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"Kekurangan Energi dan Protein (KEP) masih merupakan salah satu masalah gizi utama pada usia balita di Indonesia. KEP ini meningkat di masa krisis ekonomi terutama pads keluarga miskin. Untuk itu pemerintah menggulirkan program Pemberian Makanan Tambahan (PMT) Pemulihan bagi balita keluarga miskin agar merehabilitasi atau mengembalikan dampak dari KEP.Program PMT-Pemulihan akan berhasil dengan baik apabila didukung persepsi tentang kurang gizi ("malnutrition") yang baik, sebab persepsi kurang gizi penting sebagai kekuatan intervensi pads balita yang menderita kurang gizi dan upaya penyebaran pesan-pesan gizi. Oleh karena itu penelitian ini memusatkan perhatian pads upaya untuk memperoleh gambaran bagaimana hubungan antara persepsi ibu balita tentang kurang gizi dan PMT-Pemulihan dengan status gizi balita penerima PMTPemulihan tersebut.Penelitian dilakukan pads keluarga miskin yang balitanya mendapat PMTPemulihan di Kecamatan Sungai Limau dan Kecamatan VII Koto Sungai Sarik. Kabupaten Padang Pariaman Propinsi Sumatera Barat. Disain penelitian adalah survei dengan pendekatan crossectional (studi potong lintang). Pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara multistage cluster random sampling dan sampel sebanyak 300 ibu balita.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan prevalensi KEP total sebesar 42,2 % dar KEP nyata 12,8 %. Persepsi kurang tentang kurang gizi dan PMT-Pemulihan cukul tinggi yaitu 46,2 %. Ada hubungan yang bermakna antara persepsi ibu balita tentans kurang gizi dan PMT-Pemulhan dengan status gizi balitanya (p<0.05). Tetapi ibu balit: yang mempunyai persepsi kurang tentang kurang gizi dan PMT-Pemulihan mempunya proteksi atau memperkecil risiko terjadinya KEP pada balitanya sebesar 0,616 kal dibandingkan dengan ibu balita yang mempunyai persepsi balk tentang kurang gizi Faktor persepsi ibu balita tentang kurang gizi dan PMT-Pemulihan, pendidikan ibu balit, dan konsumsi energi balita secara bersama-sama mempengaruhi terjadinya KEP pad; balita. Konsumsi energi balita merupakan faktor yang paling dorninan mempengarul' terjadinya KEP pada balita.Dari basil penelitian ini disarankan agar tetap meneruskan pemberian PMT Pemulihan dengan disertai pendidikan gizi dan dibentuk kembali "Taman Gizi" yan, menyelenggarakan makanan balita yang KEP. Perlu dilakukan penyuluhan yang lebi intensif dengan melibatkan tokoh masyarakat khususnya Tungku Nan Tigo Sajaranga (ulama, tokoh adat dan cerdik pandai). Perlu penelitian lain yang lebih cocok rnisalny studi kasus kontrol dan mencari faktor-faktor penyebab rendahnya keberhasilan PMT Pemulihan.

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The Relationship Between Perception of Mother Under Five Years Children about Malnutrition and Supplementary Feeding Program ("PMT-Pemulihan") with Nutritional Status in Poor Family at Padang Pariaman District, West SumatraProtein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) is still one primer nutrition problem under five years children in Indonesia. PEM increased in economic crisis especially for poor family. The program of supplementary feeding ("PMT-Pemulihan") for under five years children in order to rehabilitate or reduce PEM impact.

Supplementary Feeding Program ("PMT-Pemulihan") could be successe if supported by perception of malnutrition and supplementary feeding program. It was very important as treatment powerful on under five years children who malnutrition and efforted to distribute nutrition massages. There fore, the research focused for efforting how to describe the relationship between mother under five years children who malnutrition and supplementary feeding program with nutritional status of under five years children who consume food supplementary.

The research have done for poor family who got supplementary feeding program at Sungai Limau subdistrict and VII Kota Sungai Sarik subdistrict, Padang Pariaman District West Sumatra. Reseach designed has survey by crossectional. Samplimg used by multi cluster random sampling and sample size were 300 mothers under five years children.

The result of research show prevalence PEM 42,2 percent and severe PEM 12,8 percent. Perception about malnutrition and supplementary feeding program for less category is 46,2 percent. A significant relationship between perception mother under five years children who malnutrition and supplementary feeding program with nutritional status of under five years children (p<0,05). The mother of under five years children who has less perception about malnutrition and supplementary feeding program could be protection of risk PEM for their under five years children as 0,616 times than the others enough category. The perception of malnutrition and supplementary feeding program, education of mother under five years children and energy consumption of under five years children are factors which could be PEM to under five years children.

