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Abstrak :
Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui gambaran penerapan scaffolding, tools, dan internalisasi dari teori Vygotskypada Taman Kanak-Kanak Nasional Plus "Y" di Jakarta Utara. Gambaran ini didapat dengan analisis kualitatif melalui metode observasi dan wawancara. Metode observasi dipakai untuk menggambarkan penerapan scaffolding dan penggunaan tools pada proses pembelajaran. Metode wawancara dilakukan kepada guru untuk mengetahui alasan pemilihan tools yang digunakan, dan kepada anak untuk melihat proses internalisasi. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar interaksi guru-anak tidak dilakukan secara kontingen, dan bertujuan untuk menyelesaikan tugas; terdapat perbedaan jumlah informasi yang diinternalisasi oleh anak; dan kurang adanya variasi tools selama tiga hari proses pembelajaran. ...... This study aimed at describing the application of scaffolding, tools, and internalization of Vygotsky's theory at "Y" National Plus Kindergarten in North Jakarta. This study is done through qualitative analysis by conducting observation and interviews. Observation is used to describe the application of scaffolding and tools in class while interviews are conducted to teacher aimed on knowing the reasons behind the usage of tools and to students aimed on knowing the process of internalization. Results show that most of the interactions between teacher and students are not contingent and that teacher is more likely on finishing a task; there are differences in amount of information internalized by children; and lack of tools variation during three days of learning process.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat gambaran penerapan scaffolding, tools, dan internalisasi dari teori Vygotsky pada sekolah dasar swasta T di Jakarta Barat.

Data dalam penelitian didapat dengan metode observasi dan wawancara yang kemudian dianalisis secara kualitatif. Scaffolding dilihat melalui kontingensi, means, dan intentions nya; Tools dilihat melalui penggunaan technical dan psychological tools selama interaksi; dan internalisasi dilihat melalui think aloud anak dalam menyelesaikan soal terkait materi yang dibahas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan banyaknya scaffolding yang tidak kontingen dan kaitannya dengan pembahasan soal; perbedaan proses internalisasi yang terjadi; dan penggunaan, alasan serta fungsi tools.

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ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study is to describe the application of scaffolding, tools, and internalization of Vygotsky’s theory at T private elementary school in West Jakarta.

Data are collected through observation and interview method that will be analyzed qualitatively. The concept of scaffolding is seen through its contingency, means, and intentions; tools through the usage of technical and psychological tools in all interactions; and internalization through children’s think aloud while answering the questions related to subject. Result of this study show that most of scaffolding are not contingent and its relationship with problem discussion; differences of internalization processs; and the usage, reason, and function of tools.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini membahas tentang mechanical properties dari multimaterial berupa bahan polimer dan hydrogel dalam pembuatan konstruksi multiple layer dengan tujuan untuk mendapatkan sifat dan struktur mekanikal yang kuat sebagai scaffold dalam aplikasi rekayasa jaringan lunak. Material yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah PLA (poly lactic acid) sebagai bahan polymer dan gelatin sebagai hydrogel dengan tambahan starch komersil sebagai penguat gelatin. Terdapat dua metode dalam pembuatan scaffold yaitu casting untuk fabrikasi scaffold PLA dan gelatin, hybrid bioprinting untuk fabrikasi scaffold gelatin dan starch. Variasi pengujian dilakukan dengan memberikan perbedaan volume gelatin terhadap PLA dan perbedaan konsentrasi starch dalam campuran gelatin. Hal ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan mechanical properties scaffold yang dibentuk oleh PLA dan gelatin pada volume berbeda dan mechanical properties scaffold dari gelatin dan konsentrasi starch berbeda. Dari pengukuran dan pengujian mechanical properties berupa uji tekan (compressive test) akan didapatkan bentuk struktur yang cocok dan sifat mekanik dari sistem multimaterial scaffold. Untuk fabrikasi scaffold didapatkan nilai young modulus, E= 5.8 MPa pada scaffold campuran gelatin dan starch. ...... This study discusses about mechanical properties of multimaterial scaffold which is constructed by polymer and hydrogel to get good mechanical properties and structure scaffold for soft tissue engineering application. The materials for this study are PLA (poly lactid acid) as polymer and gelatin as hydrogel with commercial starch. There are two methods to fabricate scaffold, they are casting for PLA and gelatin scaffold fabrication and hybrid bioprinting for gelatin and starch scaffold fabrication. Variation testing is done by giving difference volume between PLA and gelatin, and difference consentration of starch. From the measurement and mechanical properties test by compressive test will be obtained suitable structure and mechanical properties for multimaterial scaffold. The lowest yopung moduslus is E=5.8 MPa which fabricated by gelatin and starch.

