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"One day Raymond Francis, a chemist and a graduate of MIT, found himself in a hospital, battling for his life. The diagnosis: acute chemical hepatitis, chronic fatigue, multiple chemical sensitivities, and several autoimmune syndromes, causing him to suffer fatigue, dizziness, impaired memory, heart palpitations, diarrhea, numbness, seizures and numerous other ailments. Knowing death was imminent unless he took action, Francis decided to research solutions for his disease himself. His findings and eventual recovery led him to conclude that almost all disease can be both prevented and reversed. In Never Be Sick Again, Francis presents a seminal work based on these findings - a revolutionary theory of health and disease: there is only one disease (malfunctioning cells), only two causes of disease (deficiency and toxicity), and six pathways to health and disease (nutrition, toxins, psychological, physical, genetic, and medical). This remarkable book answers the questions: What is health? What is disease? Why do people get sick? How can disease be prevented? How can it be reversed? It will teach readers, in one easy lesson, an entirely new way to look at health and disease - an approach that is easy to understand, yet so powerful that they may, indeed, never have to be sick again. Providing a basic understanding of health and disease, this book takes the mystery out of disease. It provides readers, no matter what their present physical condition, a holistic approach to living that will empower them to get well "

"Penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif dengan disain Cross Sectional Survey mengenai Studi Persepsi tentang Penyakit Kardiovaskular dan Upaya Pencegahannya pada karyawan XY, menggunakan konsep Health Belief Model, meneliti persepsi kerentanan (perceived susceptibility), persepsi keparahan (perceived severity), persepsi manfaat (perceived benefit), persepsi hambatan (perceived barrier) dan pengetahuan sebagai salah satu modifying factor. Rendahnya persepsi kerentanan karyawan dapat menjadi alasan ketidak aktifannya dalam berolahraga. Dari perhitungan statistik dengan korelasi spearman,terdapat korelasi yang bermakna antara persepsi hambatan dengan perilaku karyawan untuk berolahraga dengan p = 0.002 dan r = -0.297.

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Quantitative descriptive study with cross-sectional survey design of the study and the Perception of the Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Efforts in XY employees, using the concept of Health belief model, examines perceived susceptibilit), perceived severity , perceived benefits ,perceived barriers and knowledge as a modifying factor. The low perception of susceptibility of employees can be a reason for the lack of exercise ( Physical Inactive ). Of statistical calculations with Spearman correlation, there is a significant correlation between perceived barrier to exercise behavior of employees with p = 0.002 and r = -0297."

"ABSTRAKHIV/AIDS telah menjadi pandemik dan masalah besar di hampir seluruh dunia, termasuk di Indonesia karena selain menular dan fatal juga belum ditemukan obat maupun vaksinnya. Penularannya antara lain dapat terjadi dari pasien kepada petugas rumah sakit, seperti kepada petugas pelayanan perinatal. Ini mungkin terjadi karena pada saat ini proporsi wanita yang terkena HIV/AIDS semakin meningkat dan bila hamil kebanyakan mereka memilih untuk melanjutkan kehamilannya. Oleh karena itu, petugas pelayanan perinatal, khususnya yang bekerja di rumah sakit pendidikan dan rujukan harus siap mengantisipasi kemungkinan menerima ibu dengan infeksi HIV/AIDS yang memerlukan pelayanan perinatal.Walaupun menular, penyakit ini sebenarnya dapat dicegah secara mudah dengan menerapkan tindakan pencegahan (universal precautions). Namun demikian, dari penelitian-penelitian di luar negeri terungkap bahwa tindakan pencegahan risiko tertular HIV/AIDS di kalangan petugas rumah sakit masih kurang baik. Menurut Para ahli ilmu perilaku (kesehatan), terwujud tidaknya suatu tindakan pencegahan seseorang di antaranya dipengaruhi oleh pengetahuan dan sikap orang itu terhadap penyakit atau terhadap tindakan pencegahannya. Berdasarkan hal di atas, penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk memperoleh informasi sampai sejauhmana pengetahuan dan sikap terhadap penyakit HIV/AIDS serta tindakan pencegahan risiko tertularnya di kalangan petugas pelayanan perinatal di lima rumah sakit pendidikan dan rujukan di Indonesia serta untuk mengidentifikasi hubungan di antara ketiganya.Penelitian dilakukan dengan desain cross sectional survey yang bersifat deskripsi dan analitik. Besar sampel 330 orang, terdiri dari dokter ahli kebidanan dan dokter ahli anak, para residennya serta bidan/perawat dari RS Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta, RS Soetomo Surabaya, RS Sanglah Denpasar, RS Dadi Ujungpandang dan RS Pirngadi Medan.Dari penelitian ini terungkap bahwa pengetahuan HIV/ AIDS mereka berada pada tingkat sedang, sikap terhadap penyakit HIV/AIDS berada pada tingkat lebih baik dan tindakan pencegahan risiko tertular HIV/AIDS pada tingkat jelek.Selanjutnya dari uji Goodman and Kruskal's Coefficient of Ordinal Association terbukti bahwa:1. Antara pengetahuan HIV/AIDS dengan tindakan pencegahan risiko tertular HIV/AIDS tidak ada hubungan yang positif. 2. Antara pengetahuan HIV/AIDS dengan sikap terhadap penyakit HIV/AIDS ada hubungan yang positif hanya pada petugas pelayanan perinatal yang berpendidikan perawat/bidan, yang bekerja di rumah sakit tipe B, yang sudah bekerja 11 s/d 34 tahun, dan yang berumur antara 20 s/d 49 tahun.3. Antara sikap terhadap penyakit HIV/AIDS dengan tindakan pencegahan risiko tertular HIV/AIDS tidak ada hubungan yang positif.Hasil di atas, menunjukkan adanya faktor lain yang mungkin berpengaruh terhadap jeleknya tindakan pencegahan risiko tertular HIV/AIDS di kalangan petugas pelayanan perinatal. Faktor-faktor tersebut mungkin dapat berupa kurangnya motivasi di kalangan mereka untuk menerapkan tindakan pencegahan risiko tertular HIV/AIDS, kurangnya supervisi atau sarana dan prasarana.Oleh karena itu, untuk mencegah risiko tertular HIV/AIDS di kalangan petugas pelayanan perinatal disarankan adanya penyebaran informasi, terutama yang dapat meningkatkan motivasi mereka untuk menerapkan "universal precautions" selain supervisi yang teratur dan penyediaan sarana dan prasarana yang terkait dengan pelaksanaan universal ini.Di samping itu perlu juga dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut yang dapat mengungkap faktor-faktor yang bertanggung jawab atas jeleknya kualitas tindakan pencegahan risiko tertular HIV/AIDS ini sehingga intervensinya akan lebih tepat.