The research recommended to be continuing supplementary feeding program with used nutrition education and reformed the Nutrition Demontration Plot ("Taman Gizi") which can apply under five years children food which PEM It has necessary to be done with an intensive education by involved community specially Tungku Nan Tigo Sajarangan ("Ulama, Tokoh Adat, Cerdik Pandai"). More research which another design, for example made by case control study and to have unsuccesfull factors of supplementary feeding program cause it."

"Kekurangan Energi dan Protein (KEP) masih merupakan salah satu masalah gizi utama pada balita di Indonesia. KEP ini meningkat dimasa krisis ekonomi terutama pada keluarga miskin pedesaan maupun perkotaan.Anak umur di bawah tiga tahun (anak batita) merupakan masa yang sangat menentukan hari depan anak. KEP mengakibatkan gangguan pertumbuhan fisik dan perkembangan mental, sehingga perlu perhatian khusus. Pemberian makanan (feeding) dan perawatan anak (caring) yang benar untuk mencapai keadaan gizi yang baik melalui pola asuh yang dilakukan ibu kepada anaknya akan mempengaruhi pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak. Prevalensi KEP berat di Sumatera Barat masih cukup tinggi (8,0 %), diduga pola pengasuhan anak yang buruk berperan terhadap terjadinya KEP . Oleh karena itu penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh gambaran bagaimana hubungan pola asuh anak dan faktor lain dengan keadaan anak batita keluarga miskin di pedesaan dan perkotaan Propinsi Sumatera Barat.Disain penelitian adalah crossectional study. Pemilihan lokasi penelitian dilakukan secara purposive dengan prevalensi gizi kurang tertinggi di pedesaan dan perkotaan Propinsi Sumatera Barat yaitu Kecamatan Lubuk Alung Kabupaten Padang Pariaman dan Kecamatan Koto Tangah Kota Padang. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara random sampling dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 210 anak. Unit sampel adalah keluarga miskin yang mempunyai anak batita berumur 12-35 bulan.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan KEP di pedesaan 47,6 % dan perkotaan 48,6 %, sedangkan pola asuh yang kurang di pedesaan 55,2 % dan perkotaan 44,8 %, status kesehatan yang kurang di pedesaan 58,1 % dan perkotaan 41,0 %, konsumsi energi yang kurang di pedesaan 88,6 % dan perkotaan 75,2 %, konsumsi protein yang kurang di pedesaan 87,6 % dan perkotaan 60,0 %. Berdasarkan analisis perbedaan daerah pedesaan dan perkotaan ternyata pola asuh anak dan keadaan gizi tidak berbeda secara bermakna (p0,05). Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara pola asuh anak, konsumsi energi dan protein dengan keadaan gizi anak batita (p<0,05). Pola asuh anak dan konsumsi protein secara bersama-sama mempengaruhi terjadinya KEP pada anak batita. Konsumsi protein anak batita merupakan faktor yang paling dominan mempengaruhi terjadinya KEP pada anak batita Pola asuh anak yang kurang disebabkan karena pengetahuan dan pendidikan yang kurang, untuk itu disarankan perlunya peningkatan pemberdayaan peran ibu dan peran keluarga di dalam keluarganya sendiri rnaupun di masyarakat dalarn meningkatkan keadaan gizi anak batita, selanjutnya karena KEP yang masih tinggi di Propinsi Sumatera Barat maka perlu memberikan makanan tambahan secara berkelanjutan pada anak batita, melalui dukungan pemerintah daerah seternpat, LSM, organisasi wanita, dunia usaha, lintas sektoral dan perantau Minang yang ada di kota-kota besar dalam usaha bersarna menanggulangi masalah KEP pada anak batita di Propinsi Sumatera Barat. Perlu penelitian dalam skala besar, mengingat penelitian hanya pada keluarga miskin.

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Relationship Between the caring Pattern of the Children and Other Factors with the Nutrient Condition of the Children under Three Years in the Poor Families in Villages and Urban Areas in the Province of West SumatraEnergy and Protein Malnutrition (PEM) is still a major nutrient problem in the children under five in Indonesia. PEM was increasing during the period of economic crisis, especially in the poor families in the villages and urban areas.

