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"ABSTRAKMalaria merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan masyarakat di dunia yang dapat menyebabkan kematian terutama pada kelompok resiko tinggi yaitu bayi, anak balita, ibu hamil. Selain itu, malaria secara langsung menyebabkan anemia dan dapat menurunkan produktivitas kerja. Penduduk yang beresiko terkena malaria berjumlah sekitar 2,3 miliar atau 41% dari penduduk dunia. Setiap tahun jumlah kasus malaria berjumlah 300-500 juta dan mengakibatkan 1,5 sampai dengan 2,7 juta kematian. Kematian tersebut sebagian besar terjadi pada anak-anak dan orang dewasa, terutama di daerah endemis malaria seperti di Afrika Sub Sahara dan Asia. Wilayah Kabupaten Tapanuli Tengah merupakan salah satu daerah endemis malaria di Sumatera Utara. Dari 20 kecamatan di Kabupaten Tapanuli Tengah, salah satu kecamatan yang endemis adalah Kecamatan Pandan. Pada Januari-Agustus 2010 ditemukan gejala klinis malaria sebanyak 2.267 orang dan 336 kasus positif malaria. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian malaria pada masyarakat di wilayah kerja UPT. Puskesmas Pandan, Kecamatan Pandan, Kabupaten Tapanuli Tengah, Provinsi Sumatera Utara, Tahun 2011. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain coss sectional. Populasi dalam penelitian ini seluruh masyarakat yang bermukim di Kecamatan Pandan, Kabupaten Tapanuli tengah, Propvinsi Sumatera Utara yang berusia di atas 15 tahun. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa ada hubungan yang bermakna antara pendidikan (2,20; 1,11-4,37), pengetahuan (2,77; 1,40-5,50), dan perilaku pencegahan (5,87;2,85-12,09) dengan kejadian malaria pada masyarakat di wilayah kerja UPT. Puskesmas Pandan, Kecamatan Pandan. Variabel yang paling dominan berhubungan dengan kejadian malaria di wilayah puskesmas tersebut adalah perilaku pencegahan (5,35; 2,55-11,19).

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ABSTRACT

Malaria is one of world health problems which could cause death especially to high risk group of infants, children under five, and expectants. Furthermore, it is able to bring about anemia directly and lowers work productivity. Population at risk of malaria amount about 2.3 billion or 41% of world population. Each year case number of malaria are 300 ? 500 million and results 1.5 to 2.7 billion for death. Majority of death happened to children and adults, particularly in endemic area of malaria such as Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. Middle Tapanuli Regency is one of endemic area of malaria in North Sumatera. Of 20 Sub-districts in this Regency, Pandan is one of endemic area of malaria. On January ? August 2010 found that malaria clinical symptoms as much as 2,267 people and 336 cases of positive of malaria. This study aims to find out factors associated with incident of malaria in community of working area of Pandan Public Health Center, Sub-district of Pandan, Regency of Middle Tapanuli, North Sumatera, year 2011. It is a quantitative research using cross sectional design. Study population on this research are all of community who reside in Pandan Sub-district, Middle Tapanuli Regency, North Sumatera Province age above 15 years. Study results show that there are meaning correlation between education (2.20; 1.11 ? 4.37), knowledge (2.77; 1.40 ? 5.50), and prevention behavior (5.87; 2.85 ? 12.09) with malaria incident in community at working area of UPT Pandan Public Health Center, Pandan Sub-district. The most dominant variable is prevention behavior (535; 2.55 ? 11.9)."

