian ASI dan MP-ASI terhadap karies gigi sulung, namun frekuensi makanan jajanan kariogenik menunjukkan adanya hubungan signifikan terhadap karies gigi sulung (p= 0,011). Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara tingkat kebersihan gigi dan mulut, pengawasan sikat gigi, sikat gigi setelah minum atau makan dan sebelum tidur, frekuensi konsumsi makanan kariogenik dengan kejadian ECC.

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Background: ECC is still a dental health problem for people in developed and developing countries, such as in Indonesia. The prevalence and severity of ECC increases, so that early prevention of the child’s teeth is needed. The factors that cause ECC are multifactorial, one of which is the maintaining oral health and hygiene practice.

Objective: To obtain the prevalence and severity of ECC data and to analyze the relationship between risk factors and ECC.

Method: Cross-sectional study in 218 children aged 24-42 months through interviews, clinical dental caries and plaque examination.

Results: The prevalence of ECC for 218 children is 52,8%. The severities of caries lesion are mostly dentinal lesion with cavities (2.20 teeth/ child), followed by enamel lesion (1.73 teeth/ child). There are significant relationships between maintaining oral health and hygiene practices towards ECC, which are plaque index (p=0,001), the children’s brushing teeth supervision (p=0,025), toothbrushing habits after drinking milk or eating (p=0,060) and before going to bed (p=0,050). There are no significant relationships between demographic factors, breastfeeding patterns, and complementary feeding patterns towards ECC, but the frequency of cariogenic snacks shows a significant association with ECC.

Conclusion: There are significant relationship between plaque index, toothbrushing supervision, toothbrushing habits after drinking or eating and before going to bed, and the frequency of cariogenic snacks consumption with ECC."

"Latar belakang: ECC adalah masalah kesehatan penting di Indonesia. Prevalensi dan keparahan usia dibawah tiga tahun meningkat, pencegahan harus dilakukan saat gigi erupsi. Gigi sulung berperan dalam proses tumbuh kembang anak, pemeliharaannya melibatkan peran ibu, antara lain pada pola pemberian ASI. Tujuan: Diketahuinya hubungan pola pemberian ASI dan berbagai faktor risiko kejadian ECC dan ditemukannya model pencegahan yang sesuai di DKI Jakarta. Metode: Cross-sectional pada 424 anak usia 6-24 bulan, wawancara, pemeriksaan klinis dan laboratorium.Hasil:Faktor prediktor ECC:plak, usia anak, cara pemberian, lama kontak ASI, dan kapasitas buffer saliva. Kesimpulan: Model menjelaskan 52,5% variasi ECC dengan akurasi prediksi 82%. Dihasilkan soft ware dan kartu sebagai alat bantu pencegahan ECC.

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Background: ECC is an important health problem in Indonesia. Under 3-yr-old prevalence and severity tend to increase, prevention must start since teeth eruption. Primary teeth plays role in the child development, oral care mainly involves the mother?s role, among others, breastfeeding pattern. Purpose: To determine relationship between breastfeeding patterns and ECC risk factors to find a prevention model in Jakarta. Methods: Cross-sectional study on 424 children aged 6-24 months, interviews, clinical and laboratory examinations. Result: ECC predictor factors: dental plaque, age, breastfeeding pattern, salivary buffer capacity. Summary:Model explained 52.5% variation in ECC with 82% accuracy prediction. Soft ware and card were developed as prevention model."

