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Abstrak :
Sindroma Down merupakan keadaan luar biasa yang disebabkan oleh kelainan genetik kromosom (Payne & Patton, 1981). Kelainan kromosom inilah yang menyebabkan anak-anak Sindroma Down memiliki keterbatasan-keterbatasan pada kemampuan intelektual dan fisiologisnya, serta memiliki sejumlah masalah dalam kesehatan dan perilakunya. Untuk itu diperlukan berbagai upaya untuk menumbuhkembangkan potensi dan kemampuan yang ada dalam diri anak-anak Sindroma Down ini. Salah satu layanan yang bertujuan menumbuhkembangkan potensi dan kemampuan secara maksimal anak-anak Sindroma Down ini adalah layanan pendidikan luar biasa. Salah satu kunci keberhasilan menumbuhkembangkan kemampuan dan potensi yang ada dalam diri anak-anak Sindroma Down dalam layanan pendidikan luar biasa adalah melalui pembinaan hubungan yang kolaboratif antara orangtua dan guru. Hubungan yang kolaboratif ini merupakan hubungan rekan kerja yang sejajar antara orangtua dan guru yang sifatnya saling melengkapi dengan saling berkomunikasi dan bekerjasama (Porter & McKenzie, 2000). Dengan hubungan yang kolaboratif ini maka terjadi komunikasi dua arah antara orangtua dan guru. Di satu sisi guru menjadi kolaborator dengan para orangtua sebagai pemberi informasi dan pemecahan masalah (Turnbull, Turbiville, & Turnbull, 2000). Di sisi lain orangtua dapat diberdayakan menjadi fasilitatorlpenghubung pendidikan anak antara lingkungan sekolah dan lingkungan rumah (Porter, 2002), karena orangtua pada dasarnya adalah pengasuh bagi anaknya, yang berperan menjadi guru, pelatih, dan juga sekaligus sebagai pengarah kemampuan sosial anaknya (Hanson, 2003). Oleh karena itu, peneliti merasa perlu melakukan penelitian ini untuk melihat gambaran hubungan antara orangtua dan guru dalam layanan pendidikan Iuar biasa khususnya bagi anak-anak Sindroma Down. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi informasi panting bagi para orangtua dan pihak sekolah, betapa pentingnya peran serta orangtua dalam penyelenggaraan pendidikan bagi anak-anak berkebutuhan khusus. Hasil penelitian ini berupa data demografis subjek penelitian, gambaran kemampuan komunikasi dan sikap guru, gambaran hubungan rekan kerja yang sejajar antara orangtua dan guru, gambaran dukungan sosial yang diberikan guru, dan gambaran keterlibatan orangtua dalam program pendidikan anak. Data-data ini diperoleh dengan menggunakan desain non-experimental dengan metode kualitatif secara in-depth interview terhadap 3 orang subjek orangtua yang memiliki anak Sindroma Down yang sedang menjalani pendidikan luar biasa selama kurang dari 6 tahun, dimana ketiga orangtua tersebut memiliki tingkat pendidikan terakhir setara dengan sarjana dan terlibat langsung dalam penanganan anak-anaknya dalam menjalani kegiatan-kegiatan sekolah anaknya. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa hubungan orangtua - guru khusus dalam layanan pendidikan Iuar biasa bagi anak-anak Sindroma Down pada umumnya sudah baik dalam berkomunikasi dan dalam pembinaan hubungan rekan kerja yang sejajar namun belum menunjukkan hubungan yang kolaboratif karena orangtua merasa belum diberdayakan sebagai penghubunglfasilitator pendidikan anak mereka antara lingkungan sekolah dan lingkungan rumah, sehingga para guru masih berperan sebagai pengajar dan pelaksana isi kurikulum, serta sebagai pemberi laporanlevaluasi atas basil proses pembelajaran anak didiknya kepada pihak orangtua. Penelitian ini juga menunjukkan tidak diikusertakannya para orangtua dalam pengambilan keputusan dan pelaksanaan program pendidikan individual anak. Faktor utama tidak diikusertakannya para orangtua dalam pengambilan keputusan dan pelaksanaan program pendidikan individual anak disebabkan karena adanya sistem pendidikan luar biasa di Indonesia yang secara khusus tidak mengadakan program pendidikan anak secara individual balk dalam pelaksanaannya maupun dalam perencanaannya. Oleh karena itu program pendidikan bagi anak-anak sudah ditentukan dalam suatu kurikulum pendidikan luar biasa yang telah ditetapkan oleh Depdiknas, sehingga para guru ini hanya berperan sebagai pengajar dan pelaksana isi kurikulum tersebut.