Abstrak :
Inovasi dalam bidang rekayasa jaringan dan manufaktur aditif mendorong pengembangan scaffold tulang cerdas yang dapat disesuaikan secara kustomisasi. Scaffold cerdas ini meniru sifat mekanik dan biologis tulang asli, dan memiliki kemampuan self-fitting. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh penambahan senyawa bioaktif hidroksiapatit (HAp) pada scaffold berbahan PLA yang dibuat menggunakan metode pencetakan 3D FDM. Scaffold PLA kemudian dilapisi dengan lapisan HAp melalui proses perlakuan alkali selama 1 jam, diikuti dengan coating dispersi 1% w/v HAp. Penambahan HAp bertujuan untuk meningkatkan biokompatibilitas dan bioaktivitas scaffold. Variabel yang diamati dalam penelitian ini adalah waktu agitasi coating dispersi HAp, yaitu 0,5, 1, dan 2 jam. Pengaruh waktu agitasi terhadap bioaktivitas dan sifat mekanik scaffold diamati melalui pengujian imersi dalam larutan simulasi cairan tubuh (r-SBF), pengujian swelling, observasi visual menggunakan mikroskop optik, SEM & EDS, dan pengujian kompresi dinamis. Hasil pengujian imersi menunjukkan bahwa scaffold PLA/HAp memiliki bioaktivitas enam kali lipat dibandingkan dengan scaffold PLA dengan variabel 1% w/v HAp-1 jam sebagai kondisi optimal. Deposisi mineral apatit terjadi selama tujuh minggu imersi dalam r-SBF, sedangkan perubahan warna PLA terjadi pada minggu ketiga hingga keempat. Hasil SEM & EDS pada scaffold imersi r-SBF selama 7 minggu menunjukkan ukuran deposisi apatit lebih besar pada sampel PLA/HAp, munculnya porositas pada permukaan scaffold, dan retakan permukaan. Hasil pengujian swelling menunjukkan peningkatan rasio swelling seiring peningkatan waktu agitasi, yang menunjukkan peningkatan sifat hidrofilik scaffold. Namun, penambahan waktu agitasi juga berhubungan dengan penurunan kemampuan self-fitting scaffold. Scaffold PLA dapat mengalami enam siklus kompresi dan pemulihan sebelum mengalami kegagalan, sebesar 97-99%. Sementara itu, scaffold PLA/HAp mengalami kegagalan setelah dua siklus kompresi dan pemulihan, dengan pemulihan mencapai 90-91% akibat intrusi HAp pada penampang strut. Secara keseluruhan, penambahan HAp pada scaffold berbasis PLA meningkatkan biokompatibilitas dan bioaktivitas. Kondisi optimalnya adalah 1% w/v HAp-1 jam, memberikan solusi yang menjanjikan untuk aplikasi regenerasi medis dan rekayasa jaringan. ......Innovation in the field of tissue engineering and additive manufacturing is driving the development of customizable smart bone scaffolds. These smart scaffolds mimic the mechanical and biological properties of natural bone and possess self-fitting capabilities. This research aims to investigate the influence of adding bioactive compound hydroxyapatit (HAp) to PLA-based scaffolds produced using the FDM 3D printing method. The PLA scaffold was subsequently coated with an HAp layer through an alkaline treatment process for 1 hour, followed by a 1% w/v HAp dispersion coating. The addition of HAp aims to enhance the biocompatibility and bioactivity of the scaffold. The variable observed in this study is the agitation time for the HAp dispersion coating, which was set at 0.5, 1, and 2 hours. The influence of agitation time on the bioactivity and mechanical properties of the scaffold was evaluated through immersion testing in simulated body fluid (r-SBF), swelling testing, visual observation using optical microscopy, SEM & EDS analysis, and dynamic compression testing. The immersion test results revealed that the PLA/HAp scaffold exhibited six times higher bioactivity compared to the PLA scaffold, with the optimal condition being 1% w/v HAp-1 hour. Apatit mineral deposition occurred during a seven-week immersion in r-SBF, while PLA color change was observed from the third to fourth week. SEM & EDS analysis of the scaffolds immersed in r-SBF for seven weeks showed larger apatit deposition on the PLA/HAp samples, the appearance of surface porosity in the scaffold, and surface cracking. Swelling testing demonstrated an increase in swelling ratio with longer agitation time, indicating improved hydrophilic properties of the scaffold. However, longer agitation time was also associated with a decrease in the self-fitting ability of the scaffold. The PLA scaffold endured six cycles of compression and recovery before failure, with a recovery rate of 97-99%. In contrast, the PLA/HAp scaffold failed after two cycles of compression and recovery, with a recovery rate of 90-91% due to HAp intrusion into the strut cross-section. In summary, adding HAp to PLA-based scaffolds enhances biocompatibility and bioactivity. The optimal condition is 1% w/v HAp-1 hour, providing a promising solution for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering applications.