"Latar belakang: Karies merupakan masalah kesehatan gigi dan mulut yang umum terjadi, termasuk pada anak-anak di Indonesia. Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi karies gigi pada anak adalah pola pemberian makan, yaitu ASI dan PASI. Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan antara pola pemberian makan dengan Early Childhood Caries ECC pada anak usia 3-5 tahun di Kelurahan Grogol Utara, Kebayoran Lama. Metode: Desain cross-sectional secara analitik observasional. Metode pengambilan sampel adalah dengan convenience sampling. Data pola pemberian makan dan perilaku membersihkan gigi diambil melalui wawancara dengan ibu subjek oleh pewawancara yang telah dikalibrasi. Pemeriksaan karies gigi anak dengan menggunakan indeks defs dan pemeriksaan indeks plak dilakukan oleh dua orang dokter gigi yang telah dikalibrasi. Hasil: Prevalensi karies gigi sulung pada 165 anak adalah sebesar 83. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara pemberian kolostrum p=0,017, ASI eksklusif p=0,028, frekuensi ASI p=0,001, dan lama kontak gigi dengan ASI p=0,049 terhadap skor karies gigi sulung anterior. Tidak ada variabel ASI yang menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna terhadap karies gigi sulung posterior p ge;0,05. Usia awal diberikannya PASI menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna terhadap karies gigi sulung anterior dan posterior p=0,001; p=0,041. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara jenis makanan atau minuman setelah gigi erupsi p=0,020 dan frekuensi susu formula p=0,005 dengan karies gigi sulung anterior. Frekuensi MP-ASI tidak menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna dengan karies gigi sulung anterior dan posterior p=0,963; p=0,591. Kesimpulan: Pola pemberian makan anak yang meningkatkan skor karies gigi sulung anterior maupun posterior adalah usia awal diberikannya PASI, yaitu sebelum usia 6 bulan.

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Background: Caries is one of the most common oral problems, including in children in Indonesia. One of the factors that influence the occurrence of caries is child's feeding methods, like breastfeeding and complementary feeding.

Aim: To obtain information about the relationship between child's feeding method and early childhood caries in children aged 3 5 years old.

Method: Analytic observational with cross sectional design. The sampling method is convenience sampling. The data of child's feeding method and oral hygiene behavior was obtained through interviewing the mother. Caries examination was done using defs assessment.

Result: The prevalence of ECC in 165 children is 83. There are significant differences between colostrum p 0,017, exclusive breastfeeding p 0,028, breastfeeding frequency p 0,001, and length of contact time between teeth and breastfeeding milk p 0,049 with anterior primary teeth caries. None of the breastfeeding methods has significant difference with posterior primary teeth caries p ge 0,05. Age of initiation of complementary feeding has a significant difference with anterior and posterior primary teeth caries p 0,001 p 0,041. There are significant differences between the type of complementary food after first tooth eruption p 0,020 and frequency of infant formula p 0,005 with anterior primary teeth caries. Frequency of complementary feeding has no significant difference with anterior and posterior primary teeth caries p 0,963 p 0,591.

Conclusion: Child's feeding method which increases early childhood caries'score in both anterior and posterior teeth is the age of initiation of complementary feeding, which is before six months old."

"Latar Belakang: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) merupakan salah satu penyakit kronismultifaktorial yang sering terjadi pada anak usia pra sekolah. Data penelitianmengatakan sebanyak 65% anak usia 3-5 tahun mengalami ECC dan pada sebuahpenelitian di Jakarta tahun 2016 menunjukkan indeks def-t sebesar 7,5 pada anak usia 5tahun sedangkan pada penelitian yang dilakukan di Bandung pada tahun 2017didapatkan indeks def-t sebesar 7,04. Berdasarkan RISKESDAS tahun 2018, sebanyak81,5% anak mengalami karies dengan indeks def-t sebesar 6,2 pada anak usia 3-4 tahundan indeks def-t sebesar 8,1 pada anak usia 5 tahun. Dalam terjadinya ECC, salah satufaktor yang berperan dalam proteksi dari terjadinya karies gigi adalah saliva yang didalamnya terkandung protein saliva seperti lysozyme yang berperan dalam mekanismeproteksi rongga mulut dari bakteri Gram-positif. Pada beberapa penelitian, kadarlysozyme saliva berhubungan dengan skor def-t. Tujuan: Menganalisis perbedaan kadarlysozyme saliva pada anak ECC dan bebas karies usia 3-5 tahun serta berdasarkantingkat karies. Metode Penelitian: Penelitian merupakan potong lintang analitik secaralaboratorik. Subjek penelitian adalah 14 anak ECC dan 14 anak bebas karies usia 3-5tahun yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Sampel whole saliva tanpa stimulasidikumpulkan dari subjek penelitian kemudian dilakukan pengukuran kadar lysozymedengan uji ELISA teknik sandwich. Hasil: Kadar lysozyme saliva pada anak ECC lebihtinggi daripada kelompok anak bebas karies serta kadar lysozyme saliva pada anakdengan tingkat karies tinggi lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kelompok anak dengantingkat karies rendah, secara statistik dinyatakan bahwa terdapat perbedaan bermaknaantara kadar lysozyme saliva anak ECC dan bebas karies usia 3-5 tahun (p < 0,05).Kesimpulan: Kadar lysozyme saliva lebih tinggi pada anak ECC dibandingkan denganbebas karies usia 3-5 tahun dan peningkatan kadar lysozyme saliva terjadi pada anakdengan tingkat karies tinggi.