"Angka kesakitan dan kematian diare di Indonesia masih tinggi. Golongan umur terbanyak adalah pada balita. Dalam jangka panjang upaya menurunkan angka kesakitan dilakukan dengan pencegahan penyakit. Upaya pencegahan akan lebih efektif apabila faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kejadian diare diketahui dan diperhatikan.Penelitian ini bermaksud mempelajari hubungan faktor sosial ekonomi keluarga yang meliputi pengeluaran rumah tangga, kepemilikan barang, pendidikan ibu, pendidikan bapak, status kerja ibu, pekerjaan bapak, keterpaparan ibu terhadap media informasi dan umur balita dengan kejadian diare. Serta mempelajari faktor lingkungan yang meliputi penggunaan sumber utama air minum keluarga dan jenis kakus yang digunakan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian potong lintang dengan memanfaatkan data sekunder Survei Demografi dan Kesehatan tahun 1994 (SDK] 1994). Sampel Penelitian adalah wanita telah kawin usia 15-49 tahun (ibu balita), dengan unit analisis balita, dalam penelitian ini data balita membentuk data ibu. Analisis data terhadap 16.218 balita dilakukan dengan bantuan komputer PC menggunakan paket software SUDAAN. Uji Hubungan secara statistik dilakukan dengan kai kuadrat, dan logistik regresi multivarite. Hasil pengolahan data menunjukkan bahwa dari 11 variabel yang dipelajari diketahui 6 variabel sebagai variabel prediktor terhadap kejadian diare pada balita. Enam variabel tersebut adalah: pemilikan alat transport, pendidikan ibu, status kerja ibu, jenis pekerjaan bapak, jenis sumber utama air minum digunakan, dan umur balita. Serta variabel pekerjaan bapak yang berinteraksi dengan pendidikan bapak.Disimpulkan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara faktor sosial ekonomi dan faktor lingkungan dengan kejadian diare pada balita, khususnya pada enam variabel tersebut diatas. Dalam upaya pencegahan penyakit diare pada balita dalam jangka panjang hendaknya dilakukan dengan memperhatikan faktor sosial ekonomi keluarga dan faktor lingkungan. Upaya ini antara lain dengan meningkatkan pendidikan ibu, pendidikan bapak, meningkatkan penghasilan keluarga, meningkatkan penggunaan sumber air minum. Upaya-upaya tersebut hams dilakukan secara lintas sektor.

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Diarrhea morbidity and mortality causes in Indonesia still high, most aged group is under five years (young children). In long period, the effort to decrease such morbidity by disease prevention. The effort are more effective if the factors that influenced of diarrhea have been found and paid attention to.

The research is intended to study the relation social economic of family factor which includes household expenditure, having goods, mother's education, father's education, mother's job, mother 's clarification against communication media and child age of under five years old. Also to study the relation environmental which includes using drinking water resources and using latrine with diarrhea disease.

This research shall mean a cross-sectional study by utilizing the secondary data of 1994 Demographics and Health Survey. The sample of this research are married women aged 15-49 years (mother of children under five years), the unit analysis are children under five years old. The data of child under five years old used mothers data. The analysis of 16.218 child under five years old data used by personal computer with SUDAAN software. The relationship trial with statistics using Chi Square and Multivariate Logistic Regression.

Data processing result shows that that from 11 variables use to study, 6 variables are predictors of diarrhea of child under five years old. The 6 variables are having vehicle, mother's education, mother's job status, father's job, using drinking water resources, and age of child under five years old, with variables interaction between fathers job and fathers education.

There is any relation between social economic of family factor and environmental factor against diarrhea of child under five years old, particularly for 6 variables above. In order to prevent diarrhea of child underfive years old in long period, it should pay attention to social economic of family and environmental factor. The effort means by increasing mother's education, father's education, family income and increasing using drinking water resource. This effort must be done by many sectors."

"Jakarta adalah salah satu kota terbesar di Indonesia dimana hampir setiap tahunnya dilanda banjir. Banjir yang terjadi tentunyan membawa dampak yang sangat merugikan bagi semua aspek kehidupan manusia yang salah satunya adalah timbulnya berbagai macam penyakit pasca banjir. Perubahan lingkungan akibat banjir akan mengakibatkan penyebaran leptospirosis (penyakit kencing tikus), hal ini diakibatkan karena urine hewan yang terinfeksi kuman leptospira akan terbawa oleh genangan air dan mencemari lingkungan rumah. Masalah leptospirosis yang terjadi di DKI Jakarta selalu terjadi pada wilayah yang sama yang diakibatkan oleh faktor lingkungan yang buruk, perilaku yang buruk atau pengaruh karateristik individu. Tujuan dari penelitian adalah mengetahui hubungan faktor lingkungan dan karakteristik individu terhadap kejadian leptospirosis di Jakarta tahun 2003-2005. Studi ini menggunakan rancangan Kasus Kontrol. Data pada penelitian ini berasal dari data sekunder yang diperoleh dari Bagian Program Pendidikan dan Latihan R.S.U.D. Tarakan Jakarta dan melalui wawancara terstruktur dengan menggunakan kuesioner yang telah dikembangkan. Subyek berjumlah 190 orang, dimana responden yang positif leptospira sebagai kelompok kasus dan reponden yang negatif leptospira sebagai kontrol, dengan perbandingan 1:1. Pada analisis bivariabel terdapat hubungan bermakna antara faktor lingkungan: Keadaan dan penataan rumah (OR= 3.96), SPAL ( OR= 1,98), dan karakteristik individu: Tingkat Sosial Ekonomi (OR= 1,93), Pengetahuan (OR= 17,6) dan Pendidikan (OR= 2,41) berhubungan dengan kejadian leptospirosis di Jakarta pada tahun 2003-2005. Pada analisis multivariabel terdapat 4 (empat) faktor dominan yang mempengaruhi kejadian leptospirosis adalah pendidikan (OR=3.7), pengetahuan (OR=33.1), sarana air bersih (OR=4.5), dan komponen penataan rumah (OR=8.2).