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ABSTRACT

HIV/AIDS disease becomes a pandemic and global concern(s) all over the world, including in Indonesia. It is not only a communicable but also currently a fatal disease. Its transmission can take place both outside and inside the hospital settings. The transmission has been reported from patient to patient, patient to hospital workers but rarely from hospital worker to patient.

The proportion of women contracting HIV/AIDS is in-creasing rapidly and it was reported when they are pregnant, most of them choose to complete their pregnancies. There-fore, the perinatal health care providers particularly those who work in the teaching and referral hospitals have a greater risk of contracting the dangerous epidemic.

Based on the above considerations, this study was conducted with the aim to obtain information concerning HIV/AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes towards HIV/AIDS disease and preventive actions to reduce the risk of contracting HIV/AIDS among the perinatal health care providers in five teaching and referral hospitals in Indonesia.

This study was cross section ally done and took samples of 330 perinatal health care providers, consisting of obstetricians, pediatricians and their residents as well as midwives/nurses from Cipto Mangunkusumo (Jakarta), Soetomo (Surabaya), Sanglah (Denpasar), Dadi (Ujungpandang) and Pirngadi General Hospitals (Medan).

The results of this study indicate that HIV/AIDS -related knowledge and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS among the perinatal health care providers were fairly good. However, their preventive actions to reduce the risk of contracting HIV infection/AIDS were unfavorable.

The Gamma statistical test shows the following:

1. There was no positive correlation between the HIV/AIDS related knowledge and the preventive actions to reduce the risk of contracting HIV/AIDS.

2. A positive correlation was observed between the HIV/AIDS-related knowledge and the attitudes towards HIV/AIDS disease among the perinatal health care providers who had each of the following characteristics:

a. Those who worked at the type B hospitals

b. Those who were between 20 to 49 years of age

Those who had nursing/midwifery educational background

Those who had 11 to 34 years of working experience.

3. Furthermore, among them, there was no positive correction between the attitudes and the preventive actions to reduce the risk of contracting HIV/AIDS.

It was suggested that the noncompliance in preventing the risk of contracting the disease was associated with other factors which were not included in this study such as lack of motivation, quality of supervision and shortage of medical supplies.

Recommendations are made to reduce the risk of contracting HIV/AIDS disease among the perinatal health care providers. Adoption of policy concerning universal precautions is of utmost importance. Dissemination of correct information especially among midwives/nurses responsible for perinatal health care is urgently needed. In addition, total quality management of infection in the hospital setting is required besides improving supervision and the insuring availability of medical supplies such as surgical gloves, water-resistant aprons/gowns, masks, face/ eye shields, disposable syringes and puncture-resistant containers."