Abstrak :
Pendekatan pembelajaran Beyond Centre Circle Time disingkat (BCCT) merupakan pendekatan pendidikan anak usia dini (PAUD) yang berfokus pada anak dengan proses pembelajaran menggunakan 4 pijakan (scaffolding) yaitu: 1) pijakan lingkungan main 2) pijakan sebelum main 3) pijakan selama main 4) pijakan setelah main....

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan dunia konstruksi dewasa ini, semakin meninqkat sejalan dengan kemajuan dunia industri. Sehingga usaha menekan biaya perencanaan dan pelaksanaan pekerjaan struktur beton merupakan hal _yang sangat panting.

Untuk menunjang usaha penekanan biaya, maka tidak terlepas dari penelitian. Usaha penelitian yang kami lakukan adalah untuk mengetahui hubunqan antara pekerjaan pengecoran denqan besarnya tekanan vertikal dan horisontal yang terjadi, terhadap pekerjaan : - Formwork untuk lantai - Formwork untuk Balok - Formwork untuk Kolom - Formwork untuk Dinding

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Abstrak :
Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk melihat gambaran penerapan teori Vygotsky pada salah satu sekolah internasional berkurikulum International Baccalaureate. Dengan mengetahui gambaran penerapan dapat dilakukan peningkatan pada kualitas SDM yang dapat bersaing secara global. Aspek-aspek yang diteliti adalah scaffolding (kontingensi, means, intentions), tools, dan internalisasi. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode observasi serta wawancara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar interaksi di kelas adalah kontingen dan bertujuan untuk memahami konsep secara keseluruhan; adanya tingkat pemahaman yang cukup merata pada anak; dan penggunaan tools yang beragam. ...... The purpose of this study is to have a descriptive overview of the application of Vygotsky's theory at one of the international elementary school with International Baccalaureate curriculum. Knowing this will allow the increasing quality of human resources so that we can compete globally with other countries. The aspects that are being studied are scaffolding (contingency, means, intentions), tools, and internalization. The data collection methods are observation and interview. This study shows that most of the teacher-student interactions are contingent and aimed for students to comprehend the whole concept; there’s a equitable comprehension in most of the students; and the usage of various tools is absent.