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The Impact of Environmental Factor and Individual Characteristic on Leptospirosis Outbrreak in Jakarta, 2003-2005. Jakarta is one of the largest Cities in Indonesia where almost every year get flooding. Of course, flooding brings very bad impact for all human life aspect, which one is the incidence of various post-flood diseases. Environment changes caused by flood will increase the spreading of leptospirosis (rat urine disease). This is happen because of animal urine infected by leptospira germs are carryout by water pond and contaminate house environment. Leptospirosis problem in DKI Jakarta was always occurred in same area caused by bad environment factors, bad behavior, or individual characteristic influence. The research objective was to find out the impact of environment factor and individual characteristic on leptospirosis cases in Jakarta year 2003-2005. The study designed was case control study. Data are base on secondary data from Training and Education Division of Tarakan District Hospital, Jakarta and also with developed questioner for data collection. Subject cases were 190 people, whereas positive leptospirosis as cases group and negative leptospirosis respondent as control group, with 1:1 comparison. There ware significant relationship between environmental condition: house condition and settlement (OR=3,96), SPAL (OR=1,98), and characteristic individual: social economy condition (OR=1,93), knowledge (OR=17,6), and education (OR= 2,41). Multi variable analysis conclude that there are four dominant factors that affect leptospirosis which are environmental factors such as water supply (OR=4.5), house component and settlement (OR=8.2), individual characteristic: such as education (OR=3.7), knowledge (OR=33.1) related with leptospirosis cases in Jakarta year 2003-2005."

"The purpose of this research is to proof that internal and external factor, entrepreneur skill and ethos are influence to the strategy which applied in the UKM of Kabupaten Semarang simultaneously and partially. Micro entrepreneur has great potency in the natioanl and local economic according to this free maerket period. However, it is ethos and competition still in the low level. The main cause of this problem come up from environmetal exertion factor, among them are internal and external factor also the entrepreneur skill. In order t solve this problem need an accurate strategy to survive. This research purposed to study the influence of external and internal environment, entrepreneur skill and ethos on the micro entrepreneur strategy in Kabupaten Semarang. A causal research has been done on 60 micro entrepreneurs through four dependent variables and one independent variable using SPSS. The result shown that internal and external factor, entrepreneur skill and ethos has significant influenced on the strategy that applied by the micro entrepreneur in Kabupaten Semarang partially or simultaneously."

"ABSTRAKUntuk mengetahui pengaruh kondisi lingkungan terhadap struktur komunitas fitoplankton pada musim kemarau di perairan Teluk Ambon telah dilakukan sampling harian selama 30 had dan bulan Januari-Februari 1996 dengan waktu yang tetap, yaitu antara 08.00-10.00 WIT di tiga titik stasiun pengamatan. Parameter lingkungan yang diamati adalah kandungan klorofil-a, suhu perairan, salinitas, fosfat, nitrat, nitrit, oksigen, pH dan turbiditas. Sampling pertama ini diambil pada kedalaman 5 m. Sampling kedua di lima titik pengamatan di perairan Teluk Ambon Dalam, sebanyak empat kali pengamatan dari permukaan sampai kedalaman 20 m.Analisis data menggunakan statistik multivariabel, yaitu berdasarkan analisis komponen utama (Principal Component Analysis) dan analisis faktorial koresponden (Correspondent Analysis). Data sekunder diperoleh dari Badan Meteorologi dan Geofisika, a.l. curah hujan dan prosentase intensitas penyinaran matahari.Pada saat pengamatan, faktor lingkungan yang sangat mempengaruhi struktur komunitas fitoplankton di perairan Teluk Ambon adalah curah hujan. Fitoplankton yang mendominasi adalah dari kelompok diatom marga Chaetoceros. Struktur komunitas fitoplankton baik sebaran secara mendatar (horizontal distribution) dan sebaran tegak (vertical distribution) mempunyai keanekaragaman yang tinggi akibat dinamisnya pergerakan massa air karena pengaruh pasang-surut harian dari Laut Banda. Perairan Teluk Ambon Dalam sangat peka terhadap pengaruh sedimentasi dan pencemaran, untuk itu diperlukan suatu pencegahan pembuangan limbah dan pembukaan lahan secara rasional.

