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"Terdapat banyak cara untuk mengukur agresi. Tetapi, kebanyakan dari mereka sudah tidak dapat dipakai lagi dan tidak sesuai dengan kondisi pada tahun 2016. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengembangkan dan menilai validitas dan reliabilitas dari UQ Aggression scale. Kami mengevaluasi konsistensi internal untuk mengukur reliabilitas. Kami juga mengukur validitas dengan menilai perbedaan nilai agresi antara Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire dan Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. Seratus empat puluh dua mahasiswa fakultas psikologi di University of Queensland mengisi UQ Aggression scale. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa reliabilitas UQ Aggression scale tinggi dan indeks diskriminasi item cukup tinggi. UQ Aggression scale berkorelasi positif dengan Buss-Perry Aggression questionnaire. UQ Aggression scale berkorelasi positif dengan Barratt Impulsiveness scale. Terdapat dua pernyataan yang tidak mengukur aggression sepenuhnya. Dengan mengubah kata-kata di pernyataan tersebut dapat memperbaiki UQ Aggression scale secara keseluruhan. Secara keseluruhan, UQ Aggression scale memppunya validitas dan reliabilitas yang tinggi. Untuk penelitian selanjutnya, kami dapat mengembangkan populasi dan membuat proporsi yang seimbang antara gender. Kami juga dapat menghubungkan UQ Aggression scale dengan variabel yang lain untuk memperbaiki validitas.

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There were many ways to measure aggression. However, most of them were out of date and might not suitable to conditions in 2016. In the present study, the aim was to develop and assess the validity and reliability of UQ Aggression scale. We evaluated the internal consistency to measure the reliability. We also measured the validity by assessing differences in aggression scores between Buss-Perry Aggression questionnaire and Barratt Impulsiveness scale. One hundred forty two psychology students at University of Queensland filled the UQ Aggression scale. It was found that the reliability was high and the item discrimination indices were moderately high. UQ Aggression scale was positively correlated with Buss-Perry Aggression questionnaire. In addition, UQ Aggression scale was positively correlated with Barratt Impulsiveness scale. There were two items that might not measured aggressions. Re-wording those items might improve the overall UQ Aggression scale. Overall, these findings suggested that UQ Aggression scale had high validity and reliability. For future research, we can expand the population and make a balance proportion of gender. We can relate the UQ Aggression scale to another variable to improve the validity."

"Penelitian ini berusaha melihat apakah terdapat hubungan kesepian dan agresi pada remaja yang sedang berpacaran. Remaja adalah sebuah masa puncak dimana individu akan merasa kesepian sekaligus agresi. Hal ini berjalan seiring dengan adanya peningkatan kasus kekerasan dalam berpacaran pada remaja. Zilboorg (1938) menyatakan bahwa kedua variabel ini berkaitan langsung, dan juga berkaitan secara tidak langsung dengan variabel frustasi diantaranya. Penelitian ini mengikutsertakan 136 remaja yang berada di usia 18-24 tahun, memiliki SES menengah ke atas yang ditandai dengan pengeluaran per bulan di atas Rp 500.000, dan berdomisili di Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tanggerang, atau Bekasi.Hasil penghitungan menyatakan bahwa terdapat hubungan secara signifikan antara Kesepian dengan Agresi pada Remaja yang sedang berpacaran, dan hubungan tersebut memiliki nilai positif. Hal ini menyatakan bahwa, semakin individu merasakan kesepian, maka semakin individu tersebut berperilaku agresif, dan sebaliknya, semakin individu merasa puas dengan hubungan sosialnya, maka semakin individu tersebut tidak memiliki tujuan untuk menyakiti atau merusak organisme lain atau barang tertentu.

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This study will examine if there is a correlation between loneliness and aggression in teenager who is in a relationship. Teenager is a top period when someone will feel lonely and aggress at the same time. That fact correlate with dating violence case that increasing over time. Zilboorg research in 1938 result that there is direct correlation between Loneliness and Aggression, and indirect correlation with a frustration between. Participants in this research are 136 teenagers with age ranging from 18-24 years old, have money spent over 500.000 in a month, and live in Area Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tanggerang, or Bekasi.Result of this research examine that there is significant correlation between loneliness and aggression in teenager who?s in a relationship, and the correlation is positive. That means if someone feel lonely, then he/she will show his/her aggress, and so if someone feel satisfied with his/her social relationships, then he/she will not hurt other organism or things."