Abstrak :
Latar belakang. Sindrom vena kava superior adalah kumpulan gejala akibat penekanan atau infiltrasi terhadap vena kava superior dan merupakan kegawatdaruratan medis yang perlu ditatalaksana segera. Penilaian karakteristik dan kesintasan penting dalam menentukan diagnosa dan tatalaksana pasien SVKS. Tujuan. Mengetahui karakteristik dan kesintasan 90 hari pasien SVKS di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusomo dan Rumah Sakit Kanker Dharmais. Metode. Studi menggunakan desain kohort retrospektif yang dilakukan melalui catatan rekam medik pasien SVKS selama bulan Januari 2000 hingga Desember 2011 di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusomo dan Rumah Sakit Kanker Dharmais. Hasil. Dari 151 subjek penelitian, terbanyak didapatkan pada jenis kelamin laki-laki (76,2 %), rentang umur 46-60 tahun (46,3%) dengan manifestasi yang sering ditemukan berupa sesak napas, distensi vena leher dan bengkak di wajah. Gambaran radiologis massa yang tersering adalah di bagian mediastinum superior. Non small cell lung cancer merupakan jenis penyebab SVKS yang terbanyak. Kesintasan kumulatif pasien SVKS dalam 90 hari adalah 54% dengan rerata kesintasan adalah 42,5 (SE 5,2) hari serta gambaran kesintasan yang menetap mulai hari ke-60. Kesimpulan. Kejadian SVKS terbanyak ditemukan pada pasien non small cell lung cancer, jenis kelamin laki-laki dan rentang usia 46-60 tahun dengan manifestasi klinis yang sering ditemukan adalah sesak napas, distensi vena leher dan bengkak pada wajah. Kesintasan kumulatif pasien SVKS dalam 90 hari adalah 54% dengan rerata kesintasan adalah 42,5 (SE 5,2) hari serta gambaran kesintasan yang menetap mulai hari ke-60. ...... Introduction. Superior vena cava syndrome is a syndrome due to compression or infiltration to superior vena cava and is a medical emergency that needs to be managed immediately. The study of characteristic and survival rate of SVCS patients. is important to determine the diagnosis and treatment. Objective. To obtain the characteristic and 90 days survival rate of SVCS patients in Cipto Mangunkusomo and Dharmais Cancer Hospital. Methods. This is a restrospective cohort study conducted through medical record of SVCS patients during January 2000 to December 2011 in Cipto Mangunkusomo and Dharmais Cancer Hospital. Result. The study population was 151 subjects and most of the patients were male (76.2%). The age of the patient mostly range from 46 to 60 years old (46,3%). Dyspnoe, neck vein distention and facial swelling were the frequent chief complains. The location of the mass based on radiological examination was found mostly in superior mediastinum. Non small cell lung cancer is the most common etiology of SVCS patient. The cumulative survival of SVCS patient in 90 days is 54 %, mean survival was 42.5 (SE 5.2) and the survival rate showed plateau appearance from the day of 60th. Conclusion. Superior Vein Cava Syndrome patients in this study mostly due to non small cell lung cancer, found mostly in males and the age range was 46-60 years old. Dyspnoe, neck vein distention and facial swelling were the frequent chief complains. The cumulative survival of SVCS patient in 90 days is 54 %, mean survival was 42.5 (SE 5.2) and the survival rate showed plateau appearance from the day of 60th.

Abstrak :
Skripsi ini mengkaji tentang pengasuhan anak down syndrome dalam keluarga Jawa dalam upaya dadi wong di masa depan. Dadi wong merupakan konsep kesuksesan yang bersifat totalitas tetapi lentur dan dapat disesuaikan dengan kemampuan maksimal setiap individu. Keterlambatan fisik dan mental yang dimiliki oleh anak down syndrome tidak mematahkan semangat orangtua untuk menjadikan anaknya dadi wong dengan melakukan pelbagai strategi penyesuaian. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Pengumpulan data melalui pengamatan dan wawancara mendalam untuk mendapatkan data life history dari keluarga yang memiliki anak down syndrome. Data ini diharapkan dapat menjelaskan cara pengasuhan anak down syndrome dalam keluarga Jawa di Jakarta yang tetap mengupayakan dadi wong di masa depan.

