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"Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui sensitivitas berudu katak lembu (Rana catesbeiana Shaw) terhadap paparan kalium dikromat. Sensitivitas beruduR. catesbeiana dideteksi dengan cara menghitung jumlah mikronukleus pada sediaan olesan darah yang diwarnai Giemsa. Paparan kalium dikromat dengan konsentrasi 5; 10; 20; dan 40 ppm pada berudu R. catesbeiana dilakukan selama 12 hari. Rata-rata jumlah mikronukleus per 1.000 eritrosit adalah 12; 12,4; 34,2; dan 22,6. Hasil uji Tukey menunjukkan bahwa jumlah mikronukleus rata-rata pada eritrosit berudu R. catesbeiana yang terpapar pada kalium dikromat dengan konsentrasi 5; 10; 20; dan 40 ppm berbeda nyata bila dibandingkan dengan kontrol (kalium dikromat 0 ppm) pada a = - 0,01. Analisis regresi linier menunjukkan bahwa jumlah mikronukleus tidak meningkat dengan adanya peningkatan paparan kalium dikromat (Y = 0,3904 + 0,1379 X). Dari hasil penelitian ini disimpulkan bahwa berudu R. catesbeiana cukup sensitive dalam mendeteksi induksi pembentukan mikronukleus yang disebabkan oleh kalium dikromat."

"Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efek in vitro kalium iodida (KI) pada produksi fosfatase asam dengan mengkarakterisasikan secara lengkap strain S.schenckii yang diisolasi dari seorang pasien dengan sporotrichosis kulit. Enzim fosfatase asam diukur selama 3 fase pertumbuhan S. schenckii, dengan dan tanpa KI yang ditambahkan pada medium kultur dengan 3 konsentrasi berbeda. Pada kontrol dan bahan uji dengan konsentrasi KI yang berbeda, tidak dijumpai efek samping KI pada produksi fosfatase asam, pada fase awal dan “mid-log” pertumbuhan jamur. Sedangkan pada fase eksponensial dari bahan uji tampak penurunan produksi enzim yang bermakna secara statistik dengan kadar KI 0,8% dan 3,2%. Aktivitas yang rendah pada kadar KI 0,8% dan 3,2% menunjukkan bahwa KI mempunyai efek hambatan pertumbuhan S.schenkii dan menyebabkan penurunan aktivitas enzim. (Med J Indones 2003; 12: 65-8)

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The present study was undertaken to find out the in-vitro effect of potassium iodide (KI) on the production of acid phosphatase by fully characterized strain of S.schenckii isolated from a patient of Cutaneous Sporotrichosis. The enzyme acid phosphatase was estimated during the 3 phases of growth of S.schenckii, without and with three concentrations of KI incorporated in the culture medium. In the control and in the test proper, with various concentrations of KI, no adverse effect of KI was observed on the production of acid phosphatase in early and mid log phase of fungal growth. Whereas in the exponential phase in test proper, there was a statistical significant decrease in the enzyme production with 0.8% and 3.2% of KI. The low activity at 0.8% and 3.2% KI indicates that KI has inhibitory effect on the growth of S.schenckii and has led to decrease in the activity of the enzyme. (Med J Indones 2003; 12: 65-8)"

"Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) is one of the important crop species in Indonesia, since over 80% of patchouli oil global market is produced in Indonesia. Pacthouli oil is the key ingredients for fragrance and aromatherapy products. Patchouli oil is extracted from the stems and leaves of pathouli plants. Therefore, it is important to improve Patchouli plant productivity and increase resources for sustainable patchouli cultivation. The suitability of abiotic factors in the growing environment of crops remarkably determines the success of crop production. This study aimed to assess and evaluate land suitability for plant growth and development of Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) in Dilem Wilis, Bendungan District, Trenggalek Regency, Indonesia. Initially, a survey was conducted and then an analysis was done to classify the land suitability for crops cultivation. The research was conducted on 3 locations from May to July 2017 for land suitability and from July to November 2017 for Patchouli crops cultivation experiment. The results indicated that Location 1 had a land suitability of N class, implying that this location was not suitable due to its limiting factor of low IGO content (0.08 me/100 g). Meanwhile, both Location 2 and Location 3 showed similar land suitability class of S3s, tc, f, n signifying as less appropriate. The results of this study also indicated the influence of land suitability classes on plant growth however, the different classification (in this case S3 compared to N) did not demonstrate a correlation between land classes and oil yield and Patchouli alcohol, where the element Potassium was the limiting factor"

