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"ABSTRACTRespiration process is major function of the lung. Respiration had 3 process that are ventilation, difussion and perfusion. Ventilation is process that oxygen entire to the lung and carbonmonoxide out from the alveoli to outer space. Ventilation processes is usually used as a parameter test of lung function in daily practice. One of lung function test is spirornetry that used to evaluate ventilation function of the lung."

"Penyakit saluran pernapasan merupakan salah satu indikator dalam status kesehatan yang pada usia anak. Penyakit yang biasa menyerang saluran pernapasan pada anak yaitu Infeksi Saluran Pernafasan Akut (ISPA) baik yang disebabkan oleh bakteri maupun virus. ISPA merupakan penyakit infeksi akut yang menyerang saluran pernafasan, mulai dari hidung hingga alveoli. Prevalensi ISPA pada tahun 2018 ini berada di atas prevalensi ISPA Indonesia, yaitu 5.3%. ISPA merupakan penyakit yang paling banyak terjadi di Kabupaten Tangerang, yaitu ada 207.434 kasus, dan termasuk 10 besar penyakit yang terjadi di Kabupaten Tangerang berdasarkan laporan dari puskesmas dan menempati urutan pertama. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan ISPA berulang pada balita. Metode penelitian menggunakan metode cross sectional. Sampel sebanyak 350 keluarga yang memiliki balita dengan riwayat ISPA yang datang ke posyandu yang diambil dengan teknik Total Sampling. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji univariat, bivariat, dan multivariate dengan menggunakan regresi logistik multivariat. Hasil penelitian menunjukan faktor usia, status gizi, status imunisasi, status ekonomi keluarga, dan terpapar asap rokok, dengan p value<0,05. Faktor yang paling dominan yang berpengaruh terhadap ISPA berulang pada balita adalah usia balita.