Children under three years are passing the most determinative period for their future. Energy and Protein Malnutrition results in the hindrances of their physical and mental development; thus requiring special attention, proper feeding and caring given by the mothers will influence the development and the growth of the children, in reaching good nutrient status for them. Meanwhile the prevalence of serious Energy and Protein Malnutrition in West Sumatra is still relatively high (8, 0 %). It is assumed that the occurrence of PEM in West Sumatra is because of poor caring pattern by the mothers. Therefore, this research is focused on the attention to the effort for getting the description on how is the relationship between the caring pattern and other factors with the nutrient condition of children under three years in the poor families in villages and urban areas at the Province of West Sumatra.

The design of the research is cross-sectional study. The choice of research location is done with purposive way with the highest prevalence of nutrient deficiency in the villages and urban areas in the Province of West Sumatra, that is, Sub district of Lubuk Alung, the Regency of Padang Pariaman, and Sub district of Koto Tangah Padang City. The sampling was done in random sampling with the samples of 210 children. Samples units are poor families having children under three years of about 12-35 months age.

Research findings show that the Energy and Protein Malnutrition in the villages is 47,6 % and in urban areas is 48,6 %, meanwhile the insufficient caring pattern in the villages is 55,2 % and in urban area is 44,8 %. The insufficient health status in the village is 58,1 % and in urban area is 41,0 %, insufficient energy consumption in the villages is 88,6 % and in urban area is 75,2 %, and insufficient protein consumption in the villages is 87,6% and in urban area is 60,0%. Based on the analysis of sub district divergence, it was found that the caring pattern and the nutrient status is not significantly (p>0, 05).

There is a significant relationship between the caring pattern, energy and protein consumption with the nutrient status of the children under three years, that is, (p<0, 05). Children caring pattern and protein consumption together influence of Energy and Protein Malnutrition in the children less than three year?s ages. Protein consumption in the children under three years is the most dominant factor influencing of Energy and Protein Malnutrition in the children under three years.

The influences of caring pattern because are knowledge and education, therefore it is necessary to develop the family and the roles of mother the children under three years.

Based on this research finding, it is suggested to give PMT continuously to. in the society in improving the nutrient status of the children under three years, through the support of local government, non-governmental organizations, women organizations, business, cross-sectored institutions and the son of Minang who live in the big cities to together overcome the problem of PEM in the children under three in the Province of West Sumatra. It is suggested to conduct a larger research, considering that this research is only on the poor families."

"Gizi buruk merupakan kekurangan gizi tingkat berat terutama pada anak-anak umur dibawah lima tahun (balita) dan merupakan salah satu masalah gizi utaman di Indonesia yang perlu ditanggulangi karena berdampak terhadap kesehatan dan Human Devolopment Index manusia Indonesia 15-20 tahun yang akan datang.Masalah gizi memiliki dimensi yang luas, tidak hanya merupakan masalah kesehatan tetapi juga meliputi masalah social, ekonomi, budaya, pola asuh, pendidikan dan lingkungan. Faktor pencetus munculnya masalah gizi dapat berbeda antara wilayah ataupun antara kelompok masyarakat, bahkan akar masalah ini dapat berbeda antara kelompok usia balita. Kondisi krisis ekonomi sejak tahun 1997 dan tentu berkelanjutan sampai saat ini, menyebabkan daya beli pada masyarakat secara umum menjadi menurun, karena disatu pihak relatif banyak yang kehilangan sumber mata pencaharian sementara di pihak lain adanya peningkatan harga barang dan jasa. Hal ini dapat mengakibatkan dampak buruk terhadap kesehatan dan gizi masyarakat, terutama balita. Masalah gizi pada anak balita di Kabupaten Tasikmalaya Provinsi Jawa Barat dari tahun ketahun cenderung meningkat.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan status gizi khususnya gizi kurang dan gizi buruk pada anak balita umur 6 bulan sampai < 5 tahun di Kecamatan Bojongasih Kabupaten Tasikmalaya Jawa Barat tahun 2002. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional dengan metoda potong lintang (cross sectional)1. Responden dalam penelitian ini adalah ibu dan anak balita umur 6-60 bulan dengan jumlah sampel sampel sebanyak 758, 5 desa di Kecamatan Bojongasih Kabupaten Tasikmalaya Jawa Barat. Analisis data dilakukan dengan uji kai kuadrat dan analisis multivariat menggunakan regresi logistik.Di masa yang akan datang dalam pemilihan dan perencanaan upaya yang berkaitan dengan masalah gizi buruk ini agar mempertimbangkan ukuran dampak potensial yang berkontribusi terhadap terjadinya kasus gizi buruk pada anak balita.Dalam melakukan intervensi untuk memperbaiki status gizi anak umur 6 bulan sampai dengan 5 tahun di Kecamatan Bojongasih agar memperhatikan kedelapan variabel diatas yang berpengaruh munculnya kejadian KEP dan perlu penelitian lebih lanjut dengan melihat pola asuh anak dengan desain yang sama scara skala besar.