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This thesis examines the down syndrome child rearing in the Javanese family who strive to be dadi wong in the future. Dadi wong is a concept of success that is totality but flexible and adjustable according to the maximum ability of each individual. The physical and mental retardation of down syndrome children does not discourage parents to make their children to be dadi wong by performing various adjustment. This thesis used a qualitative approach. Data collected by observation and in depth interview method from families who have down syndrome children. This data is expected to explain how to rear down syndrome children from Javanese family who live in Jakarta and seeking dadi wong in the future.

Abstrak :
Sindroma Down adalah kelainan genetik yang disebabkan oleh trisomi kromosom 21. Anak dengan sindroma Down memiliki kondisi rongga mulut yang beragam dan memiliki masalah kesehatan oral seperti karies dan penyakit periodontal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kejadian karies pada anak dengan sindroma Down usia 14 tahun ke atas di SLB C Jakarta. Subjek penelitian berasal dari 43 SLB C di Jakarta. Total subjek adalah 174 anak dengan sindroma Down usia 14 sampai 53 tahun. Pemeriksaan karies dilakukan dengan pemeriksaan klinis menggunakan indeks DMF-T. Hasil penelitian ditemukan indeks DMF-T 5,90 pada total subjek dengan prevalensi karies sebesar 84,48 . Kesimpulan studi ini adalah terdapat tingkat kejadian karies yang tinggi pada anak dengan sindroma Down usia 14 tahun ke atas di SLB C Jakarta dengan indeks DMF-T sebesar 5,90."

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Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by trisomy of chromosome 21. Down syndrome children have variety of oral characteristics and have oral problem such as caries and periodontal disease. The aim of this study is to know frequency distribution of caries in Down syndrome children aged 14 years and over in SLB C Jakarta. Subjects of this study are from 43 SLB C in Jakarta. Total of subjects are 174 Down syndrome children aged 14 to 53. Caries examination was done by clinically using DMF T index. The result of this study is 5,90 DMF T index in total subject population with 84,48 caries prevalence. This study conclude that Down syndrome children aged 14 years and over in SLB C Jakarta have high caries experience with DMF T index scored 5,90.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Latar belakang : Sindrom Down merupakan penyakit genetik yang dapat menyebabkan keterlambatan perkembangan motorik, bahasa, kognitif, dan psikososial. Periode perkembangan anak dalam tiga tahun pertama kehidupan sangat penting, karena merupakan dasar untuk hasil perkembangan selanjutnya. Sampai saat ini belum dilakukan penelitian yang menghubungkan kemampuan motorik pasien sindrom Down dengan faktor-faktor yang memengaruhinya. Mengingat prevalensi anak sindrom Down yang cukup banyak di Indonesia, dan belum didapatkan data tersebut maka penelitian dilakukan pada anaksindrom Down sehingga anaksindrom Down mendapatkan hasil optimal dari program intervensi yang dijalankan Tujuan : Mengetahui karakteristik pertumbuhan dan perkembangan motorik anak sindrom Down serta faktor yang memengaruhi tingkat perkembangan motorik kasar untuk menentukan kemampuan anak, kebutuhan terapi dan meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan. Metode: Studi potong lintang deskriptif dan analitik selama Agustus sampai September 2015 pada 103 anak sindrom Down usia 6 bulan - 3 tahun di Poli Anak dan Poli Rehabilitasi medic Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM). Data orang tua didapat dari autoanamnesis dan pencarian rekam medis, data antropometrik berupa beratbadan, tinggi badan dan lingkar kepala diplot pada kurva pertumbuhan khusus anak sindromDown, perkembangan motorik kasar dinilai berdasarkan milestone khusus anak sindrom Down. Hasil penelitian : Sejumlah 103 subjek (56 laki-laki, 47 perempuan) memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Median subjek adalah 12 bulan. Jumlah subjek yang mengalami gizi baik dan gizi kurang hampir sama. Mikrosefali dialami oleh sebagian kecil subjek 10 (9,6%). Anak sindrom Down dengan tipe klasik ditemukan pada sebagian besar pasien sebanyak 99 (96%) dan tipe translokasi sebanyak 4 (3,9%). Keterlambatan motorik ringan dialami oleh 69,2% subjek, keterlambatan motorik sedang 16,3%, dan keterlambatan motorik ringan 13,5%. Hasil analisis multivariate memperlihatkan faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan keterlambatan motorik adalah lingkar kepala (p=0,011; OR 6,852; IK95% 1,565-30,038), riwayat asfiksia (p=0,009; OR 4,033; IK95% 1,427-11,4), dan frekuensi program stimulasi (p=0,006; OR 3,845; IK95% 1,460-10,125). Kesimpulan : Lingkar kepala, riwayat asfiksia, dan frekuensi program stimulasi merupakan faktor risiko keterlambatan perkembangan motorik anak sindromDown.ABSTRACT
