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Abstrak :
Penelitian dilakukan untuk melihat bagaimana gambaran delay of gratification pada anak-anak berusia 3 dan 4 tahun di Indonesia. Kemampuan delay of gratification diukur menggunakan eksperimen The Marshmallow Test dengan melakukan beberapa penyesuaian seperti mengganti reward menjadi jelly dan waktu untuk menunggu adalah 13 menit. Partisipan dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 15 anak, 7 anak berusia 3 tahun dan 8 anak berusia 4 tahun. Analisis terhadap hasil observasi dilakukan untuk melihat bagaimana pengalihan atensi anak selama menunggu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa anak perempuan memiliki rata-rata durasi yang lebih rendah dibandingkan anak laki-laki dan rata-rata pada anak usia 3 tahun lebih rendah dibandingkan anak usia 4 tahun. Berdasarkan observasi perilaku, anak-anak yang dapat mengalihkan atensinya lebih banyak untuk bermain, lebih mampu melakukan delay of gratification. ...... The study was conducted to describe delay of gratification of three- to four-year old children in Indonesia. Childrens delay ability was measured using The Marshmallow Test that was adapted with some modification such as changing the reward to jellies and the maximum duration is 13 minutes. Participants consist of 15 children, 7 three-year olds and 8 four-year olds children. The result of the study shows that girls had a lower average duration than boys and the three-year old children had a lower average duration than four-year old children. Researchers also analyzed childrens behavior while waiting to see how the children distract their attention. Based on the behavioral observation, children who can distract their attention are more able to delay gratification.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat gambaran mengenai attachment dan kontrol diri pada anak usia prasekolah (3 sampai 4 tahun). Pengukuran kontrol diri dilakukan melalui paradigma Delay of Gratification  menggunakan Stanford Marshmallow Test yang dikembangkan oleh Mischel, Shoda & Rodriguez (1989). Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti mengukur durasi waktu yang dihabiskan anak untuk menunggu, serta perilaku apa yang ditunjukkan oleh anak ketika menunggu. Selain itu, attachment diukur Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters & Wall (1978). Pengukuran tersebut membagi pola attachment menjadi 3 (tiga) kelompok yang terdiri dari secure attachment, insecure-resistant attachment, dan insecure-avoidant attachment. Partisipan dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 7 pasangan ibu anak berusia 3 sampai 4 tahun serta berjenis kelamin laki-laki atau perempuan. Melalui observasi, peneliti menemukan bahwa anak berusia 4  tahun memiliki durasi waktu delay yang lebih panjang. Selain itu, anak yang memiliki secure attachment dan insecure-avoidant attachment memiliki durasi delay of gratification di atas rata-rata seluruh partisipan. Kemudian, ditemukan perbedaan perilaku menunggu yang ditunjukkan oleh anak-anak dengan secure attachment dan insecure-avoidant attachment, serta anak dengan insecure-resistant attachment. Untuk melakukan generalisasi hasil penelitian, diperlukan penelitian dengan sampel yang lebih banyak. ...... This research is conducted to see attachment to mother and its relation to self-control in preschool children of aged 3-4 years old. Self-control is measured through delay of gratification paradigm with Stanford Marshmallow Test which was developed by Mischel, Shoda & Rodriguez (1989). In this research, the researcher measured the duration the children spent to wait, and the behavior children shown while waiting. Attachment is measured with Strange Situation Procedure which was developed by Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters & Wall (1978). This measurement divided the attachment patterns into three groups consist of secure attachment, insecure-resistant attachment, and insecure-avoidant attachment. Participant of this research is 7 pairs of mother and their children aged 3 to 4 years, boys or girls. Through observation, the researcher found that the children aged 4 have a longer time to wait. In addition, children who have secure attachment and insecure-avoidant attachments have a duration of delay of gratification above the average of all participants. Then, differences in waiting behavior were found in children with secure attachments and insecure-avoidant attachments, and children with insecure-resistant attachments. To generalize the results of the study, more sample is needed.