"Placental morphology and cellular arrangement can be altered in maternal diseases. Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is a chronic heart condition that can lead to death in pregnant women. The aim of this study is to determine the histological changes of the placenta in pregnant women suffering from RHD. Methods: Placentae were collected from 10 healthy pregnant women, and 31 pregnant women with heart conditions (26 with RHD and 5 with NRHD) who had been admitted to the Baghdad Teaching Hospital. Placental tissues were fixed in10% formal-saline and were processed for light microscopy. Measurements including the placental weight and diameter of the chorionic villi capillaries were recorded. Results: The results indicate that there are many histological changes in pregnant women with RHD such as hyalinisation, fibrosis of the chorionic villi, proliferation of trophoblastic cells, and thickening of its membrane. Additionally, expectant mothers with RHD experience a reduction in capillary diameter and thickening of the capillary walls, and decreased size and weight of their placenta when compared with the control. Conclusions: Heart diseases, especially RHD, are associated with developmental damage of the placenta in pregnant women by injuring the endothelial cells of the placentas capillaries."

"ABSTRAKFood provider at university is one of places that needs to implement standards of food hygiene and sanitation (FHS). This study aimed to evaluate and analyze practices of food hygiene and sanitation based on Decree of Health Minister No. 1098 of 2003 and best practices in six food providers at University X. This study used mixed method evaluation with sequential explanatory design through two stages. Stage I was in the forms of assessment on six food providers, food handlers and laboratory examination on food and beverage samples as well as on eating utensils. Stage II was in the form of focus group discussion (FGD) to deepen findings at stage I. The results of this study showed that 100 of food providers had not yet met the governments regulation. As much as 67 of eating utensils and 83 of food were contaminated with bacteria. Based on food handler examination results, 100 of food handlers were not yet to get medical checkups and training. FGD results indicated that findings at stage I were associated with a lack of knowledge among food handlers and the absence of special unit to oversee food hygiene and sanitation at campus. In conclusion, six food providers in the study area have not met the regulation."

"There are many challenges women face to be able to give birth in health facilities in many parts ofIndonesia. This study explores the roles and observations of close-to-community maternal health providers and othercommunity members on potential barriers faced by women to deliver in health facilities in two districts within TheArchipelago. Methods: Employing an explorative qualitative approach, 110 semi-structured interviews and 7 focusgroup discussions were conducted in 8 villages in Southwest Sumba, in the East Nusa Tenggara province, and in 8 villagesin Cianjur, in the West Java province. The participants included village midwives, Posyandu volunteer (village healthvolunteers), traditional birth attendants (TBAs), mothers, men, village heads and district health officials. Results: Themain findings were mostly similar in the two study areas. However, there were some key differences. Preference forTBA care, traditional beliefs, a lack of responsiveness of health providers to local traditions, distance, cost of travel andindirect costs of accompanying family members were all barriers to patients attending health facilities for the birth oftheir child. TBAs were the preferred health providers in most cases due to their close proximity at the time of childbirthand their adherence to traditional practices during pregnancy and delivery. Conclusions: Improving collaborationsbetween midwives and TBAs, and responsiveness to traditional practices within health facilities and effective healthpromotion campaigns about the benefits of giving birth in health facilities may increase the use of health facilities inboth study areas."

"Cardiovascular disease causes 8.6 million deaths of women every year, which is the major cause of death by one-third of all deaths of women in the world.Half of all deaths of women older than 50 years old is caused by cardiovascular and stroke diseases. This study aimed to analyze risk factors related to coronaryheart disease among women aged older than 45 years at Dody Sarjoto Makassar Air Force Hospital 2016. The total of sample was 76 consisting of 64cases of coronary heart disease and 12 non-coronary heart disease. Determination of sample used purposive sampling. Primary data were obtained throughinterview to respondents using questionnaire and direct interview. Data were analyzed by using contingency correlation coefficient (Exp (B)) test to identifysignificant relation between dependent and independent variables. Results found were hypertension (Exp (B) = 0.309), obesity (Exp (B) = 0.140), diabetesmellitus (Exp (B) = 0.164) and dyslipidemia (Exp (B) = 0.185), as proven having relation with coronary heart disease among women aged older than 45 years,and the factor which had the most significant relation was dyslipidemia.Penyakit kardiovaskuler menyebabkan 8.6 juta kematian pada perempuan setiap tahun, yang merupakan penyebab kematian terbanyak, yaitu sepertiga dariseluruh kematian perempuan di seluruh dunia. Setengah dari seluruh kematian perempuan berusia di atas 50 tahun disebabkan oleh penyakit jantung danstroke. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor yang berhubungan dengan penyakit jantung koroner pada perempuan usia > 45 tahun di RumahSakit TNI AU Dody Sarjoto Makassar. Besar sampel sebanyak 76 sampel yang terdiri dari 64 kasus penyakit jantung koroner dan 12 kasus non penyakit jantungkoroner. Penentuan sampel menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Data primer diperoleh melalui wawancara terhadap responden dengan menggunakankuesioner dan wawancara langsung. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji koefisien korelasi kontingensi (Exp (B)) terhadap variabel independen dandependen. Adapun hasil yang ditemukan adalah obesitas (Exp (B) = 0.140), diabetes mellitus (Exp (B) = 0.164), dan dislipidemia (Exp (B) = 0.185) terbuktimemiliki hubungan dengan kejadian penyakit jantung koroner pada perempuan usia > 45 tahun dan faktor yang memiliki hubungan paling besar adalah dislipidemia."

