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"Saat ini jumlah penyandang autisme terus meningkat. Badan pusat statistik saat inimencatat sekitar 1,5 juta anak di Indonesia mengalami autisme (http://www.medicastore.com/cybermed/detail). Dalam perkembangannya anakautisme akan rnengalami gangguan komunikasi dan interaksi sosial (Mudjito; dikutipdari International Herald Tribune (10/2)). Salah satu faktor yang berpengaruhterhadap perkembangan anak adalah faktor keluarga yang mencakup orang tua,sibling, dan pola asuh (Mott & Spenhack, 1988). Penelitian ini dibuat untukmengetahui apakah ada atau tidak hubungan pola asuh terhadap kemampuankomunikasi dan interaksi sosial pada anak autisme. Dilakukan penelitian terhadap 35pasang responden yang terdiri dari; 35 responden orang tua dan 35 responden anakautisme di Yayasan Pendidikan Luar Biasa Nusantara. Dari hasil penelitian diketahuibahwa ada hubungan antara pola asuh demoratis terhadap kemampuan komunikasidan interaksi sosial anak autisme. Selain itu diketahui juga bahwa ada hubungan polaasuh non demokratis terhadap kemampuan kornunikasi dan interaksi sosial anakautisme."

"Synopsis

1. Essentials of Communication and Its Disorders.
2. Speech-Language Pathologists and Audiologists.
3. Anatomy and Physiology of Speech and Language.
4. Speech and Language Development.
5. Articulation and Phonological Disorders in Children.
6. Language Disorders in Children.
7. Literacy Disorders in Children.
8. Fluency Disorders.
9. Voice Disorders in Children and Adults.
10. Cleft Lip and Palate.
11. Neurological Disorders in Adults.
12. Swallowing Disorders / Dysphagia.
13. Special Populations with Communication Disorders.
14. Hearing Disorders in Children and Adults.

Epilogue.GlossaryIndex"

"ABSTRAKSalah satu ciri dari anak dengan Autisme adalah memiliki hambatan dalam perkembangan bahasa dan komunikasi. Kata-kata yang dikeluarkan oleh anak dengan Autisme seringkali tidak ditujukan untuk berkomunikasi dan mereka juga jarang menggunakan bahasa tubuh untuk berkomunikasi sehingga apa yang diinginkan oleh anak dengan Autisme terkadang tidak dapat dipahami oleh orang disekitar. Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) merupakan sistem bergambar bagi anak yang mengalami keterbatasan sosial dan komunikasi, biasanya digunakan oleh Autisme. Dengan sistem ini, anak diajarkan untuk menyampaikan permintaan apa yang diinginkannya kepada orang lain dengan cara menukarkan kartu. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan meningkatkan keterampilan komunikasi dalam menyampaikan permintaan pada anak dengan Autisme menggunakan prinsip-prinsip PECS yang ditandai dengan penguasaan tugas-tugas pada fase 3B. Dalam penelitian ini, juga dilibatkan ibu sebagai orang yan paling dekat dengan anak. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, anak mampu menguasai fase 3B dan terdapat peningkatan keterampilan berkomunikasi dalam menyampaikan permintaan pada anak dengan Autisme.

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ABSTRACTOne of the difficulties that children with Autism have is in language development and communication. The words spoken by children with autism, often not intended to communicate and they rarely used body language to communicate, so people around them sometimes don’t understand their wants and needs. Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) is a pictorial system was developed for children who have social and communication problems. This system is usually applied for children with autism. With this system, children with autism are taught to ask for what they want to other people by exchanging cards. The purpose of this research is to improve communication skill in requesting something to other people in children with autism using PECS which are marked by mastery of tasks in phase 3B. Child’s mother is also participated in the research, as she is the closest person to the child. The result of this research is the child mastered phase 3B and there is improvement in communication skill, especially in asking for request."

"Asperger's syndrome is a disorder of the development of social interaction, communication and behavior. This syndrome is a neuro development problems that give difficulties to the level of communication and often occur in the early stages of children. The objective of this study is to discuss the teaching techniques that were used as the best approach in development children with asperger syndrome. This study was conducted by using a concept paper to look at the studies that have been done by previous researchers that concerned about children with asperger syndrome. in addition, studies involving the rules that have been implemented to reduce the problem of social impairment and language disorders experiences by children with asperger syndrome. The result showed that the problem of social impairment and language disorders in children with asperger syndrome can be reduced with the implementation of a variety learning techniques as a teaching aid at home and school. This study would be beneficial for the next researcher in exploring the techniques and methods that are applicable in the lives of children with asperger syndrome and problems that accured among people with this syndrome can be reduced smoothly and successfully. "

