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"Hipoglikemia adalah komplikasi akut diabetes melitus yang seringkali terjadi secara berulang yang ditandai dengan gula darah kurang dari 70 mg/dl. Kondisi tersebut akan berdampak secara psikologis yaitu ketakutan akan serangan ulang yang menciptakan perasaan traumatis pada penyandang diabetes melitus. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh pemahaman yang mendalam tentang pengalaman penyandang diabetes melitus yang pernah mengalami episode hipoglikemi di Persadia Kota Depok. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif deskriptif dengan pendekatan fenomenologi terhadap enam partisipan. Hasil penelitian didapatkan enam tema utama yaitu penurunan fungsi fisik sementara sebagai respon hipoglikemia, perasaan traumatis ketika mengalami hipoglikemia, pemahaman partisipan terhadap penyebab hipoglikemia, kesadaran untuk pencegahan hipoglikemia, keyakinan internal menjadi sumber koping utama dalam menghadapi hipoglikemia, kebutuhan pelayanan keperawatan. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi masukan dalam meningkatkan edukasi pada pasien yang mengalami hipoglikemia.

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Hypoglycemia is an acute complication of diabetes mellitus which frequently occur repeatedly marked by blood glucose less than 70 mg/dl. The condition will affect the psychological fear of repeated attacks that create a traumatic feelings in people with diabetes mellitus. This study aims is to gain an in depth understanding of experiences of persons with diabetes mellitus who had experienced of hypoglycemia episodes in Persadia Depok. Qualitative descriptive phenomenology approach was applied to 6 participants. The findings revealed 6 themes: decline in physical function while in response to hypoglycemia, traumatic feelings when experiencing hypoglycemia, participants understanding that caused of hypoglycemia, awareness of hypoglycemia prevention, internal beliefs became the main source of coping to faced of hypoglycemia and nursing care needs. The results of this study suggest a need of improvement in nursing education for patients with hypoglycemia."

"Hemodialisis (HD) dapat memicu terjadinya hipoglikemia intradialisis. Insidensi terjadinya hipoglikemia intradialisis cukup sering ditemui pada pasien rawat inap. Hipoglikemia intradialisis dapat mengakibatkan komplikasi lebih lanjut, memperpanjang lama rawat bahkan dapat menyebabkan kematian intradialisis. Hipoglikemia intradialisis dapat disebabkan oleh banyak faktor. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi kejadian hipoglikemia intradialisis dan menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi terjadinya hipoglikemia intradialisis pada pasien gagal ginjal rawat inap yang menjalani HD. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian obervasional (non eksperimental) dengan rancangan kuantitatif deskriptif-analitik dengan pendekatan potong lintang, melibatkan 266 pasien HD yang dirawat inap. Analisis data menggunakan uji Chi Square dan Regersi Logistik Ganda. Hasil penelitian ini mendapatkan sebanyak 54,1% subjek penelitian mengalami hipoglikemia intradialisis, dengan 39,6% diantaranya tanpa disertai tanda dan gejala hipoglikemia serta 38,2% mengalami hipoglikemia berulang. Waktu kejadian hipoglikemia intradialisis paling tinggi terjadi pada jam ke-2 intradialisis dengan rerata penurunan kadar gula darah pada jam pertama intradialisis sebesar 37,9 mg/dl ± 53,7 standar deviasi. Terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan antara ultrafiltration goal, sakit DM, hipertensi, asupan nutrisi, terapi obat anti diabetik, dan terapi β Bloker dengan kejadian hipoglikemia intradialisis (p < 0,05; α 0,05). Faktor yang paling berpengaruh terhadap kejadian hipoglikemia intradialisis adalah asupan nutrisi dengan nilai OR 6,113. Hasil penelitian ini merekomendasikan agar pemeriksaan gula darah intradialisis dilakukan secara rutin dan upayakan asupan nutrisi adekuat pada pasien HD, terutama pada pasien yang memiliki risiko tinggi.......Hemodialysis (HD) induces intradialytic hypoglycemia. The incidence of intradialytic hypoglycemia commonly occurred in hospitalized patients. Inpatient intradialytic hypoglycemia leads to further complications, prolongs the length of stay, and even causes intradialytic death. Intradialytic hypoglycemia is caused by many factors. This study aims to identify the incidence of intradialytic hypoglycemia and analyze the influencing factors of the occurrence of intradialytic hypoglycemia in inpatients with renal failure undergoing HD. This study used a descriptive-analytical quantitative design with a cross-sectional approach and recruited 266 inpatients who undergoing HD. Data analysis used the Chi-Square test and Multiple Logistic regression. This study’s result found that 54.1% of the subjects experienced intradialytic hypoglycemia, where 39.6% of subjects had no signs and symptoms, and 38.2% of subjects experienced recurrent hypoglycemia. The highest incidence of intradialytic hypoglycemia occurred in the 2nd hour of intradialytic, with an average decrease in blood glucose levels in the first hour of intradialytic of 37.9 mg/dl (SD± 53.7). There were significant effects between the ultrafiltration goal, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, nutritional intake, anti-diabetic, and beta-blocker therapy with intradialytic hypoglycemia (p < 0.05; α 0.05). The most influencing factor of intradialytic hypoglycemia incidence was nutritional intake, with OR value of 6.113. Based on this study’s result, it is recommended to conduct continuous blood glucose monitoring during hemodialysis, and also monitor nutritional intake among those patients, especially in high-risk patients."