"Background: Hypokalemia is one of the most common electrolyte disorders in hospitalized patients. If hypokalemia were found, the underlying cause should be identified and treated. The incidence study of hypokalemia in Indonesia hospitalized patients is rarely reported.Objective: To investigate the incidence of hypokalemia in medical patients at the medical wards of department of internal medicine Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital.Method: Patients who required administration of parenteral fluid for various indications, irrespective of diagnosis, length of stay and types of infusion or medications were included in this study. Serum sodium and potassium concentration were checked twice, first at their admission and the second at discharge. The study form contained data record of patient's initials, age, gender, dates of admission and discharge, medical record number, laboratory findings of serum sodium and potassium concentration at admission and discharge.Result: 103 subjects were enrolled with mean age 49 years old (ratio of female: male = 70:30). Serum sodium concentration at admission and discharged were not significantly different. Incidence of hypokalemia was 26%. Furthermore, serum potassium concentration at admission and discharge showed significant reduction from mean concentration of 4.06 mmoUL to 3.83 mmol/L (with P=0.02). The number of patients with hypokalemia increased significantly during hospitalization (from 27 to 45 patients.with p= 0.023). Additional data showed that the types of infusion solutions given to patients are as follows: ringer's lactate (52 patients), normal saline (22 patients), D5W (20 patients) and asering/ringer's acetate (9 patients).Conclusion: The incidence of hypokalemia in medical patients at the medical wards of department of internal medicine Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital was 26%. These patients did not have sodium abnormalities. Number of patients with hypokalemia increased during hospitalization. Most infusion solutions administered contain very low concentration of potassium (ringer's lactate and ringer's acetate 4 mmol/L) or no potassium at all (normal saline, D5W)."

"Herba seledri (Apium graveolens Jacq) dan daun tempuyung (Sonchus arvensis L.) telah dikenal masyarakat Indonesia sebagai obat herbal antihipertensi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek tidak dikehendaki dari kedua campuran ekstrak tersebut terhadap volume urin 24 jam, kalium dan natrium di urin dan kadar kreatinin plasma pada tikus putih jantan yang dibuat hipertensi. Pada penelitian ini digunakan tujuh kelompok tikus putih jantan galur Sprague-Dawley yang masing-masing kelompok terdiri dari enam ekor. Tikus pada kelompok uji dan kontrol hipertensi diinduksi dengan larutan natrium klorida 2% sebagai air minum selama 52 hari. Campuran ekstrak diberikan pada hari ke-15 sampai 51. Campuran ekstrak herba seledri dan daun tempuyung diberikan dalam dua dosis yang divariasikan, yaitu (0,023 g ekstrak seledri dan 0,114 g tempuyung/200 g BB) dan (0,034 g ekstrak seledri dan 0,171 g tempuyung/200 g BB). Sebagai pembanding digunakan kelompok kontrol normal, obat herbal pembanding (0,0432 g/200 g BB), ekstrak tunggal herba seledri (0,023 g/200 g BB) dan ekstrak daun tempuyung (0,114 g/200 g BB). Hasil ANOVA satu arah (α=0,05) menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan bermakna terhadap ekskresi urin 24 jam dan kadar kreatinin plasma tetapi meningkatkan secara bermakna ekskresi natrium dan kalium pada urin."

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ABSTRACT"

"Kadar kalium merupakan salah satu biomarker prognostik yang banyak digunakan untuk memprediksi luaran klinis berbagai penyakit. Kadar kalium yang rendah atau hipokalemia berhubungan dengan perlunya pemasangan ventilasi mekanik pada pasien sakit kritis. Berbagai kondisi seperti status nutrisi dan komorbid dapat menyebabkan hipokalemia. Hipokalemia dapat memengaruhi fungsi otot respirasi dan memengaruhi durasi penggunaan ventilasi mekanik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat hubungan antara status kalium terhadap kejadian sulit weaning ventilasi mekanik pada pasien sakit kritis di ICU RSCM dan RSUI. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain kohort retrospektif pada subjek berusia ≥18 tahun yang dirawat di ICU RSCM dan RSUI. Diperoleh 52 subjek dengan kelompok yang hipokalemia sebanyak 26 subjek dan kelompok yang normokalemia sebanyak 26 subjek. Rerata usia subjek 49,3±15,1 tahun, jenis kelamin laki-laki 65,4%, status nutrisi berdasarkan indeks massa tubuh (IMT) berat badan normal 34,6%, dan komorbid penyakit keganasan 36,5%. Tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara status kalium dengan kejadian sulit weaning ventilasi mekanik selama perawatan di ICU. Sebagian besar subjek yang mengalami hipokalemia tidak mengalami sulit weaning ventilasi mekanik. Penelitian lanjutan diperlukan dengan menggunakan subjek yang lebih banyak dan menganalisis faktor-faktor lain yang dapat memengaruhi kejadian sulit weaning ventilasi mekanik dan status kalium pada pasien sakit kritis yang dirawat di ICU.