Background : Down Syndrome is one of genetics disease that could cause delayed motoric, language, cognitive, and psycho-social development. Development of the first three years of life is crucial, because it is a basic for further development. Until recently, there are not study which conducted to correlates motoric capabilities Down Syndromes patients to factors that interfere its. In Indonesia, prevalence of child with Down Syndromes is quite high, there are no data depicted that correlation;hence, this study was conducted in child with Down Syndromes so that they obtained optimal outcome from intervention program conducted. Aim: To know characteristics of motoric growth and development in children with Down Syndromes and factors interfere degree of gross motoric development which to determine children?s capability, needs therapy, and improves quality of service. Methods : A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to 103 children with Down Syndromes aged 6 months ? 3 years old in Pediatrics Outpatient Clinics and Medical Rehabilitation Outpatient Clinics of Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM) during August to September 2015. Data were obtained by their parents (auto-anamnesis) and medical records, anthropometric data comprised body weight, body height, and head circumference which were plotted to special growth curve of children with Down Syndromes, gross motoric developments were assessed by special milestone of children with Down Syndromes. Results : One hundred and three subjects were fulfilled as inclusion criterions. Median subject was twelve months. Amount of subjects with good nutrition and malnutrition were equal. Subjects with microcephaly were 10 (9.6%). Children with classical type of Down Syndromes were 99(96%) and translocation type were 4(3.9%). Children with mild motoric development were 69.2%, intermediate motoric development were 16.3%, and severe motoric development were 13.5%. Multivariate analysis showed risk factors correlates to motoric development were head circumference (p=0,011; OR 6,852; CI 95% 1,565-30,038), history of asphyxia (p=0,009; OR 4,033; CI 95% 1,427-11,4), and frequency of stimulation programs (p=0,006; OR 3,845; CI95% 1,460-10,125). Conclusion : Head circumference, history of asphyxia, and frequency of stimulation programs were risk factors of motoric development in children with Down Syndromes. ;Background : Down Syndrome is one of genetics disease that could cause delayed motoric, language, cognitive, and psycho-social development. Development of the first three years of life is crucial, because it is a basic for further development. Until recently, there are not study which conducted to correlates motoric capabilities Down Syndromes patients to factors that interfere its. In Indonesia, prevalence of child with Down Syndromes is quite high, there are no data depicted that correlation;hence, this study was conducted in child with Down Syndromes so that they obtained optimal outcome from intervention program conducted. Aim: To know characteristics of motoric growth and development in children with Down Syndromes and factors interfere degree of gross motoric development which to determine children?s capability, needs therapy, and improves quality of service. Methods : A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to 103 children with Down Syndromes aged 6 months ? 3 years old in Pediatrics Outpatient Clinics and Medical Rehabilitation Outpatient Clinics of Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM) during August to September 2015. Data were obtained by their parents (auto-anamnesis) and medical records, anthropometric data comprised body weight, body height, and head circumference which were plotted to special growth curve of children with Down Syndromes, gross motoric developments were assessed by special milestone of children with Down Syndromes. Results : One hundred and three subjects were fulfilled as inclusion criterions. Median subject was twelve months. Amount of subjects with good nutrition and malnutrition were equal. Subjects with microcephaly were 10 (9.6%). Children with classical type of Down Syndromes were 99(96%) and translocation type were 4(3.9%). Children with mild motoric development were 69.2%, intermediate motoric development were 16.3%, and severe motoric development were 13.5%. Multivariate analysis showed risk factors correlates to motoric development were head circumference (p=0,011; OR 6,852; CI 95% 1,565-30,038), history of asphyxia (p=0,009; OR 4,033; CI 95% 1,427-11,4), and frequency of stimulation programs (p=0,006; OR 3,845; CI95% 1,460-10,125). Conclusion : Head circumference, history of asphyxia, and frequency of stimulation programs were risk factors of motoric development in children with Down Syndromes. ;Background : Down Syndrome is one of genetics disease that could cause delayed motoric, language, cognitive, and psycho-social development. Development of the first three years of life is crucial, because it is a basic for further development. Until recently, there are not study which conducted to correlates motoric capabilities Down Syndromes patients to factors that interfere its. In Indonesia, prevalence of child with Down Syndromes is quite high, there are no data depicted that correlation;hence, this study was conducted in child with Down Syndromes so that they obtained optimal outcome from intervention program conducted. Aim: To know characteristics of motoric growth and development in children with Down Syndromes and factors interfere degree of gross motoric development which to determine children?s capability, needs therapy, and improves quality of service. Methods : A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to 103 children with Down Syndromes aged 6 months ? 