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Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
LPG merupakan salah satu bahan bakar yang digunakan untuk memasak oleh rumah tangga di Indonesia. Pemerintah menetapkan harga jual eceran LPG adalah sebesar Rp 4.250/kg atau Rp 12.750/tabung di penyalur, sementara harga jual di tingkat sub penyalur ditetapkan oleh Pemerintah Daerah melalui penetapan HET (harga eceran tertinggi), yang mungkin berbeda dari satu daerah ke daerah lain, dan untuk pengecer belum diatur. Tujuan kajian ini yaitu untuk mendapatkan gambaran harga eceran LPG yang wajar ditinjau dari biaya distribusi LPG dari penyalur ? sub penyalur - pengecer. Metodologi yang digunakan yaitu penghitungan biaya distribusi LPG (biaya investasi, transportasi, dan logistik) kemudian melakukan analisa keeekonomian. Untuk mencari harga jual yang wajar, ditetapkan IRR terlebih dahulu, kemudian dilakukan trial hingga didapatkan harga jual sesuai IRR yang ditetapkan yang besarnya 16,5%. Dari analisa keekonomian, untuk penyalur, sub penyalur yang tidak mengantarkan LPG 3 kg, dan pengecer telah ekonomis, sementara untuk sub penyalur yang mengantarkan LPG 3 kg belum ekonomis. dari penghitungan harga jual, harga jual yang wajar di penyalur sebesar Rp 14.254/tabung, di sub penyalur yang mengantar LPG 3 kg sebesar Rp 17.420/tabung, sub penyalur yang tidak mengantar sebesar Rp 15.645, dan pengecer sebesar Rp 16.423/tabung

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ABSTRACT
LPG (Liquified Petroleum Gas) is one of fuels used for cooking by households in Indonesia. The government sets the retail price of LPG is Rp 4,250 / kg or Rp 12,750 / cylinder at distributor level, while the selling prices at the level of subdistributors is set by the local government through the establishment of HET (highest retail price), whic may be different from one region to another region and for retailers have not been set yet. The absence of government control for setting the price at causing an unexpected costumer cost, because sub-distributors and retailers can take an unfair margin (profit) . The purpose of this study is to obtain a reasonable retail price of LPG, perspectively distributor, sub distributor, and retailer levels. Calculations used data of LPG distribution costs (investment cost, transportation cost, and logistic cost), from which economic analysis was carried out. To find a reasonable selling price, the IRR is set first, and then conducting a trial to obtain selling price corresponding IRR already set (IRR 16,5%). From the economic analysis, it is shown that the business of distributors, retailers, and subdistributors without delivering LPG is economical, while for sub-distributors who deliver LPG is not economical. The selling price calculation found that the reasonable price at distributor level is Rp 14,254/cyinder, at sub-distributor level is Rp17,420/cylinder, and without delivering lpg sub-distributor level is Rp 15, 645/cylinder, and at retailer level is Rp 16, 423 / cylinder;LPG (Liquified Petroleum Gas) is one of fuels used for cooking by households in Indonesia. The government sets the retail price of LPG is Rp 4,250 / kg or Rp 12,750 / cylinder at distributor level, while the selling prices at the level of subdistributors is set by the local government through the establishment of HET (highest retail price), whic may be different from one region to another region and for retailers have not been set yet. The absence of government control for setting the price at causing an unexpected costumer cost, because sub-distributors and retailers can take an unfair margin (profit) . The purpose of this study is to obtain a reasonable retail price of LPG, perspectively distributor, sub distributor, and retailer levels. Calculations used data of LPG distribution costs (investment cost, transportation cost, and logistic cost), from which economic analysis was carried out. To find a reasonable selling price, the IRR is set first, and then conducting a trial to obtain selling price corresponding IRR already set (IRR 16,5%). From the economic analysis, it is shown that the business of distributors, retailers, and subdistributors without delivering LPG is economical, while for sub-distributors who deliver LPG is not economical. The selling price calculation found that the reasonable price at distributor level is Rp 14,254/cyinder, at sub-distributor level is Rp17,420/cylinder, and without delivering lpg sub-distributor level is Rp 15, 645/cylinder, and at retailer level is Rp 16, 423 / cylinder, LPG (Liquified Petroleum Gas) is one of fuels used for cooking by households in Indonesia. The government sets the retail price of LPG is Rp 4,250 / kg or Rp 12,750 / cylinder at distributor level, while the selling prices at the level of subdistributors is set by the local government through the establishment of HET (highest retail price), whic may be different from one region to another region and for retailers have not been set yet. The absence of government control for setting the price at causing an unexpected costumer cost, because sub-distributors and retailers can take an unfair margin (profit) . The purpose of this study is to obtain a reasonable retail price of LPG, perspectively distributor, sub distributor, and retailer levels. Calculations used data of LPG distribution costs (investment cost, transportation cost, and logistic cost), from which economic analysis was carried out. To find a reasonable selling price, the IRR is set first, and then conducting a trial to obtain selling price corresponding IRR already set (IRR 16,5%). From the economic analysis, it is shown that the business of distributors, retailers, and subdistributors without delivering LPG is economical, while for sub-distributors who deliver LPG is not economical. The selling price calculation found that the reasonable price at distributor level is Rp 14,254/cyinder, at sub-distributor level is Rp17,420/cylinder, and without delivering lpg sub-distributor level is Rp 15, 645/cylinder, and at retailer level is Rp 16, 423 / cylinder]

