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"The Absurdity Of Human Existence A Reflection Toward Albert Camus ThoughtsAlbert Camus, a Pied Noir (French-Algerian) philosopher who lived on 1913-1960, is an existentialist thinker that concerning into absurdity phenomenon on human life. Absurdity is a representation in Common Era that human existence has a serious problem with the world that surrounding them. Feeling of absurdity born when the world reject human individual life likes alienation. This conflict make human tend to die because they do not find anything on their live.Suicide is one of human reaction for their absurd life. Camus thinks that suicide is important philosophical problem that must be solved before explaining another likes, logical, metaphysical or epistemological problems. The assumption for this because, if human can not find the reason why their must be live and exist, the explaining for another aspects of life is not useful. Camus believes that human can be surviving on their absurd life because of their essence. Rebellion is the way to survive that absurdity man against all of interrupt from the world that not suitable for their existence. Human has freedom to choice how to survive according to their rationality.A critic for Camus thoughts, unless he said that suicide is a kind of magnum opus because to make it happen, an individual must dialogue with his rationality, he thinks that suicide as representation of the looser. Suicide is a sign that human weakness and cannot survive. If he against suicide, he makes a stratification to human existence that means, contradiction with his principal that human has a freedom. Suicide is one kind of rebellion, to find the meaning of live. If a human cannot find on this world, it means that this world is not a right place for them to exist."

"Bunuh diri merupakan diskursus sepanjang zaman dalam kehidupan manusia. Menilik sejarah, sebut saja seperti kaum stoa, tradisi Seppuku di Jepang, dan yang paling baru peledakan diri para teroris merupakan sebagian contoh yang menunjukkan bahwa bunuh diri terus dilakukan. Kendati nilai-nilai kemanusiaan terus berubah sepanjang zaman, tapi bunuh diri tetap menjadi sebuah tindakan yang dilakukan untuk mengakhiri kehidupan lebih cepat. Albert Camus mempertanyaan bunuh diri sebagai sebuah tindakan yang dipilih manusia. Pertanyaan itu memiliki keterkaitan dengan konsep eksistensialisme. Sehingga pemaknaan bunuh diri pun hanya sebatas problem eksistensilis-filosofis. Di sinilah letak persoalan bunuh diri pada masa kini. Pada kenyataannya, di zaman sekarang bunuh diri bukan lagi hanya persoalan eksistensialis-filosofis. Ada sesuatu yang melebihi hal itu, tindakan bom bunuh diri dapat dijadikan contoh. Bunuh diri adalah persoalan kemanusiaan. Maka, dengan tetap berpijak pada pemikiran Albert Camus, akan dijelaskan mengenai perluasan pemahaman bunuh diri sebagai sebuah tindakan mengingkari humanitas.

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Suicide is a discourse throughout the ages in human life. Tracing the history, there are some examples that show suicide still exist, let says the stoic from early ages, Seppuku tradition in Japan, and terrorist who blew up themselves. Despite values of humanity keep changing throughout the ages, suicide is still the alternative choices to end live faster. Albert Camus questioning suicide as an action that choices in human life. This question is related to his existentilism concept. So that, the values of suicide just be the existentialism problem. This is the problem of suicide in the contemporary era. In fact, in the contemporary era, suicide is not just existentialist problem, there is something beyond, suicide bombing for example. Suicide is humanity problem. Through the thought of Albert Camus, it will be explained about expansion suicide as a disavowal of humanity."