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Respiratory disease is an indicator of the health status of children. The disease that usually attacks the respiratory tract in children is acute respiratory infections (ARI) caused by both bacteria and viruses. ARI is an acute infectious disease that attacks the respiratory tract, ranging from the nose to the alveoli. The prevalence of ARI in 2018 is above the prevalence of ARI in Indonesia, which is 5.3%. ARI is the most common disease in Tangerang Regency, where there are 207,434 cases, and including the top 10 diseases that occur in Tangerang District based on reports from puskesmas and ranked first. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors associated with recurrent ARI in infants. The research method uses cross sectional method. A sample of 350 families who have children under five years old with a history of ARI coming that coming to the posyandu were taken with a total sampling technique. Data were analyzed using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate tests using multivariate logistic regression. The results showed age, age, nutritional status, immunization status, family economic status, dan exposure to cigarette smoke, with p value<0.05. The most dominant factor influencing recurrent ARI in infants is exposure to age of cigarette smoageke."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efikasi latihan otot-otot pernafasan yang spesifik terhadap pasien Penyakit Paru Obstruksi Kronis (PPOK). Untuk mencapai tujuan ini digunakan jenis deskriptif-analitis. Metode deskriptif untuk menghasilkan informasi yang menyangkut masing-masing variabel dependen ,dan variabel independen .Sedangkan metode analitis ,yaitu randomized clinical trial untuk mengetahui efek latihan otot pernafasan. Dilakukan alokasi random sehingga didapatkan 8 pasien PPOK yang masuk dalam latihan pernafasan, dan 8 pasien yang masuk dalam latihan pemulihan. Sedangkan 7 orang pasien PPOK lagi tidak diberikan intervensi dan tidak melalui alokasi random ,dimasukkan sebagai kontrol dalam penelitian ini. Kelompok pernafasan mendapat latihan pernafasan diafragma + Pursed Lip Breathing (PLB). Latihan pernafasan dilakukan tiap hari di rumah , dan 3 kali se minggu datang ke Instalasi Rehabilitasi Medik untuk latihan dengan supervisi. Kelompok pemulihan berlatih dengan sepeda statis. Kelompok pemulihan berlatih 3 kali se minggu di Instalasi Rehabilitasi Medik, berlatih di bawah supervisi. Intervensi diberikan selama 8 minggu. Metoda analisis dilakukan sebagai berikut : Analisis univariat untuk mengetahui frekuensi karakteristik masing-masing kelompok. Sedangkan analisis bivariat (uji-t berpasangan, uji Wilcoxon) untuk mengetahui efek akibat intervensi. Hasil dari penelitian sebagai berikut: Pada kelompok pernafasan didapati kekuatan otot ekspirasi (MEP) tampak meningkat bermakna. (p< 0,05), derajat sesak berkurang ( p>O,05), dan kemampuan berjalan meningkat dengan bermakna (p(0,05). Namun, pada kelompok pernafasan dijumpai pula peningkatan tahanan jalan udara (Raw) (p>0,05). Pada kelompok pemulihan didapati penurunan udara residu (RV] paling besar meskipun tidak bermakna (p>0,05), kesegaran jasmani (V02 maksimum) meningkat (p>0,05). Pada kelompok kontrol didapati penurunan kekuatan otot ekspirasi (MEP) mendekati bermakna (p>0,05). Kekuatan otot inspirasi (MIP) memberikan hasil tidak seperti harapan, meskipun tidak bermakna tampak MIP justru menurun pada ke dua kelompok dengan intervensi, dan meningkat pada kontrol (p>0,05). Dari hasil penelitian tersebut di atas diperoleh kesimpulan sebagai berikut: latihan pemafasan dan pemulihan, ke duanya memperbaiki kualitas hidup yang dibuktikan dengan meningkatnya kemampuan berjalan. Keberhasilan ke duanya didapat dengan pendekatan yang berbeda, latihan pemafasan dengan meningkatnya kekuatan otot ekspirasi, menyebabkan sesak berkurang, dengan demikian kualitas hidup membaik. Latihan pemulihan dengan terjadinya peningkatan kesegaran jasmani, didapati kualitas hidup yang membaik. Dengan demikian disarankan pemberian latihan otot pernafasan, bila latihan yang diberikan dimaksudkan untuk mengontrol sesak, dan latihan pemulihan bila bertujuan meningkatkan kesegaran jasmani. Selain hal tersebut di atas harus diingat bahwa pada latihan pernafasan diafragma + PLB, dijumpai peningkatan tahanan jalan udara. Sedangkan latihan pemulihan meskipun udara residu menurun paling besar, hal tersebut menyebabkan kekuatan otot inspirasi menurun.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of targeted respiratory muscle training in patient with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). The study was conducted using descriptive-analytical method. The descriptive method would result in information related to any dependent and independent variable. The analytical method of randomized clinical trial based the study of the effect of respiratory muscle training.

A random allocation was done resulted in 8 (eight) patients with COPD belonged the breathing exercise group, 8 (eight) patients received general exercises reconditioning. The other 7 (seven) patients with COPD belonged to a control group with no intervention and without random allocation. The respiration group underwent diaphragmatic breathing exercises + Pursed Lip Breathing (PLB). Breathing exercises were done daily at home and 3 (three) times a week, under supervision at The Instalation of Rehabilitation Medicine, Dr.Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. The recoditioning group received exercises with ergocycle, 3 (three) times a week which lasted for 8 (eight) weeks under supervision at The Institution. The method of analysis was done as follows : Univariat analysis was conducted to study the frequency characteristics of groups. Bivariat analysis (paired-t test, Wilcoxon test) was conducted to study the effect of intervention.

Result of the study were as follows: The respiration group showed increased expiration muscle strength (MEP) significantly (p<0,05), degree of dyspnea decreased (p>0,05) and walking ability increased significantly (p'(0,05). However, the airway resistance (Raw) increased (p>0,05). In the reconditioning group decreased of residual volume (RV) was observed insignificantly (p>0,05) physical fitness (V02 Max) increased (p>0,05). In the control group decrease of respiratory muscles strength was observed almost significantly (p>O,05). The inspiratory muscle strength did not show result as expected, but decreased insignificantly in both groups with intervention and increased in the control group (p>0,05).