"Penelitian ini mencoba mencari tahu apakah yang menjadi motivasi pelaku bullying, khususnya pada institusi pendidikan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan desain eksploratif dan tipe penelitian ex post facto field study.Motivasi diukur dengan menggunakan alat ukur motivasi pelaku bullying. Alat ukur ini menggunakan metode rangking, dimana responden diminta untuk memilih motivasi apa yang paling sesuai dengan tindak bullying yang disajikan. Ada sepuluh kemungkinan motivasi dan tiga bentuk bullying. Dari rangking yang diberikan responden inilah, data yang didapat kemudian diolah. Penelitian dilakukan di Jakarta, Jogjakarta dan Surabaya pada tingkat SMP, SMA dan PT dengan jumlah total subjek 1398 orang.Dari hasil yang didapat, disimpulkan bahwa motivasi pelaku bullying secara umum adalah social gain, dislike/jealousy dan emosi. Pada penelitian ini diperoleh juga motivasi yang merupakan hasil tabulasi silang dengan tingkat pendidikan, kota penelitian, bentuk bullying dam keterlibatan dengan bullying.

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This study is trying to find out what motivates bullying among students, specially in educational institution. The study is using quantitave method and considered as explorative studies with ex post facto filed study type.Motivation is measured with motivational bullying scale, which use rangking method. Respondent will give rank for motivation that match with his opinion, based on bullying act given. From those rank data is achieved and going on further process. The study enacted in Jakarta, Jogjakarta and Surabaya among high school and university student, with total 1398 respondent.From the data achieved, the result of this study is bullying among students are motivated by social gain, dislike/jealousy and emotional reason. From the study, we also have cross-tabulation between motivation with educational level, city, bullying form, and takes part or not in bullying act."

"In the predawn hours of June 25, 1950, the North Korean Peoples Army (NKPA) struck across the 38th parallel and began its invasion of the Republic of South Korea...."

"Cermin telah digunakan sebagai enrichment untuk primata selama beberapa dekade. Penambahan enrichment cermin diharapkan dapat menurunkan perilaku stereotipe dan meningkatkan kesejahteraan hewan di penangkaran. Penelitian mengenai pengaruh enrichment cermin terhadap perilaku stereotipe Macaca nemestrina dalam kandang telah dilakukan di Yayasan Inisiasi Alam Rehabilitasi Indonesia (YIARI), Bogor. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi perilaku stereotipe tiap Macaca nemestrina melalui aktivitas harian, mengidentifikasi respons dari M. nemestrina terhadap keberadaan enrichment cermin, dan menganalisis pengaruhnya terhadap perilaku stereotipe. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Februari sampai Maret 2020 selama 5 hari tiap pekannya. Metode yang digunakan yaitu continuous scan sampling dan ad libitum dengan interval waktu 10 menit tanpa jeda. Pencatatan dilakukan terhadap aktivitas harian pasangan M. nemestrina dengan penekanan pada perilaku stereotipe dan respons M. nemestrina terhadap cermin. Pengamatan dilakukan selama 7 jam perhari. Objek penelitian yaitu dua pasang Macaca nemestrina yang berada di dua kandang sanctuary terpisah. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan perilaku stereotipe yang teramati adalah pick (mencabuti rambut dari tubuh sendiri), pace (bergerak berulang kali dan tidak berarah), dan self-aggression (menyakiti diri sendiri). Berdasarkan Uji t berpasangan yang dilakukan pada α = 0,05 hasilnya adalah tidak terdapat perbedaan antara perilaku stereotipe sebelum dan setelah diberikan enrichment cermin. Hal tersebut diasumsikan karena cermin kurang menyediakan stimulus yang memuaskan dan tidak mampu menarik perhatian objek penelitian sehingga tidak dapat mengurangi tingkat perilaku stereotipe secara signifikan.