Abstrak :
Harga suatu produk merupakan faktor utama yang dipertimbangkan dalam berbelanja, namun hal tersebut bukanlah satu-satunya hal yang harus dipertimbangkan konsumen dalam mengambil keputusan. Saat konsumen dihadapkan dengan tawaran untuk memperoleh produk secara gratis, konsumen cenderung menilai suatu barang yang ditawarkan secara gratis terlalu tinggi, atau yang disebut dengan zero-price effect. Hal ini menyebabkan konsumen mengabaikan faktor lainnya yang perlu dipertimbangkan dalam berbelanja, salah satunya adalah pilihan antar waktu intertemporal choise, dimana konsumen memilih untuk mendapatkan produk secara gratis di masa depan dibandingkan dapat segera menikmati produk dengan membayar sejumlah uang. Penelitian ini hendak menguji apakah konsumen benar-benar mengabaikan pengorbanan waktu saat dihadapkan dengan pilihan antar waktu bila ditawarkan produk secara gratis. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain 2 harga: kondisi gratis vs. kondisi diskon 2 pilihan antar waktu: tidak ada pilihan antar waktu vs ada pilihan antar waktu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan signifikan antara kelompok yang ditawarkan produk secara gratis dengan kelompok harga diskon, baik pada situasi ada pilihan antar waktu maupun pada situasi tidak ada pilihan antar waktu. ...... This study aimed to determine whetherThe price of a product is a major factor that is considered in the shop, but it is not the only thing to be considered consumers in taking decisions. When consumers are faced with an offer to get free product, they tend to rate an item that is offered for free is too high, or known as zero price effect. This causes consumers ignoring other factors to consider in shopping, one of them intertemporal choice, where consumers choose to get products for free in the future than immediately enjoy the product by paying a sum of money. This research was about to test whether consumers really ignore the sacrifice of time when faced with a choice between the time when the product is offered for free. This study uses design 2 price free vs. discount 2 intertemporal choice no intertemporal choice vs. intertemporal choice occurs. The results showed that there were no significant differences between the groups that offer products for free with discounted prices, both on the situation there is a choice between time and the situation there is no choice between time.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara pengendalian diri anak dan status pekerjaan ibu dengan keterlibatan ibu pada anak usia 3-4 tahun. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian korelasi parsial dengan mengadaptasi Marshmallow Test (Mischel, Shoda, Rodriguez, 1989) yang dilakukan pada 51 anak dan menggunakan instrumen MISR (Maternal Involvement Scale-Reported) kepada 51 ibu sebagai partisipan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara kontrol diri anak dan status pekerjaan ibu dengan keterlibatan ibu sebagai variabel kontrol. Keterbatasan penelitian menjadi bahan diskusi.
This study aims to determine the relationship between child self-control and maternal employment status with maternal involvement in children aged 3-4 years. This study is a partial correlation study by adapting the Marshmallow Test (Mischel, Shoda, Rodriguez, 1989) which was conducted on 51 children and used the MISR (Maternal Involvement Scale-Reported) instrument to 51 mothers as participants. The results showed that there was no significant relationship between children's self-control and maternal employment status with mother involvement as a control variable. The limitations of the research are subject to discussion.

Abstrak :
Anak dengan Down Syndrome (DS) memiliki kemampuan delay of gratification yang rendah. Mereka mengalami kesulitan saat harus menunggu dan menunda kepuasan. Sementara kemampuan delay of gratification diperlukan agar dapat menyesuaikan dengan tuntutan lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menelaah tentang peran scaffolding dalam interaksi ibu-anak, kemampuan bahasa reseptif, atensi, working memory terhadap kemampuan delay of gratification anak dengan DS. Penelitian ini terdiri dari dua tahap penelitian dimana masing-masing tahap menggunakan rancangan penelitian explanatory sequential mixed methods. Penelitian kuantitatif tahap pertama bertujuan untuk membuktikan (1) korelasi waiting time saat anak menjalankan tugas delay dan kemampuan delay of gratification domain makanan, interaksi sosial, dan physical pleasure menurut persepsi ibu (2) hubungan dimensi dan tipe scaffolding dalam interaksi ibu-anak dan kemampuan delay of gratification. Penelitian kualitatif bertujuan untuk mendapatkan gambaran kemampuan delay of gratification anak dari ibu dengan skor scaffolding tinggi dan rendah saat bermain lego. Analisis data kuantitatif menggunakan uji korelasi Spearman Rho. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat korelasi yang signifikan antara waiting time saat anak menjalankan tugas delay dengan kemampuan delay of gratification domain makanan, interaksi sosial dan physical pleasure yang dipersepsi ibu. Dimensi scaffolding yang berkorelasi dengan waiting time anak adalah direction maintenance dan frustration control. Tipe scaffolding yang berkorelasi dengan waiting time adalah speech disertai gesture. Hasil penelitian kualitatif terhadap tiga orang ibu dengan skor scaffolding tinggi dan empat ibu dengan skor scaffolding rendah saat bermain lego menggambarkan bahwa ibu dengan skor scaffolding tinggi memiliki anak dengan waiting time yang lebih lama saat menjalankan tugas delay dibandingkan anak dari ibu dengan skor scaffolding rendah. Penelitian tahap kedua bertujuan untuk membuktikan (1) perbedaan waiting time saat bersama ibu, bersama ibu dan orang asing, bersama orang asing dan ketika anak berada sendirian (2) hubungan dimensi scaffolding dengan kemampuan delay of gratification (3) kesesuaian antara model dinamika hubungan antar variabel scaffolding dalam interaksi ibu-anak, kemampuan bahasa reseptif, atensi, working memory dan kemampuan delay of gratification dengan data (model fit). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan waiting time secara signifikan antara saat bersama ibu, bersama ibu dan orang asing, bersama orang asing dan saat anak berada sendirian. Dimensi scaffolding yang berkorelasi dengan kemampuan delay of gratification adalah direction maintenance, reduction in degrees of freedom, demonstration. Tipe scaffolding speech disertai gesture berkorelasi positif dengan kemampuan delay of gratification. Model teoritis yang diusulkan fit dengan data. Penelitian kualitatif tahap kedua menggambarkan bahwa ibu dengan skor scaffolding tinggi saat menjalankan tugas delay memiliki anak dengan waiting time yang lebih lama dibandingkan anak dari ibu dengan skor scaffolding rendah. Implikasinya adalah ibu disarankan memberikan scaffolding berupa direction maintenance, reduction in degrees of freedom, demonstration dan frustration control, yang diberikan melalui speech disertai gesture. ......Children with Down Syndrome (DS) have a low delay of gratification ability. They have difficulty waiting and delaying gratification. Meanwhile, the delay of gratification capability is needed in order to adapt to environment demands. This study aims to examine the role of scaffolding in mother-child interactions, receptive language skills, attention, working memory and the delay of gratification ability of children with DS. This study consisted of two stages of research where each stage used an explanatory sequential mixed methods research design. The first stage of quantitative research aims to prove (1) the correlation of waiting time when children perform delay tasks and the ability of delay gratification in the food, social interaction, and physical pleasure domain according to mother's perception (2) the relationnship between dimensions and types of scaffolding in mother-child interactions and the delay of gratification ability. The qualitative research aims to get a description of the delay of gratification ability of children from mothers with high and low scaffolding scores when playing lego. Quantitative data analysis used the Spearman Rho correlation test. The results showed that there was no significant correlation between waiting time when the child performed a delay task with the delay of gratification ability in the food, social interactions and physical pleasure domain perceived by mothers. The scaffolding dimensions which correlate with children's waiting time are direction maintenance and frustration control. The type of scaffolding that correlates with waiting time is speech accompanied by gesture. The results of a qualitative study of three mothers with high scaffolding scores and four mothers with low scaffolding scores while playing lego illustrate that mothers with high scaffolding scores have children with a longer waiting time while carrying out delay tasks than mothers with low scaffolding scores. The second stage of research aims to prove (1) the difference in waiting time when with mother, with mother and strangers, with strangers and when the child is alone (2) the relationship between the scaffolding dimension and the delay of gratification ability (3) the suitability dynamic models of the relationship between scaffolding in mother-child interactions, receptive language skills, attention, working memory and delay of gratification ability with data (model fit). The results showed that there was a significant difference in waiting time between with the mother, with the mother and strangers, with strangers and when the child was alone. The dimensions of scaffolding that correlate with the delay of gratification ability are direction maintenance, reduction in degrees of freedom, demonstration. The type of scaffolding speech accompanied by gesture has a positive correlation with the ability to delay gratification. The proposed theoretical model is fit with the data. The second stage of qualitative research illustrates that mothers with high scaffolding scores while carrying out delay tasks have children with a longer waiting time than mothers with low scaffolding scores. The implication is that mothers are suggested to provide scaffolding in the form of direction maintenance, reduction in degrees of freedom, demonstration and frustration control, which is given through speech accompanied by gestures.