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Abstrak :
Pertumbuhan e-commerce menyebabkan meningkatnya penggunaan LGV dan Sepeda Motor untuk pengiriman paket di daerah perkotaan. Karenanya, pergerakan Last Mile di pusat kota juga meningkat, sehingga kualitas udara menurun. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisa External Cost dari penggunaan Kendaraan Ringan (Light Goods Vehicle) dengan Sepeda Motor pengangkut barang pada E-Commerce dalam Last Mile Delivery. Penelitian ini mengajukan metode analisis yang terdiri: Analisis beban emisi dari LGV dan Sepeda Motor untuk aktifitas pengiriman Last Mile di Jakarta, Analisis External Cost segmen polusi udara, Analisis External Cost yang timbul untuk kemudian di bebankan pada tiap-tiap paket yang dikirim, Analisis efektifitas dengan membandingan penggunaan LGV dan Sepeda Motor dalam pengiriman Last Mile. Hasil penelitian menghasilkan kesimpulan bahwa secara keseluruhan, mayoritas pengiriman Last Mile akan lebih efektif menggunakan Sepeda Motor jika kita nilai berdasarkan External Cost hingga Generalized Cost yang dikeluarkan. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat dijadikan masukan bagi stakeholder dalam operasionalnya dan pemerintah untuk lebih memperhatikan dampak lingkungan akibat pertumbuhan e-commerce di Jakarta.

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The growth of e-commerce has led to increased use of LGV and motorbikes for package Delivery in urban areas. Therefore, the movement of the Last Mile in the city center has also increased, so air quality has decreased. The purpose of this study is to analyze the external costs of using Light Goods Vehicle with a motorcycle transporting goods on E-Commerce in Last Mile Delivery. This study proposes an analytical method consisting of: Emission load analysis of LGV and Motorcycle for Last Mile Delivery activities in Jakarta, Analysis of the external costs of the air pollution segment, Analysis of the external costs incurred for later charge on each packet sent, Effectiveness analysis by comparing the use of LGV and Motorcycle in the Delivery of Last Mile. The results of the study concluded that overall, the majority of Last Mile shipments would be more effective using motorbikes if we value them based on External Costs to Generalized Costs incurred. This research is expected to be used as input for stakeholders in their operations and the government to pay more attention to environmental impacts due to the growth of e-commerce in Jakarta.

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Kegiatan produksi tahu menimbulkan panas dan bau dari asap dan dari air limbah yang dihasilkan selama proses produksi. Kayu bakar yang digunakan dalam proses produksi di industri tahu dapat mempengaruhi luas penebangan hutan untuk permintaan kayu bakar, dengan mengasumsikan semua kayu yang digunakan untuk keperluan produksi industri tahu di lokasi penelitian berasal dari hutan. Kegiatan produksi di industri tahu menimbulkan dampak lingkungan dan dampak sosial, padahal pengelola industri tahu berkewajiban menjaga lingkungan, misalnya dengan menginternalisasi biaya eksternal dari kegiatan produksinya. Tujuan penelitian adalah menganalisis dampak industri tahu pada ekonomi, sosial, dan lingkungan di Jakarta. Analisis data berupa narasi deskriptif. Penelitian dilakukan di wilayah Karang Tengah, dan di PIK Semanan. Hasil penelitian; 1) Pembuangan limbah cair tahu tanpa pengolahan dapat mengganggu kehidupan biota perairan; 2) Kegiatan di pabrik tahu menimbulkan biaya sosial yang dikeluarkan warga yang tinggal di sekitarnya; 3) Keberadaan industri tahu membantu penyerapan tenaga kerja pada masyarakat yang tinggal di sekitarnya; 4) Internalisasi biaya eksternal berupa biaya lingkungan mengakibatkan penurunan pendapatan industri tahu.