3 years old in Pediatrics Outpatient Clinics and Medical Rehabilitation Outpatient Clinics of Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM) during August to September 2015. Data were obtained by their parents (auto-anamnesis) and medical records, anthropometric data comprised body weight, body height, and head circumference which were plotted to special growth curve of children with Down Syndromes, gross motoric developments were assessed by special milestone of children with Down Syndromes. Results : One hundred and three subjects were fulfilled as inclusion criterions. Median subject was twelve months. Amount of subjects with good nutrition and malnutrition were equal. Subjects with microcephaly were 10 (9.6%). Children with classical type of Down Syndromes were 99(96%) and translocation type were 4(3.9%). Children with mild motoric development were 69.2%, intermediate motoric development were 16.3%, and severe motoric development were 13.5%. Multivariate analysis showed risk factors correlates to motoric development were head circumference (p=0,011; OR 6,852; CI 95% 1,565-30,038), history of asphyxia (p=0,009; OR 4,033; CI 95% 1,427-11,4), and frequency of stimulation programs (p=0,006; OR 3,845; CI95% 1,460-10,125). Conclusion : Head circumference, history of asphyxia, and frequency of stimulation programs were risk factors of motoric development in children with Down Syndromes. ;Background : Down Syndrome is one of genetics disease that could cause delayed motoric, language, cognitive, and psycho-social development. Development of the first three years of life is crucial, because it is a basic for further development. Until recently, there are not study which conducted to correlates motoric capabilities Down Syndromes patients to factors that interfere its. In Indonesia, prevalence of child with Down Syndromes is quite high, there are no data depicted that correlation;hence, this study was conducted in child with Down Syndromes so that they obtained optimal outcome from intervention program conducted. Aim: To know characteristics of motoric growth and development in children with Down Syndromes and factors interfere degree of gross motoric development which to determine children?s capability, needs therapy, and improves quality of service. Methods : A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to 103 children with Down Syndromes aged 6 months ? 3 years old in Pediatrics Outpatient Clinics and Medical Rehabilitation Outpatient Clinics of Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM) during August to September 2015. Data were obtained by their parents (auto-anamnesis) and medical records, anthropometric data comprised body weight, body height, and head circumference which were plotted to special growth curve of children with Down Syndromes, gross motoric developments were assessed by special milestone of children with Down Syndromes. Results : One hundred and three subjects were fulfilled as inclusion criterions. Median subject was twelve months. Amount of subjects with good nutrition and malnutrition were equal. Subjects with microcephaly were 10 (9.6%). Children with classical type of Down Syndromes were 99(96%) and translocation type were 4(3.9%). Children with mild motoric development were 69.2%, intermediate motoric development were 16.3%, and severe motoric development were 13.5%. Multivariate analysis showed risk factors correlates to motoric development were head circumference (p=0,011; OR 6,852; CI 95% 1,565-30,038), history of asphyxia (p=0,009; OR 4,033; CI 95% 1,427-11,4), and frequency of stimulation programs (p=0,006; OR 3,845; CI95% 1,460-10,125). Conclusion : Head circumference, history of asphyxia, and frequency of stimulation programs were risk factors of motoric development in children with Down Syndromes. ;Background : Down Syndrome is one of genetics disease that could cause delayed motoric, language, cognitive, and psycho-social development. Development of the first three years of life is crucial, because it is a basic for further development. Until recently, there are not study which conducted to correlates motoric capabilities Down Syndromes patients to factors that interfere its. In Indonesia, prevalence of child with Down Syndromes is quite high, there are no data depicted that correlation;hence, this study was conducted in child with Down Syndromes so that they obtained optimal outcome from intervention program conducted. Aim: To know characteristics of motoric growth and development in children with Down Syndromes and factors interfere degree of gross motoric development which to determine children?s capability, needs therapy, and improves quality of service. Methods : A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to 103 children with Down Syndromes aged 6 months ? 3 years old in Pediatrics Outpatient Clinics and Medical Rehabilitation Outpatient Clinics of Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM) during August to September 2015. Data were obtained by their parents (auto-anamnesis) and medical records, anthropometric data comprised body weight, body height, and head circumference which were plotted to special growth curve of children with Down Syndromes, gross motoric developments were assessed by special milestone of children with Down Syndromes. Results : One hundred and three subjects were fulfilled as inclusion criterions. Median subject was twelve months. Amount of subjects with good nutrition and malnutrition were equal. Subjects with microcephaly were 10 (9.6%). Children with classical type of Down Syndromes were 99(96%) and translocation type were 4(3.9%). Children with mild motoric development were 69.2%, intermediate motoric development were 16.3%, and severe motoric development were 13.5%. Multivariate analysis showed risk factors correlates to motoric development were head circumference (p=0,011; OR 6,852; CI 95% 1,565-30,038), history of asphyxia (p=0,009; OR 4,033; CI 95% 1,427-11,4), and frequency of stimulation programs (p=0,006; OR 3,845; CI95% 1,460-10,125). Conclusion : Head circumference, history of asphyxia, and frequency of stimulation programs were risk factors of motoric development in children with Down Syndromes.

