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"Salah satu hal yang menjadi hambatan utama dalam meningkatkan produksi minyak mentah di Indonesia ialah minimnya ketersediaan alat eksplorasi minyak yang dapat mengakomodasi beberapa titik kawasan berpotensi. Semi-submersible platform menjadi salah satu solusi untuk menanggulangi permasalahan tersebut dengan kemampuannya yang dapat berpindah-pindah tempat dibandingkan dengan fixed platform. Dalam perancangannya, diperlukan suatu pengujian stabilitas pada rancangan desain untuk mengetahui kelayakan platform agar dapat bekerja secara optimal.

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One of the things that became an obstacle in increasing the production of crude oil in Indonesia is the lack of availability of oil exploration tool that can potentially accommodate some point region. Semi-submersible platform is a solution to overcome these problems with its ability to move where compared to fixed platforms. In the design process, it is needed to do a stability test to determine the feasibility of the platform in order to work optimally."

"Pengukuran reliabilitas telah digunakan dalam beberapa metoda non deterministik pada network penjadwalan pelaksanaan konstruksi.Dalam tesis ini penulis membandingkan dan mengevaluasi dua metoda non deterministik yaitu: (1) Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT), dan (2) Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS). Untuk membandingkan kedua metoda tersebut maka keduanya digunakan dalam penyelesaian satu kasus dalam proyek konstruksi struktur bawah anjungan lepas pantai (offshore platform jacket) yang memiliki 14 paket kegiatan dalam network .Hasil yang diperoleh dari setiap metoda dibandingkan dan dievaluasi berdasarkan atas fungsi keberhasilan/ reliabilitasnya. Penulis mendapatkan bahwa metoda PERT merupakan metoda yang Iebih sederhana dan menghasilkan durasi pelaksanaan yang lebih optimistik, sedangkan metoda MCS menghasilkan waktu yang relatif lebih lama/ konservatif.Sebelum melakukan evaluasi metoda non deterministik, per1u dibuat perencanaan dan penjadwalan konstruksi. Secara spesifik, perencanaan dan penjadwalan konstruksi mencakup proses penetapan lingkup proyek, perumusan struktur hierarki proyek, perumusan kegiatan, pengaturan sumber daya, identifikasi durasi dan penentuan Iogika ketergantungan antar kegiatan, serta perhitungan durasi proyek. Lintasan kritis, yang dalam pengertian lain dikatakan sebagai durasi proyek, merupakan lintasan pada suatu network yang melintasi kegiatan-kegiatan sedemikian rupa sehingga jumlah durasinya merupakan yang terpanjang.Dalam penjadwalan pada pelaksanaan konstruksi struktur bawah anjungan lepas pantai diperoleh lintasan kritis adalah sebagai berikut: Rolling Cans- F-030; Splice Legs- F-050; Lay out Legs -F-070; Install Braces- F-080; Install Elevation- F-100; Install Appurtenance Prior to Roll up- F-110; Roll up & Welding Out- F-120; Fabrication Complete- F-130; Painting- F-140; dan Load Out & Tie Down- F-150.