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Severe Malnutrition is the chronic nutrient deficiency, which usually occurs at under five years old children. It also the main nutrient problems in Indonesia that should have to decline and reducing it's effects to health and Indonesians Human Development Index for the next 15 - 20 years.

The nutrition problem has a very wide dimension, not just public health problems but also social, economic, culture, care, education, and environment. The ignitions of nutrition problems in one region or society to another could be different, in fact the occurrence among under five years old children could be different.

Indonesia's economic crisis conditions in 1997 and still continuing today caused public's purchasing power decreasing generally, as effect of un-employments and the raise of goods and services prices. Those conditions could make worst for public's health and nutrients, especially toddlers. Nutrient problems in West Java Province inclination increase years after years.

The goals of this research is to search the connection factors of severe malnutrition incidences, age between 6 months - 60 months at Kecamatan Bojongasih Kabupaten Tasikmalaya, in 2002.

This research is an observational research with cross sectional method. The respondents of this research are the mothers that have children of under five years, with the numbers of sample is 758.

The conclusion of the research, that eight variables status has a significant connection to incidence severe malnutrition cases, therefore any dealing and prevention acts with public's nutrients and health problems should pay attention to that variables by doing full planning works. In determining and planning acts to prevent the nutrient problems, we have to considering the potential effect values that make contributions to severe malnutrition cases."