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Potassium levels are one of the prognostic biomarkers that are widely used to predict clinical outcomes of various diseases. Low potassium levels or hypokalemia are associated with the need for mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients. Various conditions such as nutritional status and comorbidities can cause hypokalemia. Hypokalemia can affect respiratory muscle function and influence the duration of mechanical ventilation. This study aims to examine the relationship between potassium status and the incidence of mechanical ventilation weaning difficulty in critically ill patients in the ICU at RSCM and RSUI. This study used a retrospective cohort design on subjects aged ≥18 years who were treated in the ICU at RSCM and RSUI. Total 52 subjects obtained, with 26 subjects in the hypokalemia group and 26 subjects in the normokalemia group. The mean age of the subjects was 49.3±15.1 years old, male gender 65.4%, nutritional status based on body mass index (BMI) of normal weight 34.6%, and comorbid of malignant disease 36.5%. There was no significant relationship between potassium status and the incidence of mechanical ventilation weaning difficulty during treatment in the ICU. Most subjects who experienced hypokalemia did not experience mechanical ventilation weaning difficulty. Further research is needed using more subjects and analyzing other factors that may influence the incidence of mechanical ventilation weaning difficulty and potassium status in critically ill patients treated in the ICU."

"ABSTRAKPemberian tablet gliklazida pada dosis tunggal secara oral memilikibioavailabilitas yang rendah karena sifatnya yang praktis tidak larut dalam air,sehingga menyebabkan laju disolusi yang rendah dan menurunkan daya absorbsipada saluran gastrointestinal. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahuipengaruh dari penambahan superdisintegran kalium polakrilin dan pembawapolivinilpirolidon (PVP) terhadap kelarutan gliklazida dan laju disolusi tabletgliklazida dalam sistem dispersi padat. Dispersi padat dibuat dengan metodepelarutan dengan jumlah perbandingan berat yaitu gliklazida : polivinilpirolidon :kalium polakrilin = 1 : 1 : 0,1. Kemudian dikarakterisasi menggunakan alatX-Ray Difractometer (XRD) dan Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Ujidisolusi dilakukan dalam medium larutan dapar posfat pH 7.4 menggunakan alatuji disolusi tipe 2 ( tipe dayung ). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanyapeningkatan kelarutan gliklazida pada dispersi padat gliklazida-polivinilpirolidonkaliumpolakrilin sebesar 1,23 kali dibandingkan dengan kelarutan gliklazidamurni. Laju disolusi gliklazida pada tablet yang mengandung dispersi padatgliklazida-polivinilpirolidon meningkat 1,47 kali dibandingkan dengan lajudisolusi gliklazida pada tablet yang mengandung campuran fisik gliklazidapolivinilpirolidon-kalium polakrilin.

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ABSTRACTBioavailabilty of a gliclazide administered peroral shows a low valuebecause that practically insoluble in water which leads to poor dissolution rate andsubsequent decrease of its gastrointestinal absorbtion. The purpose of thisresearch is to investigate the effect of adding superdisintegran polacrilinpotassium and polyvinylpyrolidone (PVP) vehicle on the gliclazide solubility anddissolution rate of gliclazide tablet in solid dispersion system. Solid dispersionprepared by solvent method with a total weight ratio used is gliclazide :polyvinylpyrolidone : polacrilin potassium = 1 : 1 : 0,1. Then characterized usingX-Ray Difractometer (XRD) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Thedissolution test was carried out in the medium of pH 7.4 phosphate buffersolution using a type 2 dissolution tester (paddle type). The results showed anincrease in the gliclazide solubility of solid dipersion gliclazidepolyvinylpyrolidone-polacrilin potassium of 1,23 times compared with puregliclazide solubility. Gliclazide dissolution rate of tablets containing soliddispersion gliclazide-polyvinylpyrolidone increased 1,47 times compared withgliclazide dissolution rate of tablets containing physical mixture gliclazidepolyvinylpyrolidone-polacrilin potassium."