"Latar belakang: Infeksi C. diphtheriae toksigenik memerlukan penanganan segera karena dapat mengancam nyawa. Pemeriksaan kultur sebagai uji baku emas hanya dapat dilakukan di laboratorium rujukan dan memakan waktu lama. Pemeriksaan awal yang dapat dilakukan adalah menggunakan teknik pewarnaan. Pewarnaan khusus difteri seperti Albert atau Neisser dapat menggambarkan granul metakromatik yang spesifik terhadap Corynebacterium sp., namun laboratorium yang mampu mengerjakannya sangat terbatas. Oleh karena itu, berbagai laboratorium menggunakan teknik pewarnaan Gram sebagai alternatif untuk menunjang diagnosis dini difteri.Tujuan: Evaluasi pemeriksaan mikroskopik langsung yang rutin dilakukan pada spesimen swab tenggorok untuk menunjang diagnosis dini difteri.Metode: Uji diagnostik dengan desain potong lintang. Pemeriksaan mikroskopik Gram dan pewarnaan khusus Albert serta Neisser dibandingkan dengan kultur sebagai baku emas untuk mendapatkan nilai sensitivitas, spesifisitas, nilai duga positif, nilai duga negatif, dan akurasi. Uji kesesuaian antara kedua teknik pewarnaan dan PCR dinilai menggunakan koefisien Kappa. Analisis multivariat dilakukan pada variabel independen data faktor risiko dan gambaran klinis. Nilai probabilitas yang dihasilkan dimasukkan ke dalam kurva Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC). Pertambahan luas Area Under Curve (AUC) dinilai setelah menambahkan pemeriksaan mikroskopik ke dalam model.Hasil: Pewarnaan khusus difteri dan Gram memiliki sensitivitas 70% dan 20%, spesifisitas 83,72% dan 79,06%, nilai duga positif 33,33% dan 10%, nilai duga negatif 96% dan 89,47% serta akurasi 82,29% dan 72,92%. Kesesuaian minimal antara kedua metode pewarnaan (reliabilitas 4-15%). Pewarnaan khusus difteri memiliki kesesuaian yang lebih baik dengan uji PCR,dibandingkan dengan pewarnaan Gram. Pewarnaan khusus difteri menunjukan penambahan nilai diagnostik sebesar 3,8% pada model faktor risiko dan gambaran klinis yang bermakna untuk menunjang diagnosis dini difteri.Kesimpulan: Pewarnaan khusus difteri pada spesimen klinis langsung untuk diagnosis dini difteri tidak dapat digantikan dengan pewarnaan Gram. .....Background: Infection caused by toxigenic C. diphtheriae requires immediate treatment because it can be life threatening. Culture examination as gold standard can only be done in a reference laboratory and is time-consuming. The initial examination can be performed using the staining technique. Diphtheria special staining such as Albert or Neisser can characterize metachromatic granules that are specific to Corynebacterium sp., but the availability of these stains in many laboratories are limited. Therefore most laboratories use Gram staining technique as an alternative to support early diagnosis of diphtheria.Objective: Evaluation of the direct microscopic examination commonly used on throat swab specimens to support the early diagnosis of diphtheria.Methods: Diagnostic test with a cross-sectional design. Gram microscopic examination and special staining of Albert and Neisser were compared with culture examination as the gold standard to obtain sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy. The realibility test between the two staining and PCR techniques was assessed using the Kappa coefficient. Multivariate analysis was performed on the independent variables of risk factors and clinical features data. The resulting probability value was entered into the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. The improvement of the area under the curve (AUC) was assessed after microscopic examination was added on the model.Results: Diphtheria and Gram staining had a sensitivity of 70% and 20%, specificity 83.72% and 79.06%, positive predictive value 33.33% and 10%, negative predictive value 96% and 89.47% and accuracy 82.29 % and 72.92%. Minimal concordance was found between the two staining methods (4-15%). Diphtheria-specific staining have better realibility result, compared to the PCR test, than Gram staining. Diphtheria special staining showed an additional 3.8% diagnostic value, in the significant of risk factors and clinical features model, to support the early diagnosis of diphtheria.Conclusion: Diphtheria special staining directly on clinical specimens for early diagnosis of diphtheria cannot be replaced by Gram staining."

"ABSTRAKSkripsi ini berisi tentang kesadaran absurditas tokoh Aku dalam Coh CMEWHORO YENOBEKA/SON SMESNOGO COELOVEKA/Mimpi Seorang Konyol karya Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskripsianalitis. Penulis mengaitkan metode ini dengan konsep absurdisme dari Albert Camus, dan berdasarkan analisis yang dilakukan penulis berhasil membuktikan bahwa tokoh Aku mengalami kesadaran absurditas dalam hidupnya yang dapat dilihat dari keputusan tokoh Aku untuk tetap menjalani hidupnya dan menolak bunuh diri. Karena bunuh diri menurut Albert Camus bukanlah merupakan solusi bagi mengatasi absurd."