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Abstrak :
Terdapat 35,5% mahasiswa di Indonesia perokok aktif. Padahal, mahasiswa harusnya memiliki tingkat pendidikan yang tinggi. Tingkat pengetahuan merupakan aspek penting yang dinilai mampu memengaruhi kebiasaan merokok. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihathubungan tingkat pengetahuan mahasiswa Universitas Indonesia (UI) terhadap bahaya rokok dan kebiasaan merokok. Metode penelitian ini adalah studi potong lintang yang dilaksanakan di UIpada bulan Agustus2018 hingga Maret2019.Peneliti menggunakan kuesioner sebagai instrumen untuk disebarkan kepada 94 responden yang dipilih menggunakan teknik pengambilan acak.Uji yang dilakukan untuk menganalisis data adalah uji univariat untuk melihat distribusi perokok dan uji fisher untuk menilai hubungan variabel. Hasil analisis statistik menunjukkan9 responden (9,6%) merupakan perokok aktif. Dari 9 perokok aktif, mayoritas berjenis kelamin laki-laki(88,9%), berasal dari fakultas hukum (44,4%) menggunakan rokok putih(66,7%), usia awal merokok17 tahun(33,3%), mengonsumsi 5-10 batang rokok sehari (55,5%), hanyamenggunakan rokok konvensional(89%), dan derajat adiksi terhadap nikotinnya cenderung ringan. Mayoritas responden memiliki tingkat pengetahuan mengenai bahaya rokok yang tinggi, baik responden yang merokok(77%)maupun tidakmerokok (68%). Seluruhresponden mendapat informasi mengenai merokok dari media cetak dan elektronik (100%). Tidak ditemukan hubungan yang bermakna antara tingkat pengetahuan dengan kebiasaan merokokmaupun derajat adiksi nikotin. Penelitian ini menunjukkan penggunaan rokok pada mahasiswa UIsudah tidak terlalu banyak. Namun, tingkat pengetahuan yang tinggi tidak membuat mahasiswa tidak merokok. Hal ini disebabkan oleh perokok cenderung menyepelekan bahaya dari merokok terhadap diri sendiri atau sekitarnya. Derajat adiksi nikotin pada mahasiswa UI cenderung ringan. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa alasan mahasiswa UI merokok bukan disebabkan oleh kecanduan.

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There are 35.5% of students in Indonesia who are active smokers. In fact, students should have a high level of education. The level of knowledge is an important aspect that is considered capable of influencing smoking habits. This study aims to examine the relationship between the level of knowledge of students at the University of Indonesia (UI) on the dangers of smoking and smoking habits. This research method is a cross-sectional study conducted at UI from August 2018 to March 2019. The researcher used a questionnaire as an instrument to be distributed to 94 respondents who were selected using a random sampling technique. assess variable relationships. The results of statistical analysis showed 9 respondents (9.6%) were active smokers. Of the 9 active smokers, the majority were male (88.9%), came from law school (44.4%) used white cigarettes (66.7%), the initial age of smoking was 17 years (33.3%). 5-10 cigarettes a day (55.5%), only using conventional cigarettes (89%), and the degree of addiction to nicotine tends to be mild. The majority of respondents have a high level of knowledge about the dangers of smoking, both respondents who smoke (77%) and non-smokers (68%). All respondents received information about smoking from print and electronic media (100%). No significant relationship was found between the level of knowledge with smoking habits and the degree of nicotine addiction. This study shows that the use of cigarettes in UI students is not too much. However, a high level of knowledge does not prevent students from smoking. This is because smokers tend to underestimate the dangers of smoking to themselves or those around them. The degree of nicotine addiction in UI students tends to be mild. This shows that the reason why UI students smoke is not caused by addiction.