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Background: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is one of common chronic multifactorial

diseases affecting preschool children. Previous study showed 65% of children aged 3-5

years experience ECC and a research in Jakarta in 2016 showed def-t index of children

aged 5 years was 7.5. According to research in Bandung in 2017 showed def-t index

was 7.04. Based on Basic Health Research in Indonesia (RISKESDAS) in 2018, 81.5%

of children experienced caries with def-t index 6.2 in children aged 3-4 years and 8.1 in

children aged 5 years. In the occurrence of ECC, one of the factors that play role in the

protection of dental caries is saliva, which contains salivary protein such as lysozyme

that play a role in the mechanism of protecting oral cavity from Gram-positive bacteria.

In several studies, salivary lysozyme levels were associated with def-t score. Objective:

To analyze differences in salivary lysozyme levels in ECC and caries-free children aged

3-5 years and based on caries levels. Methods: This study is a laboratory analytical

cross-sectional study. Subjects were 14 ECC children and 14 caries-free children aged

3-5 years that in line with the inclusion criteria. Unstimulated whole saliva were

collected from subjects. Salivary lysozyme levels were measured by ELISA sandwich

method. Results: Salivary lysozyme levels in ECC children was higher than in cariesfree

and salivary lysozyme levels in children with high caries level higher than in

children with low caries level, it was statistically stated that there was a significant

differences between the levels of lysozyme in children with ECC and caries-free

children aged 3-5 years (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Salivary lysozyme levels were higher in

ECC children compared to caries-free children aged 3-5 years and increased levels of

salivary lysozyme occurred in children with high caries level."

"Sebelum adanya penggunaan susu formula sebagai pengganti ASI, gigi berlubang pada bayi jarang ditemukan.2,19 Dilaporkan pada anak riwayat ASI Eksklusif, karies jarang ditemukan karena mendapat komponen imunitas khususnyaIgA yang dapat memperlambat pertumbuhan bakteri S.mutans.2,11 Pada anak riwayat susu formula komponen imunitas belum diketahui. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perbedaan kadar sIgA saliva anak ECC riwayat ASI eksklusif dan susu formula. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada 34 anak ECC usia 18-48 bulan yang memiliki skor deft >1, dengan 17 subjek riwayat ASI eksklusif dan 17 subjek riwayat susu formula. Seluruh subjek dilakukan pemeriksaan skor deft, dan dilakukan pengukuran sampel saliva dengan ELISA. Rerata skor deft anak ECC kelompok riwayat ASI eksklusif lebih rendah dibanding susu formula. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna rerata kadar sIgA saliva anak ECC antara riwayat ASI eksklusif dan susu formula (p=0,004).

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Time before formula feeding has been found, baby tooth decay is definitely rare.2,19 Studies reported, children with exclusive breastfeeding have low caries as they have immunity component, specifically IgA, which may exhibits colony of S.mutans.2,11Meanwhile, immunity component of children with formula feeding is barely unknown. This study aimed to analyze the difference of quantity salivary sIgA Early Childhood Caries (ECC) children between exclusive breastfeeding and formula feeding history. Saliva samples were collected from 34 ECC children aged 18-48 months who have deft score >1, both exclusive brestfeeding and formula feeding history group are 17 subjects each. Deft score were examined, and quantity of salivary sIgA were assesed by ELISA. Deft score mean of exclusive breastfeeding history group is lower than formula feeding history group. There is a significant difference quantity salivary sIgA ECC children between exclusive breastfeeding and formula feeding history (p=0,004)."

