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Malnutrisi adalah kondisi gizi yang tidak proporsional pada anak yang ditunjukkan dalam tiga kondisi — stunting, underweight, dan wasting. Malnutrisi pada anak merupakan salah satu beban kesehatan terbesar di Indonesia. Kejadian malnutrisi anak menunjukkan peningkatan, namun dikategorikan sebagai sangat parah untuk stunting dan underweight dan cukup parah untuk wasting. Penelitian ini menggunakan data Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) Wave 5 tahun 2014/2015, dan bertujuan menganalisis hubungan antara karakteristik ibu dan kejadian malnutrisi pada anak yang berusia 5-59 bulan di Indonesia. Hasil regresi probit menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik ibu (indeks massa tubuh ibu (BMI), tinggi badan, dan pendidikan) secara signifikan mempengaruhi malnutrisi pada anak. Selain itu, faktor lain yang perlu diperhatikan adalah usia anak, jumlah anggota dalam rumah tangga, pengeluaran per kapita rumah tangga, area dan wilayah rumah tangga.

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Child malnutrition is a condition of disproportionate nutrition in children. It manifests in three forms—stunting, being underweight, and wasting. It is one of the biggest burdens in Indonesia, as the incidence shows an improvement, but it continues to be categorized as highly severe for stunting and being underweight and moderately severe for wasting. Using the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) Wave 5 data year 2014/2015, this study analyzes the association between maternal characteristics and the incidence of malnutrition among children aged 5–59 months in Indonesia. The probit regression result implies that maternal characteristics (mother’s body mass index (BMI), height, and education) significantly influence the child’s malnutrition. Furthermore, there are other compounding factors to consider, such as the child’s age, the number of members in a household, the household’s per capita expenditure, and the household’s area and region.

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"Gizi kurang pada balita menjadi masalah kesehatan perkotaan hal ini dapat disebabkan karena berbagai faktor, salah satunya balita pemilih makanan. Perawat komunitas berperan untuk memberikan asuhan keperawatan keluarga dalam membantu mengatasi masalah gizi kurang pada balita. Salah satu intervensi keperawatan yang dilakukan dalam upaya mengatasi masalah gizi kurang pada balita pemilih makanan adalah modifikasi makanan. Intervensi diberikan kepada keluarga dengan balita gizi kurang di Kelurahan Cisalak Pasar, Depok selama 6 minggu. Evaluasi didapatkan hasil peningkatan berat badan dan nafsu makan. Sehingga intervensi modifikasi makanan dapat digunakan perawat  komunitas atau keluarga sebagai salah satu upaya mengatasi masalah gizi kurang pada balita pemilih makanan.

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Malnutrition among children under five hada become urban health problem, this can be caused by various factors, one  of which is picky eater. Community nurse have a role as care provider in nursing care to helping families with the problem of malnutrition. One of the nursing interventions is food variation. Intervention provided to families with children under five malnutrition in Cisalak Pasar, Depok for 6 weeks. The evaluation results of nursing care plan effective to made preschool gain weight. So, the food modifications could be used by the community nurses as one of efforts to solve malnutrition in child with picky eater problem."