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Mirror has been used as an enrichment for primates for decades. The addition of mirror enrichment is expected to reduce stereotypic behavior and improve animal welfare in captivity. Research about effects of mirror enrichment existence has been conducted on Macaca nemestrina (Linnaeus, 1766) stereotypic behavior at Yayasan Inisiasi Alam Rehabilitasi Indonesia (YIARI), Bogor. The aims of this research were to identify the stereotypic behavior of M. nemestrina through daily activities and identify their response to the existence of mirror enrichment and analyze its effects on stereotypic behavior. The study was conducted on February until March 2020 for 5 days per each week. Data collection was conducted by continuous scan sampling and ad libitum methods with 10 (ten) minutes interval without pause. The recording was made on the daily activities of M. nemestrina with an emphasis on stereotypic behavior and the response of M. nemestrina to the mirror. Observations were made for 7 hours  per each day. The research objects were two pairs of M. nemestrina in the seperate sanctuary cages. The observations showed that the stereotypic behavior observed in M. nemestrina were pick (pulling hair from one's own body), pace (moving repeatedly and not directed), and self-aggression (self-harming). Based on paired t tests that has been conducted at α = 0.05 the results were no difference between the frequency of stereotypic behavior before and after the mirror enrichment existence. That was because the mirror does not provide a satisfactory stimulus and unable to attract the research objects attention so it was unable to reduce the level of stereotyped behavior significantly."

"Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengembangkan dan mengevaluasi realibilitas dan validitas skala baru yang dikembangkan, yaitu UQ Aggression Scale. Untuk menguji validitas skala ini, t-test digunakan untuk menguji pengaruh jenis kelamin terhadap angket Buss-Perry Scale, dan angket Barratt Impulsiveness Questionnaire. Variabel dikotomis di penelitian ini adalah jenis kelamin.  Untuk menguji realibilitas, konsistensi internal skala itu juga dihitung dengan menggunakan Item Diskriminasi Indeks (IDI). Peserta penelitian ini terdiri dari 142 orang pelajar dari The University of Queensland yang terdiri dari 104 perempuan dan 38 laki-laki. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa realibilitas dari UQ Aggression Scale terbukti tinggi dan skor IDI juga tergolongkan mayoritas tinggi. Juga ditemukan bahwa UQ Aggression Scale dan Agresi Kuesioner Buss-Perry berkorelasi positif satu sama lain dan begitu juga dengan korelasi antara UQ Aggression Scale dan Barratt Impulsivity Questionnaire. Studi ini menyarankan bahwa penelitian di masa yang akan datang lebih baik membuat skala yang dapan digunakan lebih universal yang harus bisa mencakup populasi umum dan diuji dengan jumlah yang sama dari masing-masing jenis kelamin peserta.

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The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the reliability and validity of a newly developed scale, the UQ Aggression Scale. To test the validity of this scale, a t-test were use to test gender effects towards the Buss-Perry Questionnaire, and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, as gender was a dichotomous variable.  To test the reliability, the internal consistency of the scale was also calculated using the Item Discrimination Indices (IDI).  A total of 142 participants were students from The University of Queensland which included 104 female subjects and 38 male subjects.  The results has shown that the reliability of the UQ Aggression Scale is high and the IDI scores were also mostly high.  It was also found that the UQ Aggression Scale and the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire were positively correlated to one another and so does the correlation between the UQ Aggression Scale and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale.  These findings suggested that in the future, in order to make the scale more universally used it should cover a more generalized population and tested with an equal number of each genders of the participants.

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"Summary:A legal and historical analysis of the first modern attempts to prosecute national leaders for embarking upon aggressive war"

""This guide to the crime of aggression provisions under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) offers an exhaustive and sophisticated legal analysis of the crime's definition, as well as the jurisdictional provisions governing the ICC's exercise of jurisdiction over the crime. A range of practical issues likely to arise in prosecutions of the crime of aggression before the ICC are canvassed, as is the issue of the domestic prosecution of the crime. It also offers an insight into the geopolitical significance of the crime of aggression and the activation of the ICC's ability to exercise its jurisdiction over the crime. The author's intimate involvement in the crime's negotiations, combined with extensive scholarly reflection on the criminalisation of inter-State uses of armed force, makes this highly relevant to all academics and practitioners interested in the crime of aggression"--"