Abstrak :
Penggunaan rokok elektrik di Indonesia terus meningkat, terutama untuk kelompok usia muda. Persepsi masyarakat terhadap rokok elektrik dinilai mempengaruhi penggunaan rokok elektrik sehingga menjadi komponen penting dalam analisis dan evaluasi penggunaan rokok elektrik. Oleh karena itu, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menilai hubungan antara persepsi manfaat dan kerugian penggunaan rokok elektrik terhadap frekuensi penggunaan rokok elektrik khususnya di kalangan mahasiswa Universitas Indonesia. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah cross sectional study yang dilakukan di Universitas Indonesia dari bulan Juni 2018 sampai Juli 2019. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah kuesioner yang dibagikan kepada subjek penelitian terpilih dengan menggunakan teknik purposive sampling yaitu 104 mahasiswa Universitas Indonesia berusia 18-24 tahun. bertahun-tahun. Pengujian yang digunakan untuk analisis data adalah uji univariat untuk melihat distribusi prevalensi rokok elektrik dan uji chi-square untuk menilai hubungan antar variabel. Hasil analisis statistik menunjukkan bahwa dari 104 subjek mayoritas pengguna rokok elektrik adalah laki-laki (93,3%), berusia 20 tahun (37,5%), kuliah di fakultas teknik (40,4%), dan pernah menggunakan rokok elektrik. lebih dari 24 bulan (33,7%). Frekuensi penggunaan rokok elektrik dianggap seimbang, yaitu setiap pengguna rutin dan pengguna non-rutin adalah 50%. Mayoritas pengguna rokok elektrik juga multiple user (61,5%) dan jenis rokok konvensional yang paling banyak digunakan adalah kretek (54,7%). Mayoritas pengguna rokok elektrik di Universitas Indonesia juga memiliki persepsi positif tentang definisi, kandungan, manfaat, dan kerugian penggunaan rokok elektrik. Hubungan yang signifikan hanya ditemukan pada persepsi kandungan rokok elektrik dengan frekuensi penggunaannya (p<0,05). Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan rokok elektrik cukup umum di kalangan kelompok usia muda, khususnya mahasiswa di Universitas Indonesia. Semakin rutin penggunaan rokok elektrik memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan persepsi bahwa kandungan rokok elektrik berbahaya. Hal ini bisa terjadi karena kelompok usia dewasa muda umumnya menggunakan rokok elektrik karena penasaran dan tidak ada niat untuk berhenti merokok. Hal ini juga terlihat dari tingginya jumlah pengguna ganda dalam penelitian ini. Oleh karena itu, perlu dibuat regulasi dan intervensi khusus terkait penggunaan rokok elektrik karena masih banyak pengguna reguler rokok elektrik meskipun persepsi mayoritas terhadap rokok elektrik adalah positif. ......The use of e-cigarettes in Indonesia continues to increase, especially for the young age group. Public perception of e-cigarettes is considered to affect the use of e-cigarettes so that it becomes an important component in the analysis and evaluation of the use of e-cigarettes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between perceived benefits and disadvantages of using e-cigarettes on the frequency of e-cigarette use, especially among students at the University of Indonesia. The research method used is a cross sectional study conducted at the University of Indonesia from June 2018 to July 2019. The instrument used is a questionnaire distributed to selected research subjects using a purposive sampling technique, namely 104 University of Indonesia students aged 18-24 years. many years. The test used for data analysis was the univariate test to see the distribution of the prevalence of e-cigarettes and the chi-square test to assess the relationship between variables. The results of statistical analysis showed that of the 104 subjects the majority of e-cigarette users were male (93.3%), 20 years old (37.5%), studied at the engineering faculty (40.4%), and had used e-cigarettes. more than 24 months (33.7%). The frequency of using e-cigarettes is considered to be balanced, i.e. each regular user and non-routine user is 50%. The majority of e-cigarette users are also multiple users (61.5%) and the most widely used type of conventional cigarette is kretek (54.7%). The majority of e-cigarette users at the University of Indonesia also have positive perceptions about the definition, content, benefits, and disadvantages of using e-cigarettes. A significant relationship was only found in the perception of the content of e-cigarettes with the frequency of their use (p<0.05). This study shows that the use of e-cigarettes is quite common among young age groups, especially students at the University of Indonesia. The more routine use of e-cigarettes has a significant relationship with the perception that the content of e-cigarettes is dangerous. This can happen because young adults generally use e-cigarettes out of curiosity and have no intention of quitting smoking. This is also evident from the high number of dual users in this study. Therefore, it is necessary to make regulations and special interventions related to the use of e-cigarettes because there are still many regular users of e-cigarettes even though the majority perception of e-cigarettes is positive.