Abstrak :
Pendahuluan Fraktur kominutif dapat memberikan permasalahan berupa nonunion. Penggunaan graft untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut masih diperdebatkan. Autograft merupakan baku emas dalam penggunaan graft, namun keterbatasannya adalah persediaan yang terbatas. Untuk itu banyak beredar pengganti autograft seperti allograft, xenograft, dan graft sintetik (biomaterial scaffold). Graft harus mempunyai biokompatibilitas yang baik guna mendukung penyembuhan fraktur. Metode Dilakukan randomized post test only control group terhadap 30 tikus Sprague Dawley guna menilai biokompatibilitas scaffold secara in vivo. Scaffold yang digunakan adalah hidroksiapatit (HA)-Bongros®, nanokristalin HA-CaSO4 (Perossal®), nanokristalin HA (Ostim®), morselized bovine xenograft (BATAN), dan HA-lokal bank jaringan dr. Sutomo. Dilakukan penilaian reaksi jaringan (jumlah sel datia benda asing dan limfosit), skor radiologis dan histologis pada minggu ke-8. Hasil Perbedaan bermakna ditunjukkan pada jumlah sel datia benda asing memberikan perbedaan bermakna (p=0,003), namun tidak dengan limfosit (p=0,397). Scaffold HA-lokal menunjukkan jumlah sela datia benda asing paling banyak. Skor histologis memberikan perbedaan bermakna (p=0,013) , namun skor radiologis tidak menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna (p = 0,204 untuk proyeksi antero-posterior dan p = 0,506 untuk proyeksi mediolateral). Didapatkan 2 subjek yang drop out yaitu 1 subjek pada kelompok kontrol (implant failure) dan 1 subjek pada kelompok IV (osteomielitis). Terdapat korelasi yang bermakna antara jumlah sel datia benda asing dan skor histologis (p=0,034). Diskusi Biokompatibilitas scaffold secara in vivo ditentukan oleh komponen fisik dan kimia pembentuknya. Secara fisik, scaffold yang memiliki pori-pori menunjukkan skor histologis yang lebih baik. Komponen kimia pembentuk scaffold dapat memengaruhi reaksi jaringan. Jumlah sel datia benda asing berhubungan dengan sitotoksisitas scaffold. ......Introduction Comminuted fracture may result as nonunion. The use of bone graft is still debatable for treating comminuted fracture. Autograft is the gold standard of bone graft. However, it has a limitation in supply. Therefore, the use of other source of graft (allograft, xenograft, or synthetic) is increasing. Graft must have good biocompatibility in order to enhance fracture healing. Method Randomized post test only control group was conducted in 30 Sprague-Dawley rat in order to evaluate biocompatibility of the scaffold. We used hidroxyapatite (HA)-Bongros®, nanocrystalline (HA)-CaSO4 (Perossal®), nanocrystalline HA (Ostim®), morselized bovine xenograft (BATAN), dan local HA from dr. Sutomo Hospital as the scaffold. Tissue reaction (the amount of foreign body giant cell and lymphocyte), radiological and histological score was evaluated at 8th weeks. Result The amount of foreign body giant cell (FBGC) and histological score showed significant difference (p=0,003 and p=0,013). Local HA scaffold showed the most FBGC accumulation. There was no significant difference in the amount of lymphocyte (p=0,397) and radiological score (p=0,204 for antero-posterior projection and p=0,506 for medio-lateral projection). Two subjects were considered drop out, one due to implant failure (control group) and the other due to osteomyelitis (group IV). There was significant correlation between the amount of foreign body giant cell and histological score (p=0,034). Discussion Both physical and chemical factor influenced biocompatibility of scaffold. Scaffolds that have pores showed better histological score compared to that has none. Chemical compound of the scaffold play important role in tissue reaction. The amount of FBGC showed the cytotoxic level of the scaffold.