"ABSTRACTThe social impact of the crisis in Indonesia, both monetary and natural disaster had been investigated by some studies. There is empirical evidence at national level that suggests the crisis impact is very heterogeneous both between urban and rural areas and across regions. It is also found that there is little connection between initial poverty levels and the extent to which an area had been hit by the crisis. The main objective of this study was to investigate the influence of the recent economic crisis and the benefit of the Social Safety Net Program for the nutritional status of under-five children during the economic crisis in selected poor areas of Indonesia. A cross sectional study to get information on the nutritional status of children and its determinants in urban poor area of Jakarta, and rural areas of Banggai in Central Sulawesi, and Alor-Rote in East Nusa Tenggara was followed by another cross sectional study in one selected poor urban area of Cilincing sub-district, Jakarta to see the changes of key determinant(s) of the under-five children's nutritional status after receiving the Social Safety Net intervention program for 1 year period. Two-stage cluster sampling was used to get 1078 households with under-five children in the urban poor area of Jakarta, and 262 and 631 households with under-five children each for the rural areas of Banggai and Alor-Rote, respectively as the subjects of the cross-sectional study-1; and 587 households with under-five children for the cross sectional study-2 in poor urban area of Cilincing sub-district. For both studies, general socio-demographic characteristics, socio-economic, health and nutritional status, and child feeding practices data were collected through interview and observation methods using structured questionnaires. Anthropometrical assessments (of weight, stature, and arm-circumference) were done both for children and their mothers in both studies. Hemoglobin assessment was done for sub-samples of approximately 50% of the total under-five children in both studies. Quality control procedures were performed during the course of the study. Data collection for both studies was performed from January 1999 to January 2001. It revealed that 34% of fathers in the study area of Jakarta had finished junior high school and even less for mothers (22%). More than 70% of the fathers had no regular income and 7% of the sample households had both the fathers and mothers work regularly. About 42 % of the sample households was classified as having sufficient purchasing power and less that 60% of sample households was classified as having appropriate luxury goods (mostly of electronic goods). For the study area in Banggai, 23% of fathers had finished junior high school and even only 10% for mothers. Approximately 14% of the fathers had no regular income and 24% of the sample households was classified as having appropriate employment status. About 45% of the sample households was classified as having sufficient food production/purchasing power in this study and less than 50% of the sample households was classified as having appropriate luxury goods (mostly of cultivated land). For the study area in Alor-Rote, 23% of fathers had finished junior high school and even only 10.9% for mothers. Approximately 21% of the fathers had no regular income and 47% of the sample households had both the fathers and mothers work regularly. About 48% of the sample households was classified as having sufficient food production/ purchasing power in this study and 26% of sample household was classified as having appropriate luxury goods (mostly of cultivated land). Besides having a high severity of anemia (>40%), under-five children in the urban poor area of Jakarta had a very high severity of wasting (>15%) as compared to the medium severity of stunting condition (20-29%). Similar findings were found for the rural area of Banggai. Different findings for the rural area of Alor-Rote were only for its very high severity in stunting condition (>40%). By multivariate and path analyses, it was shown that Jakarta as the study site contributed significantly to the variation of wasting indicator (WHZ value) as the recent-type of malnutrition, and Alor-Rote as the study site contributed significantly to the variation of stunting indicator (HAZ value) as the longterm-type of malnutrition. For hemoglobin value, both Jakarta and Alor-Rote as the study sites contributed to its variation. High prevalence of infectious diseases in all study areas were significantly related to the higher prevalence of wasting in the study areas of Jakarta and Banggai, and also significantly related to the higher prevalence of stunting and anemia in the study area of Alor-Rote. For Jakarta, besides infectious diseases, BMI status of mothers and the possession of motorcycle used for income earning were also significantly related to the prevalence of wasting. On the other hand, for Alor-Rote, besides infectious diseases, possession of luxury goods (access to electricity, possession of transportation facility and electronic goods), environmental sanitation (housing conditions), maternal nutritional knowledge and access to complete immunization were also significantly related to the prevalence of stunting. And, infectious diseases and households' employment status contributed to the variation of stunting (HAZ value). Furthermore, for anemia, access to health services (for complete immunization) was the only key determinant which contributed significantly to the variation of hemoglobin value in Jakarta. For Alor-Rote, besides infectious diseases, formal education of the parents, employment status (especially working mothers), environmental sanitation (especially access to safe drinking water), maternal nutritional knowledge and access to health services were also significantly associated with the prevalence of anemia. And, infectious diseases, environmental sanitation, access to health services and households' employment status contributed significantly to the variation of hemoglobin value in Alor-Rote. The Social Safety Net Intervention Program in the urban poor area of Cilincing sub-district, Jakarta resulted in significant improvement in the prevalence of wasting and anemia among under-five children but not for the prevalence of stunting. It was also found that maternal and childcare, access to health services and hemoglobin were still retained as determinants of child malnutrition besides households' employment status and variety of food intake. There is a need to improve the nutritional and health status of under-five children and their mothers through the existing health care system providing basic health services and improving the capacity of health staffs across Indonesia as part of the decentralization process. Besides, the private sector and communities may support the local government in the form of informal Social Safety Net intervention programs. The significant association found between mother's BMI and wasting status of their under-five children found in this study can be used to prioritize the appropriate type of intervention needed by the poor households. Furthermore, since anemia was highly prevalent, besides iron supplementation, chronic diseases such as tuberculosis and malaria, and the prevalence of thalasemic-trait should also be considered. Further operational and academic research in the area of health and nutrition are needed to be able to construct a model that provides indicators used to predict the nutritional condition in each community setting across Indonesia during any crisis. "