Abstrak :
Sindroma Down disebabkan abnormalitas kromosom yaitu adaya kromosom ekstra  pada pasangan kromosom ke 21 dengan karakteristik tertentu. Anak sindroma Down memliki gingivitis. sIgA di dalam saliva merupakan tanda diaktivasinya respon imun humoral di dalam rongga mulut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan kadar sIgA saliva dengan gingivitis anak sindroma Down. Subyek penelitian berusia 15-17 tahun, sebanyak 34 anak yang terdiri dari 17 anak sindroma Down dan 17 anak normal. Seluruh subyek penelitian dinilai kadar sIgA saliva menggunakan ELISA tidak langsung. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan hubungan negatif lemah tidak bermakna antara kadar sIgA saliva dan gingivitis anak sindroma Down. (r=-0.210, p=0.419). Penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan semakin tinggi kadar sIgA saliva pada anak sindroma Down maka semakin rendah gingivitis anak sindroma Down ......Down syndrome is an abnormality caused by  extra chromosome in the 21st pair of chromosomes with specific characteristics. Children  with Down syndrome mostly have gingivitis in their mouth. sIgA in the saliva is a sign activated by humoral immune response in the oral cavity. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship of salivary sIgA concentration with gingivitis in Down syndrome children. Total of the subjects are 34 consisting of 17 down syndrome children and 17 normal children and aged between 15-17 years old. All subject assessed the concentration of salivary sIgA using indirect ELISA. The results showed an insignificant weak negative correlation between salivary sIgA concentration and gingivitis in Down syndrome children. This study established that the higher levels of salivary sIgA in Down syndrome children, the lower gingivitis in Down syndrome children.

Abstrak :
Kurangnya keterampilan sosial merupakan inti utama hambatan yang dialami anak dengan sindroma asperger. Anak dengan sindroma asperger memiliki hambatan untuk memahami pikiran dan perasaan orang lain yang berakibat mereka tidak mampu memprediksi tingkah laku orang lain. Social StoriesTM merupakan salah satu strategi untuk membantu anak dengan sindorma asperger untuk dapat memahami dan bereaksi lebih tepat terhadap suatu situasi sosial. Melalui Social StoriesTM, anak dengan sindroma asperger dibantu untuk memahami perspektif orang lain, situasi sosial, dan bagaimana mereka harus bereaksi terhadap situasi sosial yang spesifik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas program intervensi Social StoriesTM dalam meningkatkan keterampilan sosial area eye contact dan joining in pada seorang anak dengan sindroma asperger usia 8 tahun. Hasil penelitian menujukkan bahwa penerapan Social StoriesTM efektif meningkatkan keterampilan sosial area eye contact dan joining in pada diri partisipan. ......The lack of social skills is the core deficit of children with Asperger’s Syndrome. Those children have deficit to understand the thought and feeling of others that impact the inability to predict the behavior of others. Social StoriesTM is one of the strategies for helping children with Asperger’s syndrome to understand and respond a social situation appropriately. By using Social StoriesTM, children with Asperger’s syndrome can be helped to understand other’s perspectives, social situations, and how they should respond to a specific social situation. The aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of Social StoriesTM intervention programs to improve social skills in eye contact and joining in area for an 8-yearold child with Asperger’s Syndrome. The results showed that the Social StoriesTM intervention was effective to improve the social skills in eye contact and joining in area.