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ABSTRACT

Ambon Bay is located in the Island of Ambon in the Molluccas. The Bay has a unique oceanographic environment. It has a shallow nentic inner bay (IAB) and a deep oceanic outer bay (0AB), which is strongly influenced by the Banda Sea. The OAB and The lAB are separated by a narrow sill of 15 m depth.

Multivariate Analysis of Community Structure of Phytoplankton And Related Environmental Factors in Ambon Bay. Daily sampling of phytoplankton and enviromental data were carried out at three stations from January to February 1996, between 08.00 to 10.00 p.m., at 5 m depth. The environmental parameters were observed, such as temperature, salinity, phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, dissolved oxygen, pH and turbidity. In dry season, the community structure of phytoplankton in the Ambon Bay water was dominated by diatoms, such as the genera of Chaetoceros, Nifszchia, Rhisozolenia and Bacteriastrum. The abundance of phytoplankton ranged from 1.0 x 102 to 61.350 x 103 cell L-'. Daily fluctuations of phytoplankton diversities were high and diversities among stations were significantly different (p<0.05).

Hydrological conditions in The Ambon Bay were varied. Water temperature ranged from 27.60 to 30.50 °C, salinity ranged from 30 to 32 %, dissolved oxygen ranged from 4.28 to 4.37 ml concentration of phosphate ranged from 0.5 to 1.0 µg at. P04 ?P concentration of nitrate ranged from 0.1 to 1.5 µg at. N03-N L', concentration of nitrite ranged from 0.1 to 0.7 µg at. N02 -N L'', and pH ranged from 6.2 to 7.2. The highest rain fall was recorded at first observation (43.1 mm). The percentage of sun shine ranged from 8 to 100 %. The turbidities ranged from 0.12 to 1.98 NTU. Multivariate analysis shows that rain, turbidity and temperature influenced the community structure of phytoplankton.

Spatial Distribution of Chlorophyll-a And Community Structure of Phytoplankton in Inner Ambon Bay. Weekly sampling of phytoplankton and chlorophyll-a were carried out from January to February 1996, from the surface, 5, 10, 15 and 20 m depth at five stations. The abundance of phytoplankton from the surface to 20 m depth, ranged from 4.5 x 102 to 40.140 x 103 cell Six species of phytoplankton were identified, namely Chaetoceros diversum, Dytilum sot, Liptocylidricus danicus, Nitszchia pacifrca, Plantoniella so! and Noctiluca scinti/ans. Vertical distribution of phytoplankton diversities were heterogeneous. Concentration of chlorophyll-a from the surface to subsurface ranged from 0.196 to 5.044 mg m'. It seems that vertical distribution of chlorophyll-a did not correspond with the abundance of phytoplankton. The abundance of phytoplankton in the Inner Ambon Bay was strongly influenced by the daily tide."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prakondisi yang menyebabkan unsafe act pada operator tambang dalam kejadian insiden yang terjadi di area tambang PT BUMA PIK selama periode 2010. Metode yang digunakan dengan menelaah data sekunder berupa data laporan investigasi kecelakaan tahun 2010 dan diklasifikasikan berdasarkan precondition for unsafe dengan menggunakan Human Factors Analysis Classification System-Mining Industry (HFACS-MI) Model, selain itu juga dilakukan wawancara dan observasi lapangan.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa condition of operators, environment factors, dan personnel factors merupakan prakondisi yang menyebabkan unsafe act dan kontribusi prakondisi yang paling besar menyebabkan unsafe act adalah condition of operators. Penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa distribusi kejadian unsafe act yang paling banyak terjadi selama tahun 2010 yaitu Decision Errors, Skill based Errors dan Routine Violation.

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The objective of this study is to identify preconditions that can cause unsafe acts in PT Buma PIK, mining operation, during the year 2010. This study uses Buma's incident investigation reports to analyze and to divide into precondition for unsafe act based on Human Factors Analysis Classification System-Mining Industry (HFACS-MI) model. Besides that, observation and interview are also carried out to get some information related to this study.The result of this study reveals that condition of operators, environment factor, and personal factor are preconditions that can lead to unsafe act. The highest factor contributed to make unsafe act is condition of operators. In addition, distribution of unsafe acts that most happened during the year 2010 are decision error, skill based error, and routine violation."