"Karies gigi adalah salah satu penyakit menular kronis yang palingumum pada anak-anak usia prasekolah. Bentuk agresif karies gigi pada gigi sulung anakdi bawah, sampai dengan usia 71 bulan disebut dengan Early Childhood Caries (ECC).Indonesia melaporkan prevalensi dan keparahan ECC yang tinggi hingga mencapai angka90%. DKI Jakarta memiliki prevalensi sebesar 81,2%. Faktor risiko utama ECC yaituhost (gigi dan saliva), mikroorganisme kariogenik, dan karbohidrat (substrat).Mikroorganisme kariogenik yang berperan yaitu Streptococcus mutans. Penelitian diJakarta pada anak usia 3-5 tahun yang memiliki karies, menunjukkan bahwa serotipe fmerupakan jenis yang paling banyak di temukan (85,5%), diikuti dengan serotipe c(74,2%), serotipe e (22,6%) dan serotipe d (19,4%). Penelitian lainnya di Jakartamenemukan bahwa kombinasi serotipe c dan f lebih tinggi pada anak yang memilikikaries. Streptococcus mutans serotipe c dan f berperan dalam patogenesis karies gigi, haltersebut sesuai dengan tingginya tingkat karies gigi di Indonesia. Salah satu faktor hostyaitu saliva, merupakan cairan tubuh yang kompleks yang terdiri dari unsur-unsurorganik dan anorganik yang penting untuk kesehatan rongga mulut. Komposisi proteinsaliva seperti Lactoferrin sangat penting karena memiliki kemampuan antibakteri sertaberperan dalam sistem imun bawaan dan adaptif. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untukmenganalisis kadar Lactoferrin saliva antara anak Early Childhood Caries (ECC) danbebas karies pada usia 3-5 tahun. Metode penelitian: Desain penelitian ini adalah potonglintang analitik secara laboratorik. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada 14 anak dengan ECCdan 14 anak bebas karies. Saliva didapat dari seluruh subjek dan kadar LF diukurmenggunakan metode ELISA sandwich. Hasil: Analisis data menggunakan uji MannWhitney U menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kadar Lactoferrin anakECC dan anak bebas karies dengan nilai p=0,006 (p<0,05). Kesimpulan: KadarLactoferrin saliva anak Early Childhood Caries (ECC) lebih tinggi dari anak bebas kariesyang menunjukkan bahwa Lactoferrin dapat menjadi indikator peningkatan risiko EarlyChildhood Caries (ECC).Backgrounds: Dental caries is one of the most common chronic infectious diseases inpreschool children. The aggressive form of dental caries in the primary teeth of childrenunder and up to the age of 71 months is called Early Childhood Caries (ECC). Indonesiareports a high prevalence and severity of ECC (90%). DKI Jakarta has a prevalence81.2%. The main risk factors for ECC are hosts (teeth and saliva), cariogenicmicroorganisms, and carbohydrates (substrates). The cariogenic microorganisms thatplay a role are Streptococcus mutans. Research in Jakarta on children aged 3-5 years whohad caries, showed that serotype f was the most common type (85.5%), followed byserotype c (74.2%), serotype e (22.6%) and serotype d (19.4%). Another study in Jakartafound that the combination of serotypes c and f was higher in children with caries.Streptococcus mutans serotypes c and f play a role in the pathogenesis of dental caries,which is consistent with the high level of dental caries in Indonesia. One of host factor,saliva, is a complex body fluid consist of organic and inorganic elements that areimportant for oral health. Salivary protein such as Lactoferrin is very important becauseit has antibacterial ability and plays an important role in innate and adaptive immunesystem. The purpose of this study is to analyze Lactoferrin levels between EarlyChildhood Caries (ECC) and caries-free children aged 3-5 years. Methods: The designof this study is cross-sectional analytical laboratory. This study was conducted on 14children with ECC and 14 caries-free children. Saliva were taken from all subjects and theLactoferrin levels were measured using ELISA sandwich method. Results: Data analysisusing the Mann Whitney U test showed that there were significant differences betweenthe levels of salivary Lactoferrin in children with ECC and caries-free children with pvalue0,006 (p<0,05). Conclusion: Salivary Lactoferrin levels in Early ChildhoodCaries (ECC) were higher than caries-free children which indicate that Lactoferrin canbe an indicator of an increased risk of Early Childhood Caries (ECC)."