Abstrak :

Pendahuluan: Gangguan tidur merupakan salah satu gangguan kesehatan dengan prevalensi tinggi di dunia. Salah satu contoh gangguan tidur dengan prevalensi terbanyak adalah obstructive sleep apnea. OSA diketahui dapat menyebabkan kantuk pada siang hari, sementara konsentrasi diperlukan dalam proses pembelajaran. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh risiko sleep apnea berdasarkan kuesioner Berlin terhadap performa akademik mahasiswa fakultas kedokteran. Metode: Penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan desain penelitian potong lintang. Penelitian dilakukan pada 135 mahasiswa preklinik Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia pada periode November 2018-2019. Risiko sleep apnea diukur menggunakan kuesioner Berlin, sementara performa akademik diukur melalui indeks prestasi semester. Analisis data menggunakan chi-square dan regresi logistik. Hasil: Risiko tinggi sleep apnea didapatkan pada 26% responden, dengan rincian risiko tinggi pada laki-laki sebesar 14.81% dan pada perempuan sebesar 5.92%. Performa akademik kurang baik ditemukan pada 30.3% responden. Terdapat hubungan antara risiko sleep apnea dengan performa akademik (p=0.00), dimana sebanyak 13.3% responden dengan risiko tinggi sleep apnea memiliki performa akademik kurang baik. Pada analisis multivariat ditemukan bahwa risiko tinggi sleep apnea merupakan faktor risiko dari performa akademik kurang baik (OR=4.6; p= 0.002). Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan antara risiko sleep apnea yang diukur dengan Kuesioner Berlin dengan performa akademik Mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran.     

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Introduction: Sleep disorder is one of the most prevalent health problem in the world. Ironically, medical student is one of the most vulnerable group in society to acquire sleep disorder. One example of the most prevalent sleep disorder is obstructive sleep apnea. OSA is known to cause daytime sleepiness which can affect concentration; meanwhile concentration is needed in a learning process. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess the association of sleep apnea risk based on Berlin’s questionnaire towards the academic performance of medical student. Method: This study is done by using cross-sectional method to assess 135 preclinic medical student from Universitas Indonesia over the period of November 2018-January 2019. The risk of sleep apnea is assessed using Berlin Questionnaire, meanwhile academic performance is assessed by indeks prestasi (IP). Data analysis is done by chi-square and logistic regression test. Result: High risk of sleep apnea is found on 26% of the subject, with the details of 14.81% male and 5.92% female. There are 30.3% respondent who had poor academic performance. There is an association between the risk of sleep apnea and academic performance (p=0.0), where 13.3% respondents who have high risk of sleep apnea also have poor academic performance. On multivariate analysis, high risk of sleep apnea is proven to be a risk factor of poor academic performance (OR=4.6; p=0.02). Conclusion: There is an association between the risk of sleep apnea according to Berlin’s questionnaire and academic performance of medical students.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Latar Belakang : Kotinin merupakan hasil metabolit utama nikotin dan kadarnya pada urin merupakan indikator pajanan asap rokok. Penlitian ini untuk mengetahui kadar kotinin urin pada anak yang terpajan dan tidak terpajan asap rokok di lingkungan rumah. Metode : Penelitian potong lintang pada anak usia sekolah dasar yang tidak merokok. Subjek dikelompokkan menjadi kelompok terpajan dan tidak terpajan berdasarkan status pajanannya. Data yang diperoleh dari kuesioner dan sampel urin sewaktu yang diukur dengan metode ELISA. Hasil : Total subjek 128 anak usia 6-12 tahun yang terdiri dari 64 anak pada kelompok terpajan dan 64 anak yang tidak terpajan. Kadar kotinin urin pada kelompok terpajan lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelompok tidak terpajan (median 30,1 vs 8,45 ng/ml; p<0.05). Terdapat perbedaan kadar kotinin pada anak yang terpajan asap rokok dengan jumlah batang rokok yang dihisap oleh perokok di rumah (p<0.05). Status pajanan asap rokok berhubungan dengan keluhan batuk, infeksi saluran napas atas dan rawat inap karena keluhan respirasi pada anak. Nilai titik potong optimal kadar kotinin urin pada anak untuk menilai pajanan asap rokok yaitu 17,95 ng/ml (sensitifitas 81%, spesifisitas 81%, AUC 91,2%, p<0.05). Kesimpulan: Kadar kotinin urin dapat digunakan sebagai biomarker yang tidak invasif untuk evaluasi pajanan asap rokok pada anak. ABSTRACT