"ABSTRAKBackground: hypoglycemia is a major adverse event of insulin therapy for diabetes mellitus patients. The study was conducted to evaluate the incidence of hypoglycemia among insulin treated patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the Indonesian cohort. Methods: this Indonesian cohort study consisted of retrospective and prospective evaluation of hypoglycemic episodes, using International Operations Hypoglycemia Assessment Tool (IO HAT) in 374 patients with diabetes (T1DM; n=17 or T2DM; n=357). The patients of ≥18 years of age and treated with insulin for >12 months were selected for this study (ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT02306681). Results: a total of 374 patients were enrolled in this study and completed SAQ1. All patients with T1DM (17 [100%]), and 347 (97.2%) patients with T2DM completed SAQ2. Almost all the patients in the 4-week prospective period reported at least one hypoglycemic event (T1DM 100%, T2DM 99.4%) and the incidence rate of any hypoglycemia was 67.5 events per patient-year (PPY) and 25.7 events PPY for T1DM and T2DM patients, respectively. Among patients with T1DM and T2DM, 5.9% and 36.4%, respectively, did not know what hypoglycemia was at baseline, also high proportion of patients had impaired hypoglycemic awareness in the study (82.4% and 62.7%, respectively). Conclusion: overall, high proportion of patients reported hypoglycemic events in the prospective period indicating under reporting during the retrospective period due to recall bias. Therefore, there is a need for patient education program to improve the awareness of hypoglycemia in diabetes patient in Indonesia."

"Fotometer Sederhana sebagai Alat Bantu Pengukuran Glukosa Darah. Pengukuran glukosa darah secara non- invasif merupakan salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan frekuensi pemantauan glukosa darah mandiri (PGDM). Untuk yang berbasis spektoskopi reflektansi NIR, penerapannya secara non-invasif terkendala nilai standar error of prediction yang tinggi. Namun demikian metode ini secara teori masih dapat dipakai untuk memprediksi kadar glukosa darah pada kondisi tertentu seperti keadaan hipoglikemia (<55 mg/dL), gula darah puasa (GDP) terkendali (70-115 mg/dL), dan hiperglikemia (>225 mg/dL). membantu pemantauan glukosa darah (PGDM pada kondisi GDP terkendali dan hiperglikemia). Hal ini dapat dilihat dari rata-rata persentase jumlah hari dengan kondisi GDP harian terkendali yang lebih besar pada PGDM yang dibantu dengan fotometer dibandingkan PDGM yang dilakukan hanya satu kali sehari (28% berbanding 18%, p = 0,344).