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Reliability measurement was used in several non-deterministic methods for construction project networking.In this study, the writer compare and evaluate two non-deterministic methods: (1) Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT), and (2) Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS). To compare the two methods the writer solved a case study of offshore platform jacket construction, which has 14 activity packages in a network, by using each of the methods.The results obtained by each method were compared and evaluated based on the survival function/ reliability. The writer found that PERT is the simplest method and yield the more optimistic result, while MCS produce conservative result.Before evaluating the probabilistic methods, a Construction Planning and Scheduling should be generated. As specific, the CPS comprises of determine project scope; formulate Work Breakdown Structure; formulate activities; estimate resource allocation; determine activity duration and sequence logic activities; and finally calculate project duration. Critical path, calls as project duration, is the sequential combination of activities and relationships from project start to finish that requires the longest time to complete.The results obtained by the CPS were critical path activities of the offshore platform jacket that comprise of Rolling Cans- F-030; Splice Legs-F-050; Lay out Legs -F-070; Install Braces- F-080; Install Elevation- F-100; Install Appurtenance Prior to Roll up- F-110; Roll up & Welding Out- F-120; Fabrication Complete- F-130; Painting- F-140; and Load Out & Tie Down- F-150."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perilaku aman awak kapal tunda PT. X yang beroperasi di anjungan lepas pantai area Balikpapan tahun 2004, dan merupakan studi yang bersifat kualitatif dengan variabel data bersifat kualitatif dan kuantitatif, yang kemudian dikuantitatifkan dengan pendekatan cross-sectional. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah semua awak kapal tunda PT. X yang beroperasi di anjungan lepas pantai area Balikpapan dengan jumlah keseluruhan responden sebanyak 86 orang. Analisis data menggunakan analisis statistik yaitu analisis univariat, dilanjutkan dengan analisis bivariat menggunakan uji signifikasi (chi-square), kemudian analisis multivariat menggunakan uji regresi logistik.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mayoritas awak kapal tunda (73 orangl 84.9%) mempunyai perilaku aman yang baik dalam menunjang keselamatan operasi harian. Berdasarkan uji signifikasi (chi-square) dan uji regresi logistik yang dilakukan terhadap dua belas variabel independen, diketahui bahwa faktor yang berkorelasi secara signifikan dengan perilaku aman awak kapal tunda PT. X adalah faktor masa kerja yang merupakan faktor internal.Masa kerja terbukti mempengaruhi perilaku aman awak kapal tunda PT. X sehingga untuk meningkatkan perilaku aman awak kapal tunda diperlukan adanya sistem pertukaran informasi/ pengalaman antara awak kapal senior atau awak kapal yang mempunyai masa kerjal pengalaman lebih lama kepada awak kapal baru (seperti pertemuan pagi harian, ramah tamah antara awak kapal yang libur dan personil darat bulanan/ perdua bulan, dan lain sebagainya sesuai kondisi operasional perusahaan), dan perlunya divisi HSE perusahaan bersama dengan personil darat lainnya untuk lebih aktif menginformasikan/ mengimplementasikan manual HSE sehingga timbul kesadaran awak kapal akan keutamaan keselamatan diatas kegiatan operasional atau kegiatan lainnya, karena hal ini juga didukung oleh pihak penyewa. Selain hal diatas perlu juga ditingkatkan dan digiatkan kegiatan pelatihan baik internal maupun eksternal dengan fasilitator perusahaan, dikarenakan keterbatasan penghasilan awak kapal, dan tanggungjawab perusahaan akan keselamatan dan peningkatan kemampuan/ pengetahuan awak kapal. Untuk peningkatan program pendidikan budaya keselamatan lainnya, bisa dilaksanakan propaganda melalui pamflet/ poster keselamatan, pencontohan penggunaan APD yang baik oleh personil darat, serta sosialisasi resikoresiko kecelakaan di kapal tunda yang mungkin terjadi.Peneliti berharap penelitian ini dapat memberikan rekomendasi dan masukan kepada PT. X untuk pembuatan program guna mengurangi angka kecelakaan pada umumnya, dan khususnya untuk meningkatkan sadar keselamatan melalui program sadar keselamatan yang akan dirancang.

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This research is going to find factors influence safety attitude of crew tugboats PT. X that. operated on offshore platform Balikpapan area 2004, and constitute of qualitative study with qualitative and quantitative data variable, then made it quantitative with cross-sectional approach. Population in this research are all of the crew tugboats PT. X that operated on offshore Balikpapan with quantity of responden. 86 person. Data analysis using statistic analysis i.e univariate analysis, follow up by bivariate analysis with chi square test, then multivariate analysis using logistic regression test.

Result of research show that majority of crew tugboats (73 person/ 84.9%) having good safety attitude for supporting daily safety operation. Basis chi square test and logistic regression test had done to twelve independence variables, result that related factor significant influence safety attitude of crew tugboats PT. X is working period, it's one of research internal factors.

