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"ABSTRACTPeriodontal disease has been defined as the pathological processes that involve the periodontium. These pathological changes may be limited to one of the constituent parts of the periodontium as in chronic gingivitis, or include several or all of the tissues. Most periodontal diseases are specific to the periodontium, but in some cases they may be manifestations of general disease or diseases of other organs WHO, TRS 207, 1961). Such a definition or description of periodontal disease is somewhat all encompassing. Indeed, some indices developed to measure periodontal disease appear to have considered the condition as a continuum of a single disease entity. Thus, the periodontal index (Russell 1956) uses an increasing scoring system as gingival inflammation worsens, pocketing develops and tooth mobility occurs. Similarly the Periodontal Disease Index (Ramfjord 1959) scores higher as gingivitis develops and loss of attachment occurs. In our present state of knowledge it would appear that periodontal disease is not a single entity with different degrees of severity. The umbrella title periodontal disease encompasses a number of disease states, some of which may be specific infections in a susceptible host. Unfortunately, our knowledge is still incomplete so that the full picture has yet to be unraveled.A variety of classifications for periodontal disease have been proposed with broad agreement for the terms chronic gingivitis, chronic adult periodontitis, prepubertal periodontitis, chronic juvenile periodontitis, and rapidly progressive (adult) periodontitis (Gotlieb 1923, Butler 1969, Baer 1971, Page et al 1983a,b, Bystrom et al 1983, Cutress 1986). Further subdivisions of these disease states have been suggested, and include descriptive terminology such as localized and generalized (Baer 1971, Page et al 1983a). Additionally, the condition refractory periodontitis has been suggested to describe disease, which has failed to respond to conventional therapy (Gordon et al 1985).Despite the identification of apparently distinct chronic disease states of the periodontal tissues, it would appear most of the conditions diagnosed by present day clinical techniques fall within the categories of chronic gingivitis or chronic (adult) periodontitis. Perhaps fortunately, the other disease entities are rare (Page et al 1983a,b, Bystrom et al 1983, Cutress 1986).The one factor common to all the chronic disease states of the periodontal tissues appears to be a bacterial aetiology or at least a bacterial association. As with all "infections" host factors play an important role in the susceptibility and progress of disease. Nevertheless, bacterial deposits are always found in association with periodontal disease states and at present prevention and treatment is aimed at elimination of bacteria from tissues sites. The association of bacterial plaque to periodontal disease was first derived from epidemiological data (Ash et al 1964). Evidence for a direct aetiological role of bacterial plaque, at least in the initiation of chronic gingivitis was shown by subsequent clinical experimentation (Lae et al 1965).The specificity of the bacteria in plaque to disease states is still hotly debated. Universal acceptance of one of either the non-specific plaque hypothesis (Miller 1890) or the specific plaque hypothesis (Tanner et al 1979) has not occurred.Even for chronic gingivitis it appears uncertain whether clinically measurable inflammation occurs in association with a critical plaque mass or a significant increase in the proportions of certain bacterial species for example, Actinomyces species, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Bacteroides rnelaninogenicus and Bacteroides intermedius (Loesche and Syed 1978, Moore et al 1982a, Moore et al 1987).Similarly in chronic adult periodontitis, there is strong association between Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria and disease (Slots 1977b, Spiegel et al 1979, Tanner et al 1984, Mandell et al 1987). Furthermore certain organisms are frequently reported at sites of disease activity or rapid disease progression and include Bacteroides gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Bacteroides forsythus, Elkenella corrodens, Bacteroides intermedius and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Tanner et al 1979, 1984). However, these data are derived, for the most part, from extremely small numbers of patients. Moreover, it must be remember that in excess of 300 species and 35 genera of bacteria have been identified from human periodontal sites (Moore 1987). A further 100 or more species are thought to exist, but have as yet proved impossible to isolate and identify.To date there have been no epidemiological studies of the microflora associated with periodontal disease. In fact, the feasibility of microbiological testing in the field has not even been assessed. The nearest attempts to large-scale oral microbiology surveys have been from clinical trials of oral hygiene products looking for adverse shifts in flora or resistance to antimicrobial agents (Volpe et al 1969a, Stallard et al 1969, Schlott et al 1976)."

"Mayoritas penelitian menemukan hubungan periodontitis dengan stres, namun hubungannya dengan hormon kortisol pada cairan krevikular gingiva belum diteliti. Tujuan: Mengevaluasi pengaruh stres pada mahasiswa program akademik FKGUI terhadap kondisi periodontal dan kadar kortisol dalam CKG. Pemeriksaan Dental Environtmental Stress, indeks periodontal (OHIS, BOP, PPD, CAL), dan kadar kortisol terhadap 39 subjek, ditemukan perbedaan OHIS (p=0,023), BOP (p=0,000), PPD (p=0,004), dan CAL (p=0,004), namun tidak ada perbedaan kadar kortisol (p=0,456) diantara tingkatan stres. Tidak ada perbedaan kadar kortisol pada OHIS (p=0,587), BOP (p=0,470), PPD (p=0,863), dan CAL (p=0,863). Tidak ada perbedaan bermakna antara stres akademik dan kadar kortisol, dengan kondisi periodontal.