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Measurement of non-invasive blood glucose is one way to increase the frequency of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG). For NIR reflectance spectroscopy, its application in non-invasive constrained by high value of standard error of prediction. The mean standard error of prediction was 25 mg/dL. Theoretically, NIR reflectance spectroscopy still can be used to predict blood glucose levels in certain conditions such as hypoglycemia (<55 mg/dL), controlled fasting blood glucose (FBG) (70-115 mg/dL), and hyperglycemia (>225 mg/dL), which the difference between the three conditions is more than 25 mg/dL. The results showed that there were significant differences in standards values of photometer measurement between controlled FBG and hyperglycemic conditions (p = 0.002). The results also showed that the photometer can be used to assist the monitoring of blood glucose in FBG under control and hyperglycemic conditions. It can be seen from the average percentage of the daily controlled FBG conditionsin patients conducting SMBG in photometer-assisted compared to in patientsonly use SMBG once a day (28% versus 18%, p = 0.344)."

"Measurement of non-invasive blood glucose is one way to increase the frequency of self-monitoring of blood glucose(SMBG). For NIR reflectance spectroscopy, its application in non-invasive constrained by high value of standard errorof prediction. The mean standard error of prediction was 25 mg/dL. Theoretically, NIR reflectance spectroscopy stillcan be used to predict blood glucose levels in certain conditions such as hypoglycemia (<55 mg/dL), controlled fastingblood glucose (FBG) (70-115 mg/dL), and hyperglycemia (>225 mg/dL), which the difference between the threeconditions is more than 25 mg/dL. The results showed that there were significant differences in standards values ofphotometer measurement between controlled FBG and hyperglycemic conditions (p = 0.002). The results also showedthat the photometer can be used to assist the monitoring of blood glucose in FBG under control and hyperglycemicconditions. It can be seen from the average percentage of the daily controlled FBG conditionsin patients conductingSMBG in photometer-assisted compared to in patientsonly use SMBG once a day (28% versus 18%, p = 0.344).Fotometer Sederhana sebagai Alat Bantu Pengukuran Glukosa Darah. Pengukuran glukosa darah secara noninvasifmerupakan salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan frekuensi pemantauan glukosa darah mandiri (PGDM). Untukyang berbasis spektoskopi reflektansi NIR, penerapannya secara non-invasif terkendala nilai standar error of predictionyang tinggi. Namun demikian metode ini secara teori masih dapat dipakai untuk memprediksi kadar glukosa darah padakondisi tertentu seperti keadaan hipoglikemia (<55 mg/dL), gula darah puasa (GDP) terkendali (70-115 mg/dL), danhiperglikemia (>225 mg/dL). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan bermakna standar nilaipengukuran fotometer antara kondisi GDP terkendali dan hiperglikemia (p = 0,002). Fotometer yang digunakan dapatmembantu pemantauan glukosa darah (PGDM pada kondisi GDP terkendali dan hiperglikemia). Hal ini dapat dilihatdari rata-rata persentase jumlah hari dengan kondisi GDP harian terkendali yang lebih besar pada PGDM yang dibantudengan fotometer dibandingkan PDGM yang dilakukan hanya satu kali sehari (28% berbanding 18%, p = 0,344)."