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang : Sindroma Guillain Barre SGB , menyebabkan pasien gagal napas dan memerlukan perawatan dan pengawasan di unit ruang rawat intensif. Beberapa faktor risiko dipikirkan terhadap terjadinya gagal napas pada SGB, berdasarkan gejala klinis yang timbul saat pasien masuk rumah sakit. Metode : Penelitian ini berdesain potong lintang dengan mengambil data sekunder dari pasien SGB yang menjalani perawatan inap di RSUPNCM sejak Januari 2010-Mei 2018. Data dianalisa dan dilakukan penghitungan dengan multivariat regresi logistik. Hasil : Sebanyak 59 pasien memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Insiden terjadinya gagal napas pada pasien SGB sebesar 25. Kelemahan bulbar OR 26,964; IK 95 2,050-354,616 , disotonomia OR 71,646;IK 3,039-1689,312, dan total skor Medical Research Council MRC OR 0,871; IK 95 0,776-0,978 merupakan 3 variabel yang secara independen berisiko tinggi untuk terjadinya gagal napas pada SGB. Faktor risiko yang tidak berhubungan secara bermakna terhadap kejadian gagal napas adalah usia, riwayat antesenden infeksi, durasi awitan hingga admisi, arefleksia, kelemahan fasial, oftalmopegia, dan tipe patologi SGB. Kesimpulan : Kelemahan bulbar, disotonomia dan total skor MRC merupakan faktor risiko untuk terjadinya gagal napas pada pasien SGB dan disarankan agar mendapatkan perawatan di Intensive Care Unit ICU.

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Background Guillain Barre Syndrome GBS may cause respiratory insufficiency and requires care and supervision in the Intensive Care Unit. Several risk factors are thought to be the occurrence of respiratory failure in GBS, based on clinical characteristics at hospital admission. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted by taking secondary data from GBS patients who were admitted to the Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital from January 2010 to May 2018. Data were analyzed and calculated by multivariate logistic regression. Results: A total of 59 patients met the inclusion criteria. The incidence of respiratory failure in GBS patients was 25 . Bulbar weakness OR 26,964 95 CI 2,050 354,616 , dysotonomia OR 71,646 95 CI 3,039 1689,312 , and total score of Medical Research Council MRC OR 0,871 95 CI 0,776 0,978 are 3 variables that are independently high risk for the occurrence of respiratory failure in GBS. Risk factors that are not significantly associated with respiratory failure are age, antecedent infection history, duration of onset to admission, areflexia, facial weakness, ophthalmopegia, and type of GBS pathology. Conclusions: Bulbar weakness, dysotonomia and total MRC score were risk factors for respiratory failure in GBS patients and were advised to receive treatment in the Intensive Care Unit ICU.

Abstrak :
Anomali gigi merupakan gangguan tumbuh kembang yang umum dialami oleh penyandang sindroma Down, terdiri dari anomali jumlah, ukuran, bentuk dan struktur. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui distribusi frekuensi anomali gigi pada penyandang sindroma Down di Jakarta. Metode: Metode penelitian ini adalah deskriptif dengan desain cross sectional pada 174 penyandang sindroma Down usia 14 tahun ke atas yang dipilih dengan teknik purposive sampling. Hasil: Anomali jumlah hipodonsia 80.90 , supernumerari 6.74 dan kombinasi hipodonsia dan supernumerari 12.36 . Anomali ukuran mikrodonsia 98.81 dan makrodonsia 1.19 . Anomali bentuk fusi 66.675 dan talon cusp 33.33 . Anomali struktur hipoplasia enamel 70.83 , hipokalsifikasi enamel 12.50 , kombinasi hipoplasia dan hipokalsifikasi enamel 4.17 dan diskolorasi gigi 12.50. Kesimpulan: Penyandang sindroma Down di SLB C Jakarta menampilkan prevalensi anomali gigi yang cukup tinggi dengan hipodonsia dan mikrodonsia sebagai anomali paling sering terjadi serta menunjukkan kecenderungan pada laki-laki.