"Status gizi anak merupakan salah satu determinan terpenting dalam pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak dalam jangka panjang. Sesuai dengan ketentuan WHO, kondisi malnutrisi pada anak dapat dikategorikan menjadi stunting, wasting, underweight, dan overweight. Kondisi stunting merupakan kondisi malnutrisi kronis yang dampaknya terlihat dalam jangka panjang. Kondisi wasting adalah kondisi malnutrisi kronis yang dampaknya dapat terlihat dalam jangka pendek dan memerlukan penanganan intensif sesegera mungkin. Sementara itu, kondisi underweight adalah kondisi yang menggambarkan kondisi stunting dan wasting yang terjadi bersamaan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode PSM (Propensity Score Matching) untuk mengestimasi dampak dari penerimaan remitansi. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa remitansi secara signifikan mempengaruhi kondisi stunting dan underweight anak. Sementara itu, penerimaan remitansi baru akan mempengaruhi kondisi wasting pada anak yang tinggal di daerah perkotaan. Ditemukan juga bahwa remitansi berdampak pada peningkatan risiko seorang anak mengalami overweight, khususnya pada anak yang tinggal di Pulau Jawa. Mekanisme dari kejadian ini dapat dijelaskan melalui kurangnya pengasuhan anak karena adanya anggota keluarga yang bermigrasi sehingga meskipun rumah tangga anak tersebut memiliki pendapatan tambahan dari remitansi, makanan yang dikonsumsi justru bukanlah makanan yang bergizi seimbang. Kemudian, apabila remitansi tersebut diperoleh dari ibu yang berperan sebagai migran, diketahui bahwa remitansi justru berdampak negatif terhadap kondisi malnutrisi anak, khususnya pada anak yang tinggal di luar Pulau Jawa dan tinggal di keluarga berpendapatan tinggi. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa peran seorang ibu dalam pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak tidak dapat digantikan dalam bentuk materil. Sementara itu, apabila remitansi tersebut diperoleh dari sosok ayah, maka ditemukan penurunan risiko seorang anak untuk mengalami malnutrisi pada ketiga indikator stunting, wasting, dan underweight, khususnya pada anak yang tinggal di Luar Jawa. Oleh karena itu, migrasi paternal memiliki dampak yang lebih baik dibanding migrasi maternal karena laki-laki memiliki kesempatan untuk memperoleh pekerjaan yang lebih baik dari wanita dan memiliki kemungkinan untuk memperoleh upah yang lebih besar, sehingga kemungkinan sosok ayah tersebut dapat mengirimkan remitansi menjadi semakin besar.

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The nutritional status of children is one of the most important determinants in their long-term growth and development. According to WHO guidelines, malnutrition in children can be categorized into stunting, wasting, underweight, and overweight. Stunting is a condition of chronic malnutrition with long-term impacts, while wasting is acute malnutrition with short-term effects requiring immediate intensive care. Meanwhile, underweight can be defined a combination of stunting and wasting. This study uses the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) method to estimate the impact of remittances. The analysis shows that remittances significantly affect children's stunting and underweight conditions. Remittances then increase the possibilities of a children to be wasted only if that children live in urban areas. It was also found that remittances increase the risk of overweight, particularly for children living in Java. This can be explained by the lack of childcare due to migrating family members; despite additional income from remittances, the consumed food may not be nutritionally balanced. If the remittance comes from a mother who is a migrant that seeks for better job, it negatively impacts child malnutrition, especially for those living outside Java and in high-income families. This indicates that a mother's role in a child's growth and development cannot be replaced materially. In contrast, if the remittance comes from the father, there is a reduction in the risk of malnutrition (stunting, wasting, and underweight), especially for children living outside Java. Therefore, paternal migration has a more positive impact than maternal migration because men have better job opportunities and higher potential wages, increasing the likelihood of sending remittances."