The conclusion of the study were as follows: Breathing excercises and reconditioning resulted in better quality of life as shown by increase in walking ability Both successes derived of different approaches: breathing exercises group by increase of expiratory muscle strength resulted in decrease of dyspnea and increase in quality of life. On the other side, reconditioning group resulted in better physical fitness and to better quality of life. Respiratory muscle training was recommended when the excersises were intended to control dyspnea and reconditioning was done if physical fitness was intended. We have to be aware of the increase of airway resistance in the diaphragmatic breathing excersises group + PLB. In the reconditioning group inspite of most decrease of residual air, there were decrease of inspiratory muscle strength."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji alasan-alasan yang mempengaruhi tingkat kepatuhan petugas terhadap-standar penatalaksanaan penyakit ISPA pads balita. Lokasi penelitian dilakukan di dua puskesmas yaitu Puskesmas Singkawang dan Puskesmas Condong Kabupaten Bcngkayang yang tingkat kepatuhannya masih rendah.Jenis penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dan sebagai informan adalah petugas kesehatan yang melayani balita yang menderita penyakit ISPA dan kepala puskesmas dengan mengadakan wawancara mendalam (indepth interview), sedangkan orang tua yang pemah membawa anaknya berobat dilakukan dengan diskusi kelompok terarah (focus group discussion).Karakteristik informan untuk petugas kesehatan yang dilihat adalah pengetahuan, pengalaman, motivasi, sikap, dan untuk kepala puskesmas yang dilihat adalah pengawasan atau supervisi sedangkan untuk orang tua yang dilihat adalah sikap terhadap pelayanan yang diberikan oleh petugas kesehatan terhadap anaknya.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa yang menyebabkan ketidakpatuhan petugas terhadap standar penatalaksanaan penyakit ISPA pada balita adalah rendahnya pengetahuan petugas tentang penyakit ISPA, dari pengalaman petugas adalah ketidaksesuaian dengan yang diharapkan setelah penderita diberikan pengobatan, kurangnya kesempatan untuk mengunakan standar, kurangnya pengawasan dari kepala puskesmas dan tidak adanya dorongan dari orang tua pasien agar petuas lebih cermat memeriksa anaknya sehingga petugas menggunakan standar.

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This study aims to investigate reasons affecting the staffs level of compliance on use of standard management for ISPA disease of children under five. The study was conducted at two puskesmas, namely Singkawang Puskesmas and Condong Puskesmas in Bengkayang District. Both puslcesmas were considered to have poor staffs compliance in using the standard.This study employed a qualitative approach. Informen were health staff who served children under five who suffered from ISPA disease and chiefs of both puskesmas from whom data were gathered by means of in-depth interview. In addition to the health staffs and chiefs of puskesmas, parents whose children were taken to see doctors contributed data by means of focus group discussion.Several traits of the informen were investigated. Characteristics such as knowledge, experience, motivation, attitude were grouped under the entry of health staffs, while chiefs of puskesmas had only one trait to consider, which was their supervision activity. Moreover, parents of the children were investigated in respect of their attitude toward the service delivered to the children by the health staffs.The study results show that factors causing staffs' compliance to standard management for ISPA disease of children under five were their lack of knowledge about the ISPA disease, discrepancies between diagnoses and post treatment results, lack of opportunity in using the standard, lack of supervision by the chief of puskesmas and lack of parents control over the use of the standard by the health staff while examining and treating their children."

"Acute Respiratory Tract infection (ARTI) commonly suffered by penple. On Indonesian Hajj Services, ARTI categorized to Respiratory Tract Diseases which have the most contribute to the number of medical contact services during three years, by > 50% of totally medical contact. Quality of live and productivity will be reduced by ARTI. Needed study for analyzed and evaluate the preventing effort on hajj health services. Suggested to operate and provide the health services for all of Hajj-candidate on pre-travelling preparation, with a special program to build a good behavior for maintain health status and increase access ability for medical services. Needed for study with more variables."