Working period proven tobe influence safety attitude of crew tugboats PT. X, and to improve safety attitude of crew tugboats need proper system information exchange/ experiences between senior crews or crews having morel longer experiences to junior crews (like daily morning meeting, monthly or bi-monthly conversable between off duty crews and onshore personnel, and etc asper company's operational condition), and HSE division with others onshore personnel need more active to inform/ implement HSE manual, enable develop safety awareness crew tugboats with safety priority upon operational activity or other activities, since this is also supported by the chatterer. Besides the above mentioned, need to improve and more active in training activities (internal or external) which facilitated by company, since limitedness of crews income, and company responsibility with safety and crew skill/ knowledge development. Other improvement safety culture program could be done by propaganda using safety pamphlet/ poster, proper utilizing PPE training by onshore personnel as sample, and also socialization with accident risks onboard that might be happened.

Researcher hopefully this research could give proper recommendation and input to PT. X for developing one program aim to minimize incident rate (common purpose), and to improve safety awareness through safety awareness program that will be developed by the company (specific purpose)."

"ABSTRAKProduksi minyak dan gas di Indonesia telah dilakukan lebih dari tiga puluhtahun, lebih dari 70% anjungan lepas pantai di Indonesia telah malampaui umurdesainnya dan akan terus meningkat jumlahnya seiring berjalannya waktu sertabiaya dekomisionig dan membangun platform baru yang relatif mahal. Platformyang mengalami penuaan dan penurunan akibat korosi, kerusakan dan anomalilainnya akan memunculkan masalah terhadap integritas struktur kecuali dikeloladan dirawat dengan baik dengan program inspeksi, perawatan, perbaikan sertametode analisis struktural yang baik. Program inspeksi bawah air rutin telah diaturpemerintah dalam keputusan Ditjen Migas No. 21.K/38/DJM/1999, dan sejaktahun 2013 pemerintah telah mengeluarkan persetujuan penerapan rencanainspeksi bawah air berbasis risiko dalam surat edaran Ditjen Migas no8433/18.01/DMT/2013 yang memberikan kesempatan kepada operator untukmengoptimalkan sumber daya untuk program peningkatan integritas struktural.Salah satu faktor yang menentukan risiko suatu platform adalah kemungkinankegagalan yang selama ini dinilai dengan pendekatan semikuantitatif. Tulisan iniakan membahas pendekatan kuantitatif terhadap penilaian kemungkinankegagalan anjungan lepas pantai berdasarkan tingkat robustness melalui analisakekuatan ultimit yang akan meningkatkan konfidensi dalam penilaiankemungkinan kegagalan sesuai dengan karakter struktur, metocean, serta anomaliplatform di wilayah perairan Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwametode semikuantitatif yang selama ini diterapkan dalam perencanaan inspeksiberbasis risiko untuk menyusun kemungkinan kegagalan platform telah cukupmengidentifikasi sejumlah faktor yang berpotensi memperngaruhi kemunduranstruktur, namun tidak cukup memberikan gambaran pengaruhnya terhadap tingkatkemunduran platform. Pendekatan kuantitaif dapat memberikan gambaranpengaruh anomali terhadap kemunduran platform yang lebih baik.