"Perilaku sehat penting untuk dilakukan tiap individu, salah satunya pada mahasiswa yang memiliki riwayat penyakit keturunan. Terdapat hal yang berpengaruh pada perilaku sehat dan pada penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh perceived threat dan self-efficacy dalam perilaku sehat pada perilaku sehat mahasiswa yang memiliki riwayat kerabat dengan penyakit mata keturunan. Penelitian ini melibatkan 109 partisipan dengan usia berkisar 18-25 tahun dan data dianalisis menggunakan regresi linear berganda serta independent sample t-test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perceived threat terhadap katarak dan glaukoma pada komponen perceived susceptibility dan perceived seriousness tidak berpengaruh signifikan dengan perilaku sehat. Kemudian, self-efficacy dalam perilaku sehat dengan perilaku sehat berpengaruh signifikan. Hasil juga menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan antara rata-rata perilaku sehat antara partisipan yang memiliki riwayat penyakit mata keturunan katarak dan glaukoma. Begitu juga dengan rata-rata self-efficacy dalam perilaku sehat. Berbeda dengan rata-rata kedua komponen perceived threat antara partisipan yang memiliki riwayat penyakit mata keturunan katarak dan glaukoma yang menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan. Hasil dan saran didiskusikan.

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Health behavior is important for each individual, also for students with familial risk of inheritable eye disease. There are things affect health behavior, and this study aimed to investigate the effects of perceived threat and health behavior self-efficacy on health behavior among the students with familial risk of inheritable eye disease. This study involved 109 participants that were aged between 18-25 years and data were analysed using multiple linear regression and independent sample t-test.

Results indicated that the perceived threat to cataracts and glaucoma on perceived susceptibility and perceived seriousness had no significant effect on health behavior. Then, health behavior self-efficacy had significant effect on health behavior.

Results also indicated that there were no significant difference between the average of health behavior between participants with familial risk of cataract and glaucoma. Likewise with the average of health behavior self-efficacy. In contrast to the average of the two perceived threat components between participants with familial risk of cataract and glaucoma which indicated a significant difference. Results and recommendations are discussed."

"Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat antara hubungan health information scanning melalui media sosial dan perilaku sehat dengan efek moderasi perceived susceptibility terhadap penyakit kardiovaskular. Penelitian ini ditujukan kepada mahasiswa universitas di Depok yang berada dalam fase emerging adulthood (usia 18-25 tahun) dan memiliki keluarga dengan riwayat penyakit kardiovaskular. Total partisipan dari penelitian ini adalah 205 mahasiswa yang memenuhi kriteria. Alat ukur yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Alat Ukur Perilaku Sehat, Persepsi Kerentanan terhadap Penyakit Kardiovaskular, dan Alat Ukur Health Information Scanning. Semua data dalam penelitian diambil secara daring. Hasil dari penelitian ini memperlihatkan bahwa health information scanning memiliki dampak yang positif dan tidak signifikan terhadap perilaku sehat (r = 0,082, p > 0,05). Selain itu, penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa efek moderasi perceived susceptibility terhadap hubungan antara health information scanning melalui media sosial dan perilaku sehat berarah positif dan tidak signifikan (b = 0,1003, t = 1,0927, p > 0,05).

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The purpose of this research is to study the relationship between health information scanning through social media and health behavior, as well as the moderation effects of perceived susceptibility towards cardiovascular disease. This research is aimed towards

students enrolled in a university in Depok who are in the emerging adulthood phase (18-25 years old) and have a family history of cardiovascular disease. The total number of participants for this study was 205 university students who met the required criteria. All of the data in this study were collected online. The results of this study indicate that health information scanning has a positive and insignificant impact on healthy behavior (r = 0.082, p> 0.05). Aside from that, this study also found that the moderating effect of perceived susceptibility on the relationship between health information scanning through

social media and healthy behavior was positive and not significant (b = 0.1003, t = 1.0927, p> 0.05)."