"ABSTRACTThe social impact of the crisis in Indonesia, both monetary and natural disaster had been investigated by some studies. There is empirical evidence at national level that suggests the crisis impact is very heterogeneous both between urban and rural areas and across regions. It is also found that there is little connection between initial poverty levels and the extent to which an area had been hit by the crisis. The main objective of this study was to investigate the influence of the recent economic crisis and the benefit of the Social Safety Net Program for the nutritional status of under-five children during the economic crisis in selected poor areas of Indonesia. A cross sectional study to get information on the nutritional status of children and its determinants in urban poor area of Jakarta, and rural areas of Banggai in Central Sulawesi, and Alor-Rote in East Nusa Tenggara was followed by another cross sectional study in one selected poor urban area of Cilincing sub-district, Jakarta to see the changes of key determinant(s) of the under-five children's nutritional status after receiving the Social Safety Net intervention program for 1 year period. Two-stage cluster sampling was used to get 1078 households with under-five children in the urban poor area of Jakarta, and 262 and 631 households with under-five children each for the rural areas of Banggai and Alor-Rote, respectively as the subjects of the cross-sectional study-1; and 587 households with under-five children for the cross sectional study-2 in poor urban area of Cilincing sub-district. For both studies, general socio-demographic characteristics, socio-economic, health and nutritional status, and child feeding practices data were collected through interview and observation methods using structured questionnaires. Anthropometrical assessments (of weight, stature, and arm-circumference) were done both for children and their mothers in both studies. Hemoglobin assessment was done for sub-samples of approximately 50% of the total under-five children in both studies. Quality control procedures were performed during the course of the study. Data collection for both studies was performed from January 1999 to January 2001. It revealed that 34% of fathers in the study area of Jakarta had finished junior high school and even less for mothers (22%). More than 70% of the fathers had no regular income and 7% of the sample households had both the fathers and mothers work regularly. About 42 % of the sample households was classified as having sufficient purchasing power and less that 60% of sample households was classified as having appropriate luxury goods (mostly of electronic goods). For the study area in Banggai, 23% of fathers had finished junior high school and even only 10% for mothers. Approximately 14% of the fathers had no regular income and 24% of the sample households was classified as having appropriate employment status. About 45% of the sample households was classified as having sufficient food production/purchasing power in this study and less than 50% of the sample households was classified as having appropriate luxury goods (mostly of cultivated land). For the study area in Alor-Rote, 23% of fathers had finished junior high school and even only 10.9% for mothers. Approximately 21% of the fathers had no regular income and 47% of the sample households had both the fathers and mothers work regularly. About 48% of the sample households was classified as having sufficient food production/ purchasing power in this study and 26% of sample household was classified as having appropriate luxury goods (mostly of cultivated land). Besides having a high severity of anemia (>40%), under-five children in the urban poor area of Jakarta had a very high severity of wasting (>15%) as compared to the medium severity of stunting condition (20-29%). Similar findings were found for the rural area of Banggai. Different findings for the rural area of Alor-Rote were only for its very high severity in stunting condition (>40%). By multivariate and path analyses, it was shown that Jakarta as the study site contributed significantly to the variation of wasting indicator (WHZ value) as the recent-type of malnutrition, and Alor-Rote as the study site contributed significantly to the variation of stunting indicator (HAZ value) as the longterm-type of malnutrition. For hemoglobin value, both Jakarta and Alor-Rote as the study sites contributed to its variation. High prevalence of infectious diseases in all study areas were significantly related to the higher prevalence of wasting in the study areas of Jakarta and Banggai, and also significantly related to the higher prevalence of stunting and anemia in the study area of Alor-Rote. For Jakarta, besides infectious diseases, BMI status of mothers and the possession of motorcycle used for income earning were also significantly related to the prevalence of wasting. On the other hand, for Alor-Rote, besides infectious diseases, possession of luxury goods (access to electricity, possession of transportation facility and electronic goods), environmental sanitation (housing conditions), maternal nutritional knowledge and access to complete immunization were also significantly related to the prevalence of stunting. And, infectious diseases and households' employment status contributed to the variation of stunting (HAZ value). Furthermore, for anemia, access to health services (for complete immunization) was the only key determinant which contributed significantly to the variation of hemoglobin value in Jakarta. For Alor-Rote, besides infectious diseases, formal education of the parents, employment status (especially working mothers), environmental sanitation (especially access to safe drinking water), maternal nutritional knowledge and access to health services were also significantly associated with the prevalence of anemia. And, infectious diseases, environmental sanitation, access to health services and households' employment status contributed significantly to the variation of hemoglobin value in Alor-Rote. The Social Safety Net Intervention Program in the urban poor area of Cilincing sub-district, Jakarta resulted in significant improvement in the prevalence of wasting and anemia among under-five children but not for the prevalence of stunting. It was also found that maternal and childcare, access to health services and hemoglobin were still retained as determinants of child malnutrition besides households' employment status and variety of food intake. There is a need to improve the nutritional and health status of under-five children and their mothers through the existing health care system providing basic health services and improving the capacity of health staffs across Indonesia as part of the decentralization process. Besides, the private sector and communities may support the local government in the form of informal Social Safety Net intervention programs. The significant association found between mother's BMI and wasting status of their under-five children found in this study can be used to prioritize the appropriate type of intervention needed by the poor households. Furthermore, since anemia was highly prevalent, besides iron supplementation, chronic diseases such as tuberculosis and malaria, and the prevalence of thalasemic-trait should also be considered. Further operational and academic research in the area of health and nutrition are needed to be able to construct a model that provides indicators used to predict the nutritional condition in each community setting across Indonesia during any crisis. "