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Majority of investigations associating chronic periodontitis with stress found positive correlation, but no investigations correlating with cortisol in gingival crevicular fluid. Purpose: To evaluate the relationship between stress experienced by academic students FKGUI, periodontium, and cortisol. Survey using Dental Environtmental Stress (DES), clinical examinations (OHIS, BOP, PPD, and CAL), and cortisol level. 39 subjects show differences in OHIS (p=0.023), BOP (p=0.000), PPD (p=0,004), and CAL (p=0,004) between stress level and no differences in cortisol level (p=0,456). No differences in cortisol level between OHIS (p=0,587), BOP (p=0,470), PPD (p=0,863), and CAL (p=0,863). No significant differences between stress, cortisol level and periodontium."

"Persalinan prematur definisi adalah persalinan prematur adalah persalinan masa kehamilan kurang dari 37 minggu (WHO, 1993), penelitian Rooney B & Calhoun B.C, (2003) menjelaskan bahwa prematur terjadi masa kehamilan antara 20 minggu sampai kurang 37 minggu.Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui risiko penyakit periodontal terhadap kejadian persalinan prematur berdasarkan pemeriksaan klinis, antara lain Level perlekatan klinis (Clinical Attachment Level/CAL), Periodontal poket dalam (Periodontal Pocket in Depth/PPD), Perdarahan probing (Bleeding on Probing/BOP) dan mengetahui ibu hamil menderita penyakit periodontal lebih berisiko terjadi persalinan prematur daripada tidak menderita penyakit periodontal.Penelitian observasional dengan disain kasus kontrol yang dilakukan di fasilitas kesehatan (hospital based). Penelitian dilaksanakan pada beberapa rumah sakit di Pontianak seperti RSUD dr Soedarso, RSIA Anugrah Bunda Khatulistiwa, RSIA Jeumpa dan RS Kharitas Bakti. Besar sampel minimal dalam penelitian dengan kasus 87 responden dan kontrol 98 responden, pengumpulan data dilakukan bulan agustus 2014 s/d mei 2015.Hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa proporsi penyakit periodontal dengan persalinan prematur sebesar 71,40% dan pada persalinan aterm 49,00%. Sedangkan proporsi yang tidak menderita penyakit periodontal dengan persalinan prematur 28,60%, pada persalinan aterm 51,00%. Penyakit periodontal berhubungan bermakna dengan resiko 2,4 lebih besar dibandingkan tidak menderita penyakit periodontal. Sebagai konfonder berhubungan bermakna antara lain faktor resiko ANC dan Pekerjaan.Saran penelitian ini, ibu hamil dapat melakukan pemeriksaan penyakit periodontal pada tata laksana ANC baik pada pelayanan dasar maupun rujukan pada ibu hamil.

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Preterm labor is the definition of preterm labor is labor gestation less than 37 weeks (WHO, 1993), research Rooney B.C B & Calhoun (2003) explain that premature occur between 20 weeks gestation until less than 37 weeks.The study was conducted to determine the risk of periodontal disease on the incidence of preterm birth based on clinical examination, including Clinical Attachment Level (CAL), Periodontal Pocket in Depth (PPD), Bleeding on Probing (BOP) that pregnant women suffer from periodontal disease is a risk of premature delivery than not suffer from periodontal disease.Observational study with case control design conducted in health facilities (hospital based). The experiment was conducted at several hospitals in Singapore as dr Soedarso, RSIA Anugrah Mother Equator, RSIA JEUMPA and RS Kharitas Bakti. Minimum sample size in the study with the case of 87 respondents and 98 control respondents, data collection conducted in August 2014 s / d of May, 2015.The result showed that the proportion of periodontal disease and preterm labor at 71.40% and 49.00% of term deliveries. While the proportion who do not suffer from periodontal disease and preterm labor 28.60%, 51.00% in labor at term. Periodontal disease significantly associated with the risk greater than 2.4 do not suffer from periodontal disease. As confounder significant relationship between other risk factors ANC and Employment.Suggestion of this study, pregnant women can conduct examination of periodontal disease in ANC governance both at primary and referral services to pregnant women."

"ABSTRAK Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui peran pek periodontal terhadap kesembuhan jaringan periodontium setelah tindakan kuret. Penelitian ini telah dilakukan pada 6 pasien yang terdiri dari 4 pria dan 2 wanita dengan usia 18-35 tahun. Pasien mempunyai kelainan periodontitis marginalis kronis dengan poket supraboni 3-4 mm. Jumlah gigi yang terlibat sebanyak 80 gigi yang terbagi dalam 10 pasang kelompok gigi. Sebelum tindakan kuret, subyek dilakukan perawatan inisial yang meliputi pembersihan karang gigi, ?occlusal adjustment? dan intruksi untuk menjaga kebersihan mulut. Tindakan kuret dilakukan setelah Gingival index dan Plague index kurang atau sama dengan 1. Aplikasi pek periodontal dilakukan dengan menggunakan metoda "toss coin technic". Penilaian tingkat kesembuhan dievaluasi pada hari ke 7, 14 dan 21 dengan menggunakan parameter Papilla Bleeding Index. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan bermakna pada kesembuhan klinis jaringan periodontium setelah tindakan kuret pada kelompok gigi dengan atau tanpa penggunaan pek periodontal. "