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Terapi regeneratif jaringan periodontal pada kasus kerusakan tulang alveolar horizontal telah dilaporkan dapat meningkatkan perlekatan jaringan periodontal secara klinis. Tetapi, efek perawatan pada sintesis matriks ekstraseluler tulang belum diketahui. Osteopontin merupakan salah satu marker penanda tulang sehingga dapat digunakan dalam menganalisis keberhasilan regenerasi jaringan periodontal pascaterapi regeneratif. Tujuan: Menganalisis ekspresi osteopontin pascaterapi regeneratif PDL cell sheet + RGD-modified chitosan dan PDL cell sheet + chitosan scaffold terhadap regenerasi jaringan periodontal. Metode dan Bahan: Sampel penelitian adalah sediaan mikroskopik jaringan periodontal M.nemestrina yang telah ditanam bahan regeneratif PDL cell sheet + RGD-modified chitosan dan PDL cell sheet + chitosan scaffold selama empat minggu setelah perawatan. Sediaan diwarnai dengan metode imunohistokimia menggunakan antibodi osteopontin. Ekspresi osteopontin dianalisis area dan intensitas pewarnaannya dengan metode grid pada ImageJ, serta uji statistik menggunakan SPSS. Hasil: Median area pewarnaan positif pada PDL cell sheet + RGD-modified chitosan 74,81% (53,48%-81,06%) lebih besar dari PDL cell sheet + chitosan scaffold 63,99% (52,43%-80,31%), namun tidak berbeda bermakna secara statistik pada kedua bahan tersebut (p >0,05). Median intensitas area pewarnaan positif lemah 43,05% (14,16%-61,52%), sedang 14,49% (6,70%-22,81%), dan kuat 17,82% (3,66%-20,20%) pada kelompok PDL cell sheet + RGD-modified chitosan lebih besar dibanding PDL cell sheet + chitosan scaffold, namun tidak berbeda bermakna secara statistik. Kesimpulan: Ekspresi osteopontin lebih tinggi pada kelompok PDL cell sheet + RGD-modified chitosan dibanding kelompok PDL cell sheet + chitosan scaffold, meskipun kedua bahan tersebut tidak menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna secara statistik. ......Background: Periodontal regenerative therapy in bone horizontal defect cases has been reported to increase clinical periodontal tissue attachment. However, the outcome treatment on the synthesis of bone extracellular matrix is unknown. Osteopontin is one of the bone markers that can be used in analyzing the effectiveness regeneration after periodontal regenerative therapy. Objectives: To analyse osteopontin expression after periodontal regenerative therapy with PDL cell sheet + RGD-modified chitosan and PDL cell sheet + chitosan scaffold. Methods and Materials: Specimen was used from M.nemestrina periodontal tissue that had been planted for four weeks after regenerative therapy with PDL cell sheet + RGD-modified chitosan and PDL cell sheet + chitosan scaffold. Results: Median value of positive staining area in PDL cell sheet + RGD-modified chitosan with 74.81% (53.48%-81.06%) is greater than in PDL cell sheet + chitosan scaffold with 63.99% (52.43%-80.31%), and the two groups statistically showed no significant differences. Median value of positive staining intensity in weak area 43.05% (14.16%-61.52%), moderate 14.49% (6.70%-22.81%), and strong 17.82% (3.66%-20.20%) in PDL cell sheet + RGD-modified chitosan is greater than PDL cell sheet + chitosan scaffold, but there were no significant differences between the two groups. Conclusion: Regenerative therapy with PDL cell sheet + RGD-modified chitosan increased osteopontin expression higher than PDL cell sheet + chitosan scaffold, even though there were no significant differences between the two groups.