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Dental anomaly is a common developmental disorder experienced by people with Down syndrome consisting of number, size, shape and structure anomalies. Aim: This research aims to describe the frequency distribution of number, size, shape and dental anomalies structure in people with Down syndrome aged 14 years and above in Jakarta. Method: The method of this research is descriptive with cross sectional design done on 174 people with Down syndrome aged 14 years and above chosen with purposive sampling technique. Result: Anomalies of number hypodontia 80.90, supernumerary 12.36 and combination of hypodontia and supernumerary 12.36. Anomalies of size microdontia 98.81 and macrodontia 1.19. Anomalies of shape fusion 66.67 and talon's cusp 33.33 Anomalies of structure enamel hypoplasia 70.83 , enamel hypocalcification 4.17, combination of enamel hypoplasia and hypocalcification 12.50 and tooth discoloration 12.50. Conclusion: People with Down syndrome in SLB C Jakarta showed a high prevalence of dental anomalies with hypodontia and microdontia as the most common anomalies that have a tendency in boys.

Abstrak :
Sindrom Ovarium Polikistik (SOPK) didefinisikan sebagai kelainan hormonal multifaktorial yang ditandai dengan berlebihnya jumlah hormon androgen, menstruasi yang irregular dan atau morfologi ovarium yang berukuran besar serta berkista-kista. SOPK dapat berujung pada berbagai komplikasi, seperti penyakit kardiovaskular, resistensi insulin, serta infertilitas. Studi-studi sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa patogenesis SOPK dapat berkaitan dengan faktor genetik, non-genetik, maupun epigenetik. Salah satu faktor epigenetik yang diduga berperan adalah metilasi dari DNA gen Anti-Mulerian Hormone (AMH). Gen AMH menghasilkan suatu produk berupa hormon, yakni hormon AMH yang terbukti ditemukan meningkat secara signifikan pada serum pasien SOPK. Untuk mengevaluasi peranan faktor epigenetik berupa metilasi DNA gen AMH pada patogenesis SOPK, dilakukan suatu penelitian potong lintang menggunakan sampel dari jaringan granulosa ovarium. Sampel diperoleh dari 14 wanita dengan SOPK dan 9 kontrol. DNA dari sampel diisolasi untuk kemudian dikonversi bisulfit dan diamplifikasi menggunakan metode Methyl Specific PCR (MSP). Hasil amplifikasi kemudian diamati dengan menggunakan gel elektroforesis dan intensitas pita yang tampak dibawah sinar ultraviolet dikuantifikasi dengan cara konversi kedalam bentuk numerik menggunakan perangkat lunak ImageJ. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis secara statistik menggunakan uji Mann-Whitney dengan signifikansi ditetapkan apabila p<0.05. Dari hasil analisis ditemukan perbedaan yang signifikan antara persentase metilasi DNA pada pasien SOPK dengan kontrol (p=0.002), dimana pasien SOPK cenderung memiliki tingkat metilasi DNA gen AMH yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Hasil tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa rendahnya tingkat metilasi DNA gen AMH pada pasien SOPK dapat meningkatkan ekspresi dan produksi AMH. Peningkatan AMH tersebut diduga berkontribusi dalam patogenesis SOPK.

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Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) defined as a multifactorial hormonal disorder that is characterized by androgen excess, irregular periods, and or enlarged ovarium with cystics morfology. PCOS leads to many complications, such as cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, and infertility. Previous studies showed that the pathogenesis of PCOS correlated with genetic, non-genetic, and epigenetic factors. One of epigenetic factors that is suspected to play a role is the DNA methylation of Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) gene. AMH gene produces a hormone, called AMH, of which found to elevate in the serum of PCOS patient. To evaluate the contribution of AMH gene DNA methylation in the pathogenesis of PCOS, this cross-sectional study using ovarian granulose cells sample was performed. Samples were obtained from 14 PCOS patient and 9 control. The DNA from each sample was isolated, converted by bisulfite conversion, and amplificated by Methyl Specific PCR (MSP) method. After being amplificated, samples then were observed by using electrophoresis gel and the band intensity that was appeared under ultraviolet was quantified by conversion to numeric form by using ImageJ software. The obtained data statistically analyzed by Mann-Whitney test with significant result considered to p<0.05. The analysis result showed that there was a significant difference between DNA methylation percentage in PCOS group and control group (P=0.002), of which PCOS patient tend to have a lower AMH gene DNA methylation compared to control. This finding indicates that the lower AMH gene DNA methylation in PCOS patient may increase the expression and production of AMH. This elevation of AMH suspected to play a role in the pathogenesis of PCOS.