Abstrak :
Dalam rangka menurunkan impor yang mengakibatkan tingginya alokasi anggaran subsidi LPG, pemerintah mengembangkan produksi DME sebagai substitusi LPG untuk bahan bakar memasak rumah tangga dan industri. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji dampak penggunaan DME terhadap perekonomian Indonesia, dengan menggunakan metode CGE dan data SAM 2019. Berdasarkan hasil simulasi berupa shock: (i) Penurunan impor LPG dan (ii) Realokasi anggaran penghematan subsidi, kebijakan penggunaan DME akan berdampak positif pada perekonomian, memicu pertumbuhan produktivitas berbagai sektor serta mendorong penyerapan tenaga kerja namun hanya di jangka pendek. Hasil kajian di jangka panjang menunjukkan implikasi yang negatif meskipun secara persentase sangat rendah dan tidak signifikan. ......In order to reduce imports and high budget allocation for LPG subsidies, government developed DME production as a substitute for LPG. This study aims to examine the impact of DME using on Indonesian economy, using CGE method and 2019 SAM data. Based on 2 shocks simulation: (i) Decrease in LPG imports and (ii) Reallocation of subsidy savings budget, using DME policy will have positives impact on the economy, trigger productivity growth in various sectors and encourage employment, but only in the short term. Results in the long term show negative implications, which the percentage is very low and not significant.

Abstrak :
Research and development activities on Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) vehicles have increased LPG engine performance to that of gasoline engines. LPG evaporation in the fuel system also has a potential cooling effect that can be taken advantage of. The results from previous studies, however, do not explain the level of fuel in the tank at the time of data collection. LPG is a mixture of several molecules which have different properties. This paper presents an investigation of LPG composition characteristics in the fuel line during the discharging process. Samples were taken periodically on the fuel line by special gas syringes. Afterwards, the samples were injected into the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) device. This series of tests, which was conducted on lengthy LPG tanks, showed that the propane and butane 2-methyl molecules are unevenly dispersed during the discharging of the tank. However, this study found that a change in LPG composition during the discharging process does not have significant influence on the energy delivery and the potential cooling effect.

Abstrak :
Pemakaian minyak tanah sebagai sumber energi yang paling banyak digunakan dalarn rumah tangga telah mengakibatkan masalah finansial yang memberatkan Anggaran Pendapntan Belanja Negara (APBN) berupa subsidi yang harus ditanggung oleh pemerin!ah. Harga minyak dunia yang semakin tinggi membuat subsidi semakin besar sehingga pemerintah berusaha melakukan pengurangan suhsidi. Pengurangan subsidi tersebut diantisipasi oleh pemerintah dengan melakukan konversi minyak tanah ke bahan bakar Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG). Pemerintah menyatakan bahwa rumah tangga yang mengkonsumsi LPG akan mendapatkan keuotungan karena LPG dianggap lebih murah, lebih hemadan lebih efisien. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dampak program konvcrsi minyak tanah terhadap welfare rumah tangga dengan melakukan penghitungan terhadap consumer surplus. Apabila terdapat seHsih yang berni1ai positif antara consumer surplus dalam penggunaan minyak tanah dengan consumer surplus dalam penggunaan LPG artinya ada kenaikan welfare masyarakat. Data yang digunakaan adalah data Survey Ekonomi Nasionat (Susenas) 2005 yang bersumber dari Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), sedangkan penelitian dibatasi pada lima propinsi yang ada di pulau Jawa. Pengolahan data dilakukan dengan ana!isis regresi setelah terlebih dahulu menerapkan beberapa perlakuan pada data untuk mengatasi masalah, quality effect, quantity premium dan selectivity bias. Prosedur yang diterapkan adalah penghitungan instrumental variable dan Heckman two-step procedure. Regtesi dilakukan dengan metode Ordinary Least Square terhadap model double log. Penghitungan pada flmgsi demand energi rumah tangga yang didapat dari basil regresi menyatakan bahwa terdapat seHsih yang bernilai negatif antifa consumer surplus pada saat masyarakat menggunakan minyak tanah dengan consumer surplus pada saat menggunakan LPG. Dengan kata Jain, berdasarkan data Susenas 2005 masyarakat mengalami penunman kesejahteraan ketika beralih dari mengkonsumsi minyak tanah ke LPG. Hal ini dapat terjadi karena harga LPG masih lebih mahal dibandingkan dengan harga minyak tanah.