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Meningkatnya insiden patah tulang di Indonesia dari tahun ke tahun memerlukan pemecahan dari masalah terbatasnya sumber tulang pengganti sementara dengan kriteria sesuai. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini berfokus pada optimasi sifat-sifat material untuk aplikasi scaffold. Komposit PVA/kitosan-hidroksiapatit (HA) telah berhasil dibuat dengan metode kimiawi basah yang dilanjutkan proses freeze-thawing dan freeze-drying. Variabel yang digunakan adalah kadar hidroksiapatit sebesar 0, 25, 40 dan 50% (b/v). Karakterisasi yang dilakukan adalah spektroskopi Fourier transform infra red (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), uji tekan, dan swelling behavior. Hasil karakterisasi menunjukkan penambahan hidroksiapatit menghasilkan morfologi berpori dengan ukuran rata-rata 42,39 µm untuk variabel 50% HA, dan meningkatkan modulus tekan dari 14 MPa untuk sampel tanpa HA menjadi 143, 191, dan 187 MPa untuk sampel dengan penambahan HA sebesar 25, 40 dan 50% (b/v). Selain itu penambahan hidroksiapatit juga mengurangi derajat pembengkakan dari 296% untuk sampel tanpa HA menjadi 85, 78, dan 59% untuk sampel dengan penambahan HA sebesar 25, 40 dan 50% (b/v), masing-masing. Hasil ini menunjukkan PVA/kitosan-HA memiliki sifat-sifat potensial untuk digunakan sebagai scaffold dalam rekayasa jaringan tulang. ABSTRACT
The increasing number of bone fracture incident in Indonesia from year to year needs the problem solving of the limited bone substitute which meet all the criteria. Therefore, this study is focusing in optimization of material?s properties used as scaffold. Composite of PVA/chitosan-hydroxyapatite (HA) was successfully made by wet chemically method which followed by freeze thawing and freeze drying. The variable used in this study is the percentage of hydroxyapatite with 0, 25, 40, and 50% (wt/v). The samples were characterized by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), compressive test, and swelling behavior. The results showed that addition of hydroxyapatite has yielded porous structure with average pore size of 42,39 µm (50% HA) and increased in compressive modulus from 14 MPa for 0% HA to 143, 191, and 187 MPa for samples with addition of HA with amount of 25, 40, 50% (wt/v). Besides, addition of HA also reduced the swelling ratio from 296% for sample without HA to 85, 78, and 59% for sample with addition of HA with the following amount: 25, 40, and 50% (wt/v), respectively. This results show that PVA/chitosan-HA in the current study is potential to be used as scaffold in bone tissue engineering. ;The increasing number of bone fracture incident in Indonesia from year to year needs the problem solving of the limited bone substitute which meet all the criteria. Therefore, this study is focusing in optimization of material?s properties used as scaffold. Composite of PVA/chitosan-hydroxyapatite (HA) was successfully made by wet chemically method which followed by freeze thawing and freeze drying. The variable used in this study is the percentage of hydroxyapatite with 0, 25, 40, and 50% (wt/v). The samples were characterized by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), compressive test, and swelling behavior. The results showed that addition of hydroxyapatite has yielded porous structure with average pore size of 42,39 µm (50% HA) and increased in compressive modulus from 14 MPa for 0% HA to 143, 191, and 187 MPa for samples with addition of HA with amount of 25, 40, 50% (wt/v). Besides, addition of HA also reduced the swelling ratio from 296% for sample without HA to 85, 78, and 59% for sample with addition of HA with the following amount: 25, 40, and 50% (wt/v), respectively. This results show that PVA/chitosan-HA in the current study is potential to be used as scaffold in bone tissue engineering. , The increasing number of bone fracture incident in Indonesia from year to year needs the problem solving of the limited bone substitute which meet all the criteria. Therefore, this study is focusing in optimization of material’s properties used as scaffold. Composite of PVA/chitosan-hydroxyapatite (HA) was successfully made by wet chemically method which followed by freeze thawing and freeze drying. The variable used in this study is the percentage of hydroxyapatite with 0, 25, 40, and 50% (wt/v). The samples were characterized by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), compressive test, and swelling behavior. The results showed that addition of hydroxyapatite has yielded porous structure with average pore size of 42,39 µm (50% HA) and increased in compressive modulus from 14 MPa for 0% HA to 143, 191, and 187 MPa for samples with addition of HA with amount of 25, 40, 50% (wt/v). Besides, addition of HA also reduced the swelling ratio from 296% for sample without HA to 85, 78, and 59% for sample with addition of HA with the following amount: 25, 40, and 50% (wt/v), respectively. This results show that PVA/chitosan-HA in the current study is potential to be used as scaffold in bone tissue engineering. ]