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ABSTRACTProduction of oil and gas in Indonesia has been performed over thirtyyears, more than 70% of offshore platforms in Indonesia has exceed of design lifeand will continue increase in number over time since decommisioning cost andbuild a new platform is relatively expensive. Agein and deteriorated offshoreplatforms as a result of corrosion, damage and other anomalies would bring up theissue of the structural integrity unless managed by inspection, maintenance, repairprogram and good structural analysis methods. Routine underwater inspectionprogram has been regulated by the government on Keputusan Ditjen Migas No.21.K/3/DJM/1999, since 2013 the government has issued approval of theimplementation risk-based underwater inspection planning on Surat Edaran DitjenMigas No. 8433/18.01/DMT/2013, which provides the opportunity for theoperator to optimize the resources to improve the structural integrity. One of thefactor that determine the risk of an offshore platform is the Likelihood of Failure(LoF) that assessed by semiquantitative approach. This paper will discuss thequantitative approach as a tools to assess the Likelihood of Failure of offshoreplatforms based on the level of robustness through ultimate strength analysis thatwill increase confidence to assess the Likeihood of Failure in accordance with thecharacter of the structure, metocean, as well as anomalies of offshore platforms inthe territorial waters of Indonesia. Result shown that the recent semiquantitativeapproach to identifiy likelihood of failure is enough to capture some potentialfactor affecting platform deterioration, however can not present level of platformdeterioration for each factor. Quantitative approach give better acknowledge aboutthe effect of anomaly to platform deterioration."

"The fixed jacket isstill the most common offshore structure used for drilling and oil production.The structure consists of tubular members interconnected to form athree-dimensional space frame, which can be categorized into a columnstructure. The structure usually has four to eight legs that are battered toachieve stability against axial compressive loads and toppling due to waveloads. The configuration of a typical member on the jacket structure hassignificant influence on buckling and fatigue strength. Horizontal and diagonalbraces play an important role in resisting the axial compression and wave loadon the global structure. Thispaper discusses the effect of symmetrical and asymmetrical configuration shapesin buckling and fatigue strength analysis on two types of fixed jacket offshoreplatforms. The axial compressive and lateral (wave) loads were considered andapplied to both structures. The material and dimensions of the two structureswere assumed to be constant and homogenous. Crack extension and corrosion werenot considered. To assess the buckling and fatigue strength of thesestructures, due to the symmetrical and asymmetrical configuration shape, thefinite element method (FEM) was adopted. Buckling analysis was performed onthese structures by taking two-dimensional planes into consideration to obtainthe critical buckling load for the local plane; fatigue life analysis was thencalculated to produce the fatigue life of those structures. The result obtainedby FEM was compared with the analytical solution for the critical bucklingload. The stress-strain curve was also applied to show the difference betweensymmetrical and asymmetrical shapes. For fatigue life analysis, the procedureof the response amplitude operator was applied."

"The fixed jacket is still the most common offshore structure used for drilling and oil production. The structure consists of tubular members interconnected to form a three-dimensional space frame, which can be categorized into a column structure. The structure usually has four to eight legs that are battered to achieve stability against axial compressive loads and toppling due to wave loads. The configuration of a typical member on the jacket structure has significant influence on buckling and fatigue strength. Horizontal and diagonal braces play an important role in resisting the axial compression and wave load on the global structure. This paper discusses the effect of symmetrical and asymmetrical configuration shapes in buckling and fatigue strength analysis on two types of fixed jacket offshore platforms. The axial compressive and lateral (wave) loads were considered and applied to both structures. The material and dimensions of the two structures were assumed to be constant and homogenous. Crack extension and corrosion were not considered. To assess the buckling and fatigue strength of these structures, due to the symmetrical and asymmetrical configuration shape, the finite element method (FEM) was adopted. Buckling analysis was performed on these structures by taking two-dimensional planes into consideration to obtain the critical buckling load for the local plane; fatigue life analysis was then calculated to produce the fatigue life of those structures. The result obtained by FEM was compared with the analytical solution for the critical buckling load. The stress-strain curve was also applied to show the difference between symmetrical and asymmetrical shapes. For fatigue life analysis, the procedure of the response amplitude operator was applied."

"This book provides a brief overview of passive, semi-active and active control schemes to deal with vibration of offshore platforms. It then comprehensively and systematically discusses the recent advances in active systems with optimal, sliding model, delayed feedback and network-based control. Intended for readers interested in vibration control and ocean engineering, it is particularly useful for researchers, engineers, and graduate students in the fields of system and control community, vibration control, ocean engineering, as well as electrical and electronic engineering."