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ABSTRACT
Tofu production activity producing heat and stink from the smoke and tofu wastewater that arouse during the process. Firewood used during tofu production process effects the amount of deforestation, assuming the woods used are entirely taken from the woods. Production activity in tofu industry causing environmental effect and social effect, whereas the managers should be protecting the environment, for example, by internalizing the external cost caused by the production activities. The aim of this research is to analyse the effect of tofu industry to economy, social, and environment in Jakarta. Data analysis using descriptive narrative method. Research locations are Karang Tengah, and PIK Semanan. Research results: 1) Tofu wastewater disposal without proper management will disturbing water organism; 2) The activity in tofu industry will procure social costs which will spend by the residents near tofu factory; 3) Tofu industry helps in giving employment to residents near them; 4) Internalization of external cost from environmental cost will decrease profit for tofu industry.;Tofu production activity producing heat and stink from the smoke and tofu wastewater that arouse during the process. Firewood used during tofu production process effects the amount of deforestation, assuming the woods used are entirely taken from the woods. Production activity in tofu industry causing environmental effect and social effect, whereas the managers should be protecting the environment, for example, by internalizing the external cost caused by the production activities. The aim of this research is to analyse the effect of tofu industry to economy, social, and environment in Jakarta. Data analysis using descriptive narrative method. Research locations are Karang Tengah, and PIK Semanan. Research results: 1) Tofu wastewater disposal without proper management will disturbing water organism; 2) The activity in tofu industry will procure social costs which will spend by the residents near tofu factory; 3) Tofu industry helps in giving employment to residents near them; 4) Internalization of external cost from environmental cost will decrease profit for tofu industry.;Tofu production activity producing heat and stink from the smoke and tofu wastewater that arouse during the process. Firewood used during tofu production process effects the amount of deforestation, assuming the woods used are entirely taken from the woods. Production activity in tofu industry causing environmental effect and social effect, whereas the managers should be protecting the environment, for example, by internalizing the external cost caused by the production activities. The aim of this research is to analyse the effect of tofu industry to economy, social, and environment in Jakarta. Data analysis using descriptive narrative method. Research locations are Karang Tengah, and PIK Semanan. Research results: 1) Tofu wastewater disposal without proper management will disturbing water organism; 2) The activity in tofu industry will procure social costs which will spend by the residents near tofu factory; 3) Tofu industry helps in giving employment to residents near them; 4) Internalization of external cost from environmental cost will decrease profit for tofu industry.;Tofu production activity producing heat and stink from the smoke and tofu wastewater that arouse during the process. Firewood used during tofu production process effects the amount of deforestation, assuming the woods used are entirely taken from the woods. Production activity in tofu industry causing environmental effect and social effect, whereas the managers should be protecting the environment, for example, by internalizing the external cost caused by the production activities. The aim of this research is to analyse the effect of tofu industry to economy, social, and environment in Jakarta. Data analysis using descriptive narrative method. Research locations are Karang Tengah, and PIK Semanan. Research results: 1) Tofu wastewater disposal without proper management will disturbing water organism; 2) The activity in tofu industry will procure social costs which will spend by the residents near tofu factory; 3) Tofu industry helps in giving employment to residents near them; 4) Internalization of external cost from environmental cost will decrease profit for tofu industry.;Tofu production activity producing heat and stink from the smoke and tofu wastewater that arouse during the process. Firewood used during tofu production process effects the amount of deforestation, assuming the woods used are entirely taken from the woods. Production activity in tofu industry causing environmental effect and social effect, whereas the managers should be protecting the environment, for example, by internalizing the external cost caused by the production activities. The aim of this research is to analyse the effect of tofu industry to economy, social, and environment in Jakarta. Data analysis using descriptive narrative method. Research locations are Karang Tengah, and PIK Semanan. Research results: 1) Tofu wastewater disposal without proper management will disturbing water organism; 2) The activity in tofu industry will procure social costs which will spend by the residents near tofu factory; 3) Tofu industry helps in giving employment to residents near them; 4) Internalization of external cost from environmental cost will decrease profit for tofu industry.;Tofu production activity producing heat and stink from the smoke and tofu wastewater that arouse during the process. Firewood used during tofu production process effects the amount of deforestation, assuming the woods used are entirely taken from the woods. Production activity in tofu industry causing environmental effect and social effect, whereas the managers should be protecting the environment, for example, by internalizing the external cost caused by the production activities. The aim of this research is to analyse the effect of tofu industry to