"Salah satu masalah kesehatan yang masih menjadi beban di negara-negara berkembang, seperti di Indonesia adalah masalah gizi buruk dan gizi kurang pada anak balita. Hal ini berkaitan dengan kualitas sumber daya manusia yang rendah dengan timbulnya berbagai masalah kesehatan. Bila hal itu dibiarkan di masa yang akan datang, akan semakin banyak anak yang tidak dapat menyelesaikan program wajib belajar sebab IQ nya rendah. Anak balita gizi buruk memiliki IQ 13 poin lebih rendah dibandingkan anak normal. Hasil penimbangan balita di kota Bogor pada tahun 2004, menunjukkan bahwa balita gizi buruk sebesar 0,4% dan gizi kurang 8,9%. Pengalaman di Laboratorium Pusat Penelitian Pengembangan Gizi dan Makanan (Lab P3GM) menunjukkan bahwa untuk perbaikan status gizi balita gizi buruk dengan tanda klinis (DTK) lebih lama dibanding tanpa tanda Minis (TTK). Status gizi buruk DTK adalah apabila gizi buruk tipe marasmus, kwashiorkor, dan marasmik kwashiorkor. Sedangkan status gizi buruk TTK adalah bila secara antropometri BBILI - 3 SD atau BB/TB - 2 SD, maka dikategorikan gizi buruk.Selama ini belum diketahui faktor yang mempengaruhi status gizi buruk balita DTK. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan pemberian makanan dan ASI serta faktor lain terhadap status gizi buruk balita DTK yang datang le Lab P3GM tersebut. Juga diketahuinya faktor dominan yang berpengaruh pada status gizi buruk anak balita DTK. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder, dengan disain penelitian Cross Sectional. Data yang digunakan berasal dari data anak balita gizi buruk yang mengikuti rawat jalan di Lab P3GM. Seluruh balita yang berkunjung pada tahun 2004-2005 yang datanya lengkap untuk analisis ink dan sesuai dengan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi dijadikan sampel dalam penelitian ini, yaitu sebanyak 74 anak. Analisis data yang dilakukan meliptiti analisis kai kuadrat dan analisis multivariat dengan nienggimakan analisis Regresi Logistik Ganda.Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa persentase jumlah gizi buruk balita DTK lebih besar (67,6%) dibanding balita GB= TTK (32,4%). Di antara anal( balita gizi buruk DTK, ternyata lebih banyak anak gizi buruk dengan tipe marasmus (56,S%), disusul marasrnik kwashiorkor. (8,1%) don kwashiorkor (2,7%).Pembezian ASI berhubungan bermakna dengan status gizi buruk anak balita DTK. Hasil analisis multivariat menunjukkan bahwa pemberian ASI merupakan faktor yang paling dominan berhubungan dengan kejadian status gizi buruk anak balita ILK setelah dikontrol oleh faktor umur balita dan status anemia. Anak balita yang tEdak mendapat ASI mempunyai peluang untuk menderita gizi buruk DTK 7,616 kali (OR= 7,616; 95% CI: 1,578-36,750) dibandingkan balita yang masih mendapat ASI setelah dikontrol variabel umur balita.Promosi pemberian ASI secara benar pada ibu-ibu dari balita gizi buruk perlu diprioritaskan Promosi. ASI tersebut di antaranya, menyusui eksklusif selama 6 bulan dan meneruskan pemberian ASI hingga usia 2 tahun.

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One of the health problem which is still being a burden in developing countries, including Indonesia, is malnutrition in underfive children. It related to the low quality of human resources with the occurrence of many health problems and if it is occurred, in the future will be many children not being able to graduate from their compulsory education program caused of their low IQ. Severe malnutrition children are 13 pains lower than normal children in IQ level. Children weighing result in Bogor 2004, showed that underfive children with severe malnutrition were 0,4% and moderate malnutrition were 8,9%. The experience in Food and Nutrition Development Research Center Laboratory (Lab P3GM) result is to improve the nutrition status of severe malnutrition in under five children with clinical sign (WCS) is longer than without clinical sign (WoCS). The WCS severe malnutrition are severe malnutritions with marasmus, kwashiorkor and marasmic kwashiorkor types. Whereas the severe malnutrition WoCS is if in antropomically WIA - 3 SD or WIH - 2 SD, therefore categorized as severe malnutrition.

Until now, the factors that influence the WCS children with severe malnutrition are still undetectable. Research that aims to find the relationship between food and breast feeding gift along with other factors of WCS chidren with severe malnutrion status that came to the Lab P3GM. Also known the dominant factor which influenced the WCS children with severe malnutrition. This research uses secondary data of cross sectional research design. The children's data which suffered severe malnutrition and took the away treatment at Lab P3GIvL The amount of all underfive years chidren visited in 2004-2005 and had the complete data for this analysis and also suitable with the inclusive and exclusive criteria that made as examples in this research were 74 children. The data analysis that done, the chi square analysis and multivariate analysis.

Analysis result describes the some of WCS children with severe malnutrition are bigger (67,6%) than severe malnutrition WoCS (32,4%). Between severe malnutrition WCS children, apparently, there were more severe malnutrition children in marasmus type (56,8%), followed by marasmik kwashiorkor (8,3%) and kwashiorkor (2,7%).

Breast feeding gift is related to the WCS children status of severe malnutrition. The result of multivariate analysis described that breast feeding gift to children was the most dominant factor related to the WCS children status case of severe malnutrition after having been controlled by the children age and anaemic status factors. Underfive children that do not get breast feeding gift, having risk of suffering WCS severe malnutrition 7,616 times (OR = 7,616; 95% Cl : 1,578 -- 36,750) compared with children that still having the breast feeding after controlled according to children's age variables.