"ABSTRAKJumlah anak autis di Indonesia terus meningkat tahun 2010 1: 300 dantahun 2015 di setiap 250 kelahiran ada 1 anak yang lahir autis. Anak autis masihdianggap sebagai pihak ketiga (third party) sekaligus stressor bagi keluarga.Kestabilan kondisi keluarga seperti ini sulit untuk dicapai sebab ada sebuahuncertainty (ketidakpastian) kapan kondisi ini akan berakhir dan memang tidakada jaminan kapan anak autis akan menjadi mandiri. Inilah yang memicuketegangan hubungan spouse maupun parenting dalam hubungan segitiga(triangle relationship). Sehingga penelitian ini ingin memaparkan pola dialektikahubungan interpersonal dalam keluarga dengan anak autis dan melihat bagaimanamereka menegosiasikan kontradiksi tersebut dalam mencapai suasana yangkondusif (harmonis) di sistem keluarganya. Relational dialectics theorydigunakan untuk menjelaskan kontradiksi dan dialektika hubungan interpersonalini. Metode Interpretative Phenomenologycal Analysis digunakan untuk melihatpola dialektika keluarga autis dari penuturan pengalaman masing-masing anggotakeluarga non autis.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terjadi ketidakseimbangan dalam polahubungan interpersonal keluarga dengan anak autis yang memiliki sistem tertutuptetapi bukan berarti mengarah ke centrifugal karena tergantung pada autisticchild background, personal background, family background dan beliefsbackground seperti respon cepat ?bangkit? (resilience) dari kesedihan, menerimadengan ikhlas, bersyukur, pasrah ketika usaha sudah maksimal, tidakmenyalahkan diri sendiri ataupun pasangan, semua respon tersebut lebihmengarahkan ke keharmonisan (centripetal) antar individu dalam keluarga dengananak autis. Budaya patriarki masih terlihat di mana bapak berkorban finansialsedangkan ibu berkorban tenaga. Menariknya, walaupun ibu mengeluarkan tenagayang besar untuk anak autisnya tetapi ketika bapak hanya memberikan sedikitperhatian terhadap ibu dengan mengajak jalan/makan, menonton bioskop berduaataupun mengucapkan ?tidak usah bangun terlalu pagi untuk memasak? karenabapak tahu lelahnya ibu, hal itu mampu ?meluruhkan? beban berat dan?menentramkan? perasaan ibu yang seharian mengurus anak autisnya

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ABSTRACTNumber of children with autism in Indonesia continues to increase with the trendin 2010. 1:300 and 2015 in every 250 births there was one autistic child born.Children with autism are still regarded as a third party once the stressor forfamilies. The stability of autistic family are difficult to be achieved because thereis an uncertainty such as when these conditions will end and there is no guaranteewhen the autistic child will become independent. These conditions cause tensionin spouse or parenting relationships or in the triangular relationship. Thus, thisstudy aims to expose the pattern of interpersonal relationships dialectic in familieswith an autistic child and see how they negotiate the contradiction in achieving aconducive atmosphere (harmony) in the family system. Relational DialecticsTheory is used to explain the contradictions and their dialectics. InterpretativePhenomenologycal Analysis is used to see a pattern of relational dialectic inautism families from the non-autistic family members? narrative about theirexperience.The results showed there was imbalance relationships pattern in closed familysystem with autistic child but it did not mean that it was centrifugal because itdepends on autistic child background, personal background, family backgroundand beliefs background such as rapid response to resilience, accept willingly, begrateful, be resigned when efforts have the maximum, do not blame yourself oryour partner, all the responses are more directed to harmony (centripetal) amongindividuals in families with an autistic child. Patriarchal culture is still visiblewhere the father is more sacrifice financially while the mother sacrificesphysically. Interestingly, although mothers expend so much time and energy toher autistic child, but when the father paid little attention to the mother by takingthe road/dining together, watch the movie or just saying the words "do not have toget up too early to cook" because father knows how exhausted mother is, it hasbeen able to "shed" a heavy burden and to "pacify" the mother feeling taking careof children with autism all day."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk untuk mendeteksi awal keterlambatan bahasa dan bicara menggunakan early language milestone scale 2 (ELMS2) pada anak usia 18-36 bulan dengan faktor yang memengaruhi dan hubungannya dengan riwayat lahir prematur. Jumlah subjek penelitian sebesar 96 subjek, dengan 48 subjek anak lahir prematur (kelompok studi) dan 48 subjek anak lahir cukup bulan (kelompok kontrol). Sebanyak 22 subjek (68,8%) anak dengan riwayat lahir prematur mengalami keterlambatan bahasa dan bicara dibandingkan anak cukup bulan, p = 0,017; OR 3,2 (1,3-7,9). Faktor riwayat perawatan NICU, p < 0,001; OR 5.4 (2.0 - 14.5), riwayat kuning (jaundice), p = 0,046; OR 2.8 (0.9 - 7.7), riwayat kelurga dengan gangguan bahasa dan bicara, p = 0,003; OR 3.4 (2.5 - 4.6), jumlah screen time ³ 2 jam, p= 0, 030; OR 2.6 (1.0 – 6.5), status ekonomi, p= 0,017, dan pendidikan ibu, p<0,001 merupakan faktor yang memengaruhi kejadian keterlambatan bahasa dan bicara, sedangkan jumlah anak, p = 0,378 dan bilingualisme, p= 0,204, tidak memengaruhi kejadian keterlambatan bahasa dan bicara.

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This study aims to detect early language and speech delays using the early language milestone scale 2 (ELMS2) in children aged 18-36 months with influencing factors and their relationship with a history of premature birth. The number of study subjects was 96 subjects, with 48 subjects born prematurely (study group) and 48 subjects born at term (control group). A total of 22 subjects (68.8%) of children with a history of preterm birth had language and speech delays compared to full-term children, p = 0.017; OR 3.2 (1.3-7.9). Factors such as history of NICU care, p < 0.001; OR 5.4 (2.0 - 14.5), history of jaundice, p = 0.046; OR 2.8 (0.9 - 7.7), family history of language and speech disorders, p = 0.003; OR 3.4 (2.5 - 4.6), screen time ≥ 2 hours, p = 0, 030; OR 2.6 (1.0 - 6. 5), economic status, p = 0.017, and maternal education, p < 0.001 were factors that influenced the incidence of language and speech delay, while the number of children, p = 0.378 and bilingualism, p = 0.204, did not influence the incidence of language and speech delay."