economy, social, and environment in Jakarta. Data analysis using descriptive narrative method. Research locations are Karang Tengah, and PIK Semanan. Research results: 1) Tofu wastewater disposal without proper management will disturbing water organism; 2) The activity in tofu industry will procure social costs which will spend by the residents near tofu factory; 3) Tofu industry helps in giving employment to residents near them; 4) Internalization of external cost from environmental cost will decrease profit for tofu industry.;Tofu production activity producing heat and stink from the smoke and tofu wastewater that arouse during the process. Firewood used during tofu production process effects the amount of deforestation, assuming the woods used are entirely taken from the woods. Production activity in tofu industry causing environmental effect and social effect, whereas the managers should be protecting the environment, for example, by internalizing the external cost caused by the production activities. The aim of this research is to analyse the effect of tofu industry to economy, social, and environment in Jakarta. Data analysis using descriptive narrative method. Research locations are Karang Tengah, and PIK Semanan. Research results: 1) Tofu wastewater disposal without proper management will disturbing water organism; 2) The activity in tofu industry will procure social costs which will spend by the residents near tofu factory; 3) Tofu industry helps in giving employment to residents near them; 4) Internalization of external cost from environmental cost will decrease profit for tofu industry., Tofu production activity producing heat and stink from the smoke and tofu wastewater that arouse during the process. Firewood used during tofu production process effects the amount of deforestation, assuming the woods used are entirely taken from the woods. Production activity in tofu industry causing environmental effect and social effect, whereas the managers should be protecting the environment, for example, by internalizing the external cost caused by the production activities. The aim of this research is to analyse the effect of tofu industry to economy, social, and environment in Jakarta. Data analysis using descriptive narrative method. Research locations are Karang Tengah, and PIK Semanan. Research results: 1) Tofu wastewater disposal without proper management will disturbing water organism; 2) The activity in tofu industry will procure social costs which will spend by the residents near tofu factory; 3) Tofu industry helps in giving employment to residents near them; 4) Internalization of external cost from environmental cost will decrease profit for tofu industry.]

Abstrak :
E-Grocery merupakan salah satu sektor e commerce yang pertumbuhannya meningkat tajam. Hal ini menandakan terjadinya peralihan dari belanja manual ke online. Dampaknya tingkat pengiriman barang dengan home delivery meningkat. Dalam proses pengoperasiannya, hal ini dapat menyebabkan home delivery menghasilkan eksternalitas yang sama atau bahkan lebih besar dibandingkan dengan perjalanan belanja konvensional. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis karakteristik dan efektivitas dari pengiriman home delivery berdasarkan aspek biaya eksternal. Besarnya efektivitas dilihat dari rasio VKT per item serta biaya eksternal yang dihasilkan dari pengiriman home delivery terhadap perjalanan belanja konvensional. Analisa pada pengiriman home delivery dilakukan menggunakan data travel diary salah satu penyedia jasa pengiriman grocery. Analisa pada perjalanan belanja konvensional dilakukan menggunakan data yang diambil melalui survei. Pengiriman home delivery menghasilkan VKT per item sebesar 0,72 Km/item hingga 1,15 Km/item dan biaya eksternal per item sebesar Rp 5,11/item hingga Rp 8,13/item. Rentang ini berdasarkan pada jumlah item yang dibawa kurir dalam pengiriman tersebut. Perjalanan belanja konvensional menghasilkan menghasilkan VKT per item sebesar 0,47 Km/item hingga 0,51 Km/item dan biaya eksternal per item sebesar Rp 3,61/item hingga Rp 11,98/item. Rentang ini berdasarkan pada jenis kendaraan dan bahan bakar yang digunakan. Pengiriman home delivery dapat menjadi lebih efektif dibandingkan dengan perjalanan belanja konvensional jika jumlah barang dalam pengiriman tersebut semakin tinggi. Hal ini dilakukan dengan mengefesiensikan perjalanan kurir dengan tidak mengantarkan untuk satu konsumen saja. ......E-Grocery is one of the e commerce sectors whose growth has increased significantly. This condition indicates the transition from manual shopping to online and impacts the rate of delivery goods with home delivery increases. In the process of its operation, this condition can cause home delivery to produce the same or even greater externalities compared to conventional shopping trips. this study aimed to analyze the characteristics and effectiveness of home delivery based on external cost aspects. The amount of effectiveness can be seen from the ratio of VKT per item as well as the external costs from home delivery shipments result towards conventional shopping trips. Home delivery shipments were analysed using travel diary data of one of grocery delivery service provider and conventional shopping trips were analysed using the data that taken through the surveys. Results indicated that home delivery shipments produce VKT per item of 0.72 Km/item up to 1.15 Km/item and an external cost per item was Rp 5.11/item up to Rp 8.13/item. This range was based on the number of items that carried by the courier on the shipment. Results also indicated that the conventional shopping trips produce a VKT per item of 0.47 Km/item up to 0.51 Km/item and an external cost per item was Rp 3.61/item up to Rp 11.98/item. This range was based on the type of vehicle and fuel used. Home delivery shipments can be more effective compared to conventional shopping trips if the number of the goods in the shipment is higher. This is done by render efficient the couriers journey by not delivering the goods to only one customer.