"Latar belakang: Populasi di Asia memiliki beberapa faktor risiko periodontitis terkaitanatomi dan mikroorganisme dalam rongga mulutnya. Periodontitis merupakan ancamanbesar terhadap kesehatan mulut dan dapat menimbulkan gejala perubahan klinis sepertimunculnya tanda-tanda inflamasi serta terjadinya peningkatan pocket probing depth(PPD) dan clinical attachment loss (CAL) yang dapat menyebabkan rasa tidak nyamanpada penderitanya baik dalam aspek fisik, psikologis, maupun sosial. Tujuan: Untukmenganalisis pengaruh terapi periodontal terhadap nilai OHRQoL pada penderitaperiodontitis di Asia dari studi yang menggunakan kuesioner OHIP-14. Metode: Ujimeta-analisis serta penyusunan systematic review (PROSPERO CRD42020203254)dengan pencarian literatur pada online database yaitu PubMed, Scopus, dan EBSCO.Studi yang diidentifikasi kemudian melalui tahapan skrining, penilaian eligibilitas, daninklusi menggunakan pedoman Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews andMeta-Analyses (PRISMA). Hasil: Sebanyak enam studi memenuhi kriteria inklusi untukdilakukan systematic review dan empat studi dengan intervensi terapi periodontal nonbedahdiikutsertakan dalam meta-analisis. Analisis kuantitatif dilakukan pada tigarentang waktu follow-up yaitu minggu ke-1 dan 2 dengan mean difference [95% CI]: -13,31 [-33,71 ; 7,10], minggu ke-4 dan 5 dengan mean difference [95% CI]: -16,12 [-35,27 ; 3,03], serta minggu ke 9 hingga 12 dengan mean difference [95% CI]: -4,14 [-6,85 ; -1,43]. Kesimpulan: Terapi periodontal dapat meningkatkan OHRQoL penderitaperiodontitis di Asia. Peningkatan tersebut dapat terlihat paling signifikan pada mingguke-4 dan 5 pasca terapi.

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Background: Asians have periodontitis risk factors regarding to the anatomy andmicroorganisms found in their oral cavity. Periodontitis is one of the most prevalentdiseases that affects the oral cavity, causing several symptoms such as inflammation andincrease in pocket probing depth (PPD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL). Symptomscaused by periodontitis may cause discomfort in some aspects of life such as physical,psychological, and social aspect. Objective: To analyze the impacts of periodontaltherapy on OHRQoL in periodontitis patients in Asia from studies using OHIP-14questionnaire. Methods: Meta-analysis and systematic review (PROSPEROCRD42020203254) of the studies obtained from three databases (PubMed, Scopus, andEBSCO). Identified studies were screened and assessed following the PreferredReporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.Results: From 641 studies retrieved, six met the criteria for qualitative analysis. Studiesusing non-surgical periodontal treatment are also included for meta-analysis. Quantitativeanalysis were conducted by categorizing the follow-up period into three groups: 1-2weeks follow-up with mean difference [95% CI]: -13.31 [-33.71 ; 7.10], 4-5 weeksfollow-up with mean difference [95% CI]: -16.12 [-35.27 ; 3.03], and 9-12 weeks followupwith mean difference [95% CI]: -4.14 [-6.85 ; -1.43]. Conclusion: Periodontal therapycan enhance the OHRQoL of periodontitis patients in Asia. The most significant impactcan be seen on the follow-up period of 4-5 weeks"

"Latar Belakang: Penyakit jaringan periodontal adalah penyakit gigi dan mulut kedua yang terbanyak, setelah karies gigi. Penyakit jaringan periodontal meliputi keradangan gusi atau gingivitis dan periodontitis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan faktor risiko penyakit jaringan periodontal di Indonesia. Metode: Sampel adalah seluruh anggota rumah tangga yang berusia 15 tahun ke atas dan berjumlah 722.329 orang. Disain penelitian adalah potong lintang. Data diambil dari data sekunder Riskesdas tahun 2013 di 33 (tiga puluh tiga) propinsi dan 497 kabupaten/kota di Indonesia. Hasil: Faktor risiko seperti usia, jenis kelamin, pendidikan, pekerjaan, status ekonomi, perilaku benar menyikat gigi, makan buah dan sayur, aktivitas fisik, merokok, hipertensi, dan stress berpengaruh terhadap kesehatan gigi dan mulut khususnya jaringan periodontal. Kesimpulan: Hampir semua faktor risiko bermakna terhadap penyakit periodontal gigi, kecuali pada diabetes melitus, stroke dan makan buah dan sayur. Namun yang paling besar pengaruhnya adalah faktor merokok."