Penelitian ini membahas tentang bagaimana formulasi kebijakan Peraturan Presiden Nomor 20 Tahun 2018 dan peran unsur Tripartit dalam proses formulasi kebijakan. Formulasi kebijakan Peraturan Presiden Nomor 20 Tahun 2018 dilakukan untuk mempermudah prosedur perijinan penggunaan tenaga kerja asing sehingga dapat meningkatkan investasi asing. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dan termasuk jenis penelitian deskripsi karena berusaha menggambarkan formulasi kebijakan. Teknik pengumpulan data pada penelitian ini menggunakan wawancara mendalam dan studi kepustakaan untuk mempertajam analisis. Polemik di tengah masyarakat dan serikat buruh terjadi karena tujuan dimudahkannya proses perijinan investasi asing dalam Peraturan Presiden Nomor 20 Tahun 2018 untuk membuka lapangan pekerjaan bagi tenaga kerja indonesia ternyata tidak sejalan dengan penyerapan tenaga kerja indonesia, justru mengalami penurunan. Di satu sisi, terjadi kenaikan jumlah tenaga kerja asing di Indonesia. Hasil dari penelitian ini menggambarkan bahwa proses formulasi kebijakan telah melalui tahapan-tahapan formulasi kebijakan, mulai dari tahap identifikasi masalah sampai pengesahan kebijakan. Namun, peran unsur tripartit tidak dilibatkan dalam proses formulasi kebijakan Peraturan Presiden Nomor 20 Tahun 2018 sehingga kebijakan yang dihasilkan tidak merepresentasikan asas keadilan dan partisipasi masyarakat serta beberapa kebijakan bertentangan dengan undang-undang. Selain itu, naiknya angka investasi yang tidak disertai dengan naiknya penyerapan tenaga kerja mengindikasikan bahwa pemerintah perlu menggunakan perspektif serikat pekerja dalam proses penyusunan regulasi.
Kata Kunci: Formulasi Kebijakan, Tenaga Kerja Asing, Investasi, Perijinan, Tripartit
This study discusses how the policy formulation of Presidential Regulation Number 20 of 2018 and the role of Tripartite elements in the process of policy formulation. Policy formulation of Presidential Regulation No. 20 of 2018 is carried out to facilitate licensing procedures for the use of foreign workers so as to increase foreign investment. This research was conducted using a qualitative approach and included a type of description research because it tried to describe policy formulations. The data collection technique in this study used in-depth interviews and literature studies to sharpen the analysis. The polemic in the community and trade unions occur because the purpose of facilitating the process of licensing foreign investment in Presidential Regulation No. 20 of 2018 to open employment opportunities for Indonesian laborers is apparently not in line with the absorption of Indonesian labor, but has decreased. On the one hand, there is an increase in the number of foreign workers in Indonesia. The results of this study illustrate that the policy formulation process has gone through the stages of policy formulation, starting from the problem identification stage to the adoption of policies. However, the role of tripartite elements is not involved in the policy formulation process of Presidential Regulation No. 20 of 2018 so that the policy produced does not represent the principle of justice and community participation and some policies are contrary to the law. In addition, the increase in investment figures which are not accompanied by an increase in employment indicates that the government needs to use a trade union perspective in the process of drafting regulations.
Industrial relations cannot be separated from the occur between workers and employers. The conflicts that occur might be related to rights, interest, layoffs, and labour unions within an enterprise. Related to that, termination of employment occupies the highest trend in industrial relations conflicts. Seeing this case, a tripartite layoff is needed as a from of public service for the citizens with third parties as intermediaries. The settlement of labour relations conflict that occur PT. Panarub Dwi Karya Benoa (PT. PDK) located in Tangerang City was carried out by the Ministry of Manpower through quasi mediation. This study used qualitative data collection techniques with interviews and literature studies. The result of this study indicate the fact that there was a quasi mediation conducted by the Ministry of Manpower as one of the settlement in conflict termination that occurred at PT. PDK. The mediation was implemented after an agreement from the ILO was previously approved through national and international forums. Through the mediation process in resolving termination of employment faced some obstacles, such of as in human resources, the comprehension of the workers and employers in seeing the settlement conflict, and the slow services provided by the Ministry of Manpower in handling the conflict settlement. Some suggestions related to this matter are about the need to optimize socialization and guidance for industrial relations, upgrade mediator skills, as well as increasing cooperation with the citizen.
Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis pengaruh media sosial terhadap salah satu aspek psikologis penggunanya, yaitu kepuasan tubuh (body satisfaction), dengan menggabungkan dasar teori Tripartite Influence Model of Body Dissatisfaction dan teori Stimulus-Organism-Response, dan juga memodifikasi dengan penambahan faktor-faktor pemicu (stimulus) dari model dasar, yaitu aktivitas yang berkaitan dengan video penampilan fisik (photo-based activity), motivasi untuk terlihat baik dari media sosial (appearance motivation) dan literasi media sosial pengguna (social media literacy). Objek dari penelitian ini merupakan media sosial TikTok, sebagai salah satu media sosial berbasis gambar (photo-based) dengan subjek penelitian pengguna TikTok yang berbasis di Indonesia dan memiliki rentang umur 17 – 26 tahun. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode gabungan pendekatan kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Data kuantitatif didapatkan melalui penyebaran kuesioner dengan hasil 507 responden dan diolah menggunakan metode Covariance Based Structural Equation Modeling (CB-SEM) dengan bantuan aplikasi SPSS AMOS. Kemudian, untuk kualitatif dilakukan dengan mewawancarai 32 responden dan dianalisis dengan metode content-analysis. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa upward appearance comparison dipengaruhi oleh photo-based activity dan appearance motivation, sedangkan untuk thin-ideal internalization dipengaruhi oleh appearance motivation dan social media literacy. Upward appearance comparison dan thin ideal internalization comparison memberikan dampak buruk terhadap body satisfaction penggunanya. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan kontribusi bagi penelitian selanjutnya dalam topik pengaruh media sosial terhadap persepsi tubuh penggunanya, serta bagi pihak media sosial TikTok dalam usahanya menciptakan lingkungan media sosial yang sehat bagi penggunanya. ......This research was conducted to analyze the effect of media social on human's perception of their body image, specifically on body satisfaction, by combining a theoretical basis of the Tripartite Influence Model of Influence model and the Stimulus-Organism-Response theory, and also by modifying the stimulus factors, which are photo-based activity, appearance motivation, and social media literacy. The object of this research is TikTok, a photo-based social media, with the research subject of TikTok users based in Indonesia with age ranges from 17 to 26. This research was conducted with a mixed method, combining quantitative and qualitative approaches. The quantitative data was acquired by distributing questionnaires with the results of 507 respondents and was processed through Covariance Based Structural Equation Modeling (CB-SEM) method with the help of the SPSS AMOS application. As for the qualitative approach, the data was acquired by interviewing 32 respondents, and the answers were analyzed using a content-analysis method. This research indicated that upward appearance comparison is affected by photo-based activity and appearance motivation, as thin-ideal internalization is affected by appearance motivation and social media literacy. Both upward appearance comparison and thin-ideal internalization can be harmful to body satisfaction. Through the findings from this research, we hope to contribute to future research on related topics and for TikTok as the social media provider to create a healthier social media environment for their users