Abstrak :
Indonesia menduduki peringkat pertama sebagai negara dengan pertumbuhan e-commerce paling pesat, dengan tingkat pertumbuhan sebesar 78% di tahun 2018. Salah satu jenis e-commerce yang turut berkembang secara pesat adalah jenis B2C (Business-to-Customer), yaitu salah satu jenis e-commerce yang memasarkan barang dari pihak produsen secara langsung ke pihak konsumen sehingga jenis pengiriman yang menunjang proses ini adalah pengiriman home delivery. Akibat permintaan akan konsep bisnis B2C yang juga semakin melonjak, terjadi kekompetitifan antar penyedia jasa pengiriman home delivery sehingga segmen last mile pada proses pengiriman barang menjadi terfragmentasi. Selain itu, terjadi juga berbagai kegagalan pengiriman dari sistem home delivery sehingga sistem ini menjadi kurang efektif pada segmen last mile. Sistem parcel locker hadir untuk memperbaiki ketidakefektifan yang disebabkan oleh sistem pengiriman home delivery. Di sisi lain, walaupun sejumlah usaha telah diupayakan untuk meningkatkan efektivitas, perencanaan sistem pengiriman barang belum mempertimbangkan dampak buruk yang ditimbulkan, salah satunya terhadap lingkungan. Dampak ini disebut eksternalitas, yaitu dampak yang dirasakan oleh pihak yang tidak terlibat langsung dalam aktivitas pengiriman barang. Aspek eksternalitas direpresentasikan menjadi biaya eksternal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengaji efektivitas sistem pengiriman parcel locker berdasarkan biaya eksternal yang harus dibayarkan. Dalam melakukan penelitian, pertama dilakukan identifikasi besarnya biaya eksternal pada sistem pengiriman home delivery. Selanjutnya, dilakukan identifikasi besarnya biaya eksternal pada sistem pengiriman parcel locker. Efektivitas direpresentasikan sebagai perbandingan antara biaya eksternal dari sistem parcel locker dan home delivery. Maka, dilakukan perbandingan antara kedua variabel tersebut untuk menentukan efektivitas dari sistem pengiriman parcel locker. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa home delivery 3 kali lebih efektif untuk aktivitas tinggi dan 7 kali efektif untuk aktivitas rendah. ......Indonesia is first-ranked as the country with the fastest e-commerce growth throughout the world with its 78% growth rate in 2018. One of the e-commerce means profoundly affected by this case is B2C (Business to Customer), which refers to a process of marketing the products from its sellers directly to the aimed customers implying that home delivery is considered as the most relevant delivery system. Due to the considerably ever-rising demand for B2C, competitiveness occurs among various logistic providers as a means to meet the customers' needs of the delivery process. Consequently, customers engage various logistic providers so that the last segment of the whole process¾last-mile segment¾turns out to be substantially fragmented. Also, it is aggravated by the multiple failed deliveries ensuring that home delivery is no longer reflected to be adequately effective within the last-mile segment. Parcel locker, as one of the innovative delivery systems, is presented to be one of the solutions to the aforementioned home delivery issues. Parcel locker consists of three categories and one of those three is an operational locker that is equipped with a well-managed time slot. On the contrary, despite the effort attempted to increase the effectiveness of the delivery process, the planning for the delivery system commonly has not completely taken the caused negative environmental effects into account. These effects are categorized as externalities that affect a third party who did not choose to involve in the delivery process. These externalities are represented by external costs. This research aims to determine the effectiveness of parcel locker based on its caused environmental externalities. First, we identify the external costs resulting from the home delivery process. Then, with the same methodology, we identify the external costs caused by the parcel locker. Effectiveness is given by the comparison between the external costs caused by parcel locker and home delivery. Finally, we compare those two results from the previous two steps to identify the effectiveness of parcel lockers based on its caused externalities. The result shows that home delivery is 3 times more effective for high shipment activity and 7 times more effective for low shipment activity.