"Hipoglikemia merupakan salah satu komplikasi diabetes melitus tipe 2. Anggota keluarga biasanya menjadi orang pertama yang mengetahui kejadian hipoglikemia pada klien. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengalaman keluarga klien diabetes melitus tipe 2 menghadapi hipoglikemia. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan desain fenomenologi deskriptif. Wawancara mendalam terhadap 11 partisipan mengidentifikasi empat tema yaitu: keluarga mempersepsikan hipoglikemia adalah sesuatu yang biasa, keluarga mampu mengenali gejala awal hipoglikemia, keluarga memberikan dukungan positif bagi klien dalam menghadapi hipoglikemia, dan hipoglikemia memiliki dampak negatif bagi keluarga. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan peran penting perawat untuk memberikan edukasi yang komprehensif mengenai hipoglikemia terhadap keluarga klien diabetes melitus tipe 2. ......Hypoglycemia is one of diabetes complications. Hypoglycemia can increase risk of cardiovascular diseases or even lead to death. Family members are usually the first people to recognize hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia is an unpredictable condition which make they should aware with it. A qualitative study using a phenomenological description design was utilized. In depth interviews were conducted with 11 family members of the person with type 2 diabetes. Family rsquo s experiences dealing with hypoglycemia were described into four main themes family perceive hypoglycemia is a common thing, family is capable in recognizing early symptoms of hypoglycemia, family provide positive support to person dealing with hypoglycemia, and hypoglycemia affects the family negatively. This study denotes a major role of nurse to provide a comprehensive education about hypoglycemia to the family of the person type 2 diabetes."

"Latar Belakang. Hiperglikemia sering terjadi pada pasien pascabedah pintas arteri koroner (BPAK). Kondisi ini mempengaruhi prognosis pada pasien, sehingga dibutuhkan protokol insulin intensif yang efektif dan aman digunakan. Di Indonesia belum ada protokol standar yang terbukti efektif dan aman pada pasien pascabedah pintas arteri koroner (BPAK). Tujuan. Mengetahui persentase pasien pascabedah pintas arteri koroner (BPAK) jantung yang mencapai target glukosa darah dalam 6 jam dan insiden kejadian hipoglikemia dengan menggunakan protokol insulin PERKENI 2011.Metode. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain retrospektif dari rekam medis pasien dewasa 318 tahun yang mengalami hiperglikemia (>200 mg/dL) pascabedah pintas arteri koroner (BPAK). Parameter yang dilihat karakteristik dari subjek, proporsi glukosa darah terkendali (150-200 mg/dL) dalam enam jam dan proporsi hipoglikemia. Proporsi pencapaian glukosa darah ditargetkan >50% dan kejadian hipoglikemia <12%.Hasil. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Pelayanan Jantung Terpadu RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo periode Januari 2018 sampai September 2023. Sebanyak 98 subjek diikutsertakan dan didapatkan persentase pasien yang mencapai target glukosa darah dalam 6 jam sebesar 54,1% dan proporsi hipoglikemia sebesar 5,1%.Kesimpulan. Berdasarkan penelitian ini persentase pasien yang mencapai target glukosa darah dalam 6 jam sebesar 54,1% dan proporsi hipoglikemia sebesar 5,1% dengan menggunakan protokol insulin PERKENI 2011.......Background. Hyperglycemia often occurs in patients after coronary bypass surgery. This condition affects the patient’s prognosis, so an intensive insulin protocol is needed that is effective and safe to use. In Indonesia, there is no standard protocol that has been proven to be effective and safe in patients after coronary bypass surgery.Aim. To determine the percentage of post-coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) patients who achieve blood glucose targets within 6 hours and the incidence of hypoglycemia using the PERKENI 2011 insulin protocol.Methods. This study used a retrospective design from medical records of adult patients (318 years old) who experienced hyperglycemia (>200 mg/dL) after coronary bypass surgery. The parameters seen were the characteristics of the subjects, proportion of controlled blood glucose (150-200 mg/dL) within six hours and proportion of hypoglycemia. The proportion of blood glucose achieved is targeted at >50% dan the incidence of hypoglycemia <12%.Results. This research was conducted at the Integrated Heart Service of RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo for the period January 2018 to September 2023. A total of 98 subjects were included and it was found that the percentage of patients who reach the blood glucose target within 6 hours was 54.1% and the proportion of hypoglycemia was 5.1%.Conclusion. Based on this study, the percentage of patients who achieved the blood glucose target within 6 hours was 54.1% and the proportion of hypoglycemia was 5.1% using the PERKENI 2011 insulin protocol."