Promotion of breast feeding gift correctly, to all mothers of underfive children with severe malnutrition, needs to be given priority. The promotion is an exclusive breast feeding for 6 months and until 2 years old."

"Gizi merupakan zat yang dibutuhkan tubuh manusia untuk dapat bertumbuh , berkembang dan menjalankan fungsi atas aktivitas sehari-hari. Di dalam gizi terdapat makanan yang terdiri dari komponen- komponent zat gizi yaitu kalori, hidrat arang protein , lemak, mineral , vitamin dan cairan...."

"Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis deteminan stunting pada balita 0-59 dari konsep intervensi gizi spesifik dan sensitive serta mengetahui besar kontribusi intervensi gizi spesifik dan sensitive dalam upaya penurunan stunting di Maluku. Jenis penelitian adalah kuantitatif non eksperimental dengan desain cross sectional atau potong lintang, menggunakan data sekunder Survei Status Gizi Indonesia (SSGI) Tahun 2022. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa determinan stunting pada balita dari konsep intervensi spesifik dan sensitive di Provinsi Maluku, yakni Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini (PAUD), kepemilikan jaminan Kesehatan, Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH), sumber air minum , fasilitas sanitasi dan PMT Balita. Sedangkan kontribusi yang diberikan intervensi spesifik dan sensitif adalah kecil terhadap penurunan stunting di Maluku, yang disebabkan tidak semua jenis intervensi diteliti dalam penelitian ini dan mengindikasikan bahwa setiap upaya intervensi tidak berdiri sendiri harus konvergen dan terintegrasi, harus mencakup semua kelompok sasaran serta mengedepankan kualitas implementasi intervensi di lapangan, sehingga meskipun pengaruhnya kecil namun tetap valid untuk terus ditingkatkan pelaksanaannya bagi penurunan stunting di Maluku.

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This study was conducted to analyze the determinants of stunting in toddlers 0-59 from the concept of specific and sensitive nutrition interventions and to determine the contribution of specific and sensitive interventions in efforts to reduce stunting in Maluku. The type of research is quantitative non-experimental with a cross-sectional design, using secondary data from the 2022 Indonesian Nutrition Status Survey (SSGI). The results found that the determinants of stunting in toddlers from the concept of specific and sensitive interventions in Maluku Province, namely Early Childhood Education (PAUD), ownership of health insurance, the Family Hope Program (PKH), drinking water sources, sanitation facilities and toddler PMT. While the contribution made by specific and sensitive interventions is small to the reduction of stunting in Maluku, which is due to not all types of interventions studied in this study and indicates that each intervention effort does not stand alone, must be convergent and integrated, must cover all target groups and prioritize the quality of intervention implementation in the field, so that even though the effect is small, it is still valid to continue to improve its implementation for reducing stunting in Maluku."

"this study was aimed to assess factors socioeconomic water and sanitation access to health service and immunization status of the children lees than five years with occurrence of stunting in Sikka and Lombok District in in temore Province .our data was secondary data has been collected By Research center UI after analyzing data with stata 2010 unvariat bivariate analysis in summary we find that from 2593 children under five 54.47 were normal and 45.53 were stunted and in multivariate analysis the male children had1.2 time the risk stunted and had significant association with stunting according age of mother at the age 20-30 year have risk 6.1time to stunted age <20 year had 5 time more risk of stunting and significant association with stunted and in socioeconomic have significant association with stunted poor family had 1.1 time more risk to stunted by going high every level socioeconomic prevalence of stunting going down. Use of soap in hygiene activity non us of soap had 1.5 time risk to stunted than who used soap in hygiene activity had less risk to stunted. Use of soap had significant with stunted. And according health service utilization that family who used form selfmedication had more stunted children than who use community private or government facility and health service utilization in long term illness had significant association with stunting."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran dan faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian stunting pada balita usia 25-60 bulan di Kelurahan Kalibaru Depok tahun 2012. Disain penelitian yang digunakan adalah cross sectional. Sampel pada penelitian ini berjumlah 104 balita yang didapat dengan cara simple random sampling. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan April hingga Mei 2012. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui pengukuran tinggi badan, wawancara kuesioner dan lembar FFQ semikuantitatif. Analisis data dilakukan dengan uji chi-square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan proporsi responden yang stunting sebesar 21,2% dan yang memiliki status gizi TB/U normal sebesar 78,8%. Analisis uji statistik menunjukkan adanya hubungan bermakna antara asupan protein, berat lahir, pendidikan orang tua, pekerjaan ayah, dan status ekonomi keluarga dengan kejadian stunting pada balita. Penelitian ini menyarankan agar peran aktif pemerintah khususnya petugas kesehatan untuk menanggulangi kejadian stunting pada balita. Selain itu, diharapkan masyarakat untuk menerapkan pola makan gizi seimbang dan mendapatkan pendidikan yang layak untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraannya.

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The objective of this research is to determine the description and relationship factors of stunting children among 25-60 months at Kelurahan Kalibaru Depok in 2012. The method of this research is cross sectional design. There are 104 children was being the samples in this research and they obtained by simple random sampling. The research was held on April to May 2012. The database were collected by measuring of height, interview on the questionnaire and FFQ semiquantitative sheet.

The result of this study found that proportion of the respondents who are stunting was 21,2 % and the respondents who had normal nutrition status of HAZ was 78,8%. The result of statistic analysis showed that the protein intake, birth weight, parent?s education father?s occupation, and family economic status had a significant association with child-stunting.

This research suggest the active role from government, especially health care workers to solve the problem of child-stunting. Beside of that, people are expected to implement the balanced nutritional diet and get a proper education to improve their economic status."

"Prevalensi kurang gizi di Indonesia, terutama stunting, masih tinggisementara cakupan penimbangan balita masih rendah. Penimbangan balita secarateratur adalah upaya untuk memantau pertumbuhan anak. Rendahnya pemantauanpertumbuhan balita menjadi salah satu sebab tidak teridentifikasikannya kuranggizi dan gangguan pertumbuhan sejak dini. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalahuntuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan pada perilaku penimbanganbalita. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian kuantitatif yang menggunakandisain cross sectional untuk menganalisis data sekunder Riskesdas 2010 di empatprovinsi di Kalimantan.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari 1303 balitayang diteliti, balita yang teratur ditimbang (≥ 4 kali dalam enam bulan terakhir)sebesar 33,8%. Sedangkan 39,2% balita tidak pernah ditimbang dalam enam bulan terakhir. Hasil uji bivariat menunjukkan bahwa proporsi penimbangan teratur lebih banyak pada balita yang berumur 6-23 bulan, keluarga dengan 1 anak balita, pendidikan ibu dan bapak yang tinggi, balita yang memiliki Buku KIA, KMS, dan catatan kesehatan. Uji multivariat menunjukkan bahwa faktor yang berhubungan bermakna dengan perilaku penimbangan balita adalah umur balita, kepemilikan KMS, dan kepemilikan Buku KIA. Sedangkan faktor yang paling dominan adalah kepemilikan Buku KIA (OR 5,4). Diharapkan pemerintah dapat memfokuskan pada penguatan Posyandu dan menekankan kepada masyarakat bahwa Posyandu harus dimanfaatkan dengan baik hingga balita berumur 5 tahun. Penelitian lebih lanjut diharapkan dapat mengungkap penyebab dari perilaku penimbangan yang tidak teratur pada balita.

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Malnutrition prevalence in Indonesia, especially stunting, is still high while the scope of weighing is still low. Under-five children regularly weighing is an attempt to monitor children?s growth. Low monitoring of children's growth became one cause of malnutrition and growth disorders cannot be identified. The purpose of this study is to know factors that associated to under-five children weighing behavior. This study is a type of quantitative research that uses crosssectional design to analyze secondary data of Riskesdas 2010 in four provinces in Kalimantan.The result of this study shows that from 1303 under-five children, children who were regularly weighed (≥ 4 times in the last six months) in 2010 is 33,8%. On the other hand, 39,2% under-five children were not weighed in the last six months. Bivariate test shows that the proportion children who were more regularly weighed is on children aged 6-23 months, family with one under-five child, mother and father?s high education, under-five children who have Maternal and Child Health Handbook, Road to Health Chart, and Health Record. Moreover, multivariate test shows that the factors that significantly associated with under-five children weighing behavior are under-five children's age, Road to Health Chart ownership, and Maternal and Child Health Handbook ownership. The most dominant factor is Maternal and Child Health Handbook ownership (OR 5,4). Government is expected to focus on Integrated Health Post reinforcement and more emphasized to citizens that Integrated Health Post can be well utilized by children until five years old. Further studies are expected to reveal the causes of irregular weighing behavior in under-five children."