Introduction : The cotinine is major metabolite of nicotine and the level of urinary cotinine is an indicator of tobacco smoke exposure. This study investigate role of urinary cotinine level in children exposed and unexposed to tobacco smoke at home. Method : A Cross sectional study that enrolled elementary school nonsmokers children classified into exposed group and unexposed group based on tobacco smoke sexposure status. The questionnaire and spot urinary samples were collected and urinary cotinine levels were measured by ELISA. Results : A total 128 nonsmokers children age 6-12 years divided into 64 children in exposed group and 64 children in unexposed group. The urinary cotinine levels in exposed group significantly higher than unexposed group (median 30,1 ng/m; vs 8,45 ng/ml; p<0.05). There was significant difference of urinary cotinine level in exposed group with number of cigarettes (p<0.05). Tobacco smoke exposure status associated with frequent cough symptom, upper respiratory infection and hospitalization because of respiratory symptoms in subjects. The optimal cut off point urinary cotinine in children to distinguish unexposed children with exposed to tobacco smoke at home was 17,95 ng/ml (sensitivity 81%, spesificity 81%, p<0.05). Conclusion : The urinary cotinine level is useful and noninvasive biomarker for evaluating tobacco smoke exposure in children. ;Introduction : The cotinine is major metabolite of nicotine and the level of urinary cotinine is an indicator of tobacco smoke exposure. This study investigate role of urinary cotinine level in children exposed and unexposed to tobacco smoke at home. Method : A Cross sectional study that enrolled elementary school nonsmokers children classified into exposed group and unexposed group based on tobacco smoke sexposure status. The questionnaire and spot urinary samples were collected and urinary cotinine levels were measured by ELISA. Results : A total 128 nonsmokers children age 6-12 years divided into 64 children in exposed group and 64 children in unexposed group. The urinary cotinine levels in exposed group significantly higher than unexposed group (median 30,1 ng/m; vs 8,45 ng/ml; p<0.05). There was significant difference of urinary cotinine level in exposed group with number of cigarettes (p<0.05). Tobacco smoke exposure status associated with frequent cough symptom, upper respiratory infection and hospitalization because of respiratory symptoms in subjects. The optimal cut off point urinary cotinine in children to distinguish unexposed children with exposed to tobacco smoke at home was 17,95 ng/ml (sensitivity 81%, spesificity 81%, p<0.05). Conclusion : The urinary cotinine level is useful and noninvasive biomarker for evaluating tobacco smoke exposure in children. ;Introduction : The cotinine is major metabolite of nicotine and the level of urinary cotinine is an indicator of tobacco smoke exposure. This study investigate role of urinary cotinine level in children exposed and unexposed to tobacco smoke at home. Method : A Cross sectional study that enrolled elementary school nonsmokers children classified into exposed group and unexposed group based on tobacco smoke sexposure status. The questionnaire and spot urinary samples were collected and urinary cotinine levels were measured by ELISA. Results : A total 128 nonsmokers children age 6-12 years divided into 64 children in exposed group and 64 children in unexposed group. The urinary cotinine levels in exposed group significantly higher than unexposed group (median 30,1 ng/m; vs 8,45 ng/ml; p<0.05). There was significant difference of urinary cotinine level in exposed group with number of cigarettes (p<0.05). Tobacco smoke exposure status associated with frequent cough symptom, upper respiratory infection and hospitalization because of respiratory symptoms in subjects. The optimal cut off point urinary cotinine in children to distinguish unexposed children with exposed to tobacco smoke at home was 17,95 ng/ml (sensitivity 81%, spesificity 81%, p<0.05). Conclusion : The urinary cotinine level is useful and noninvasive biomarker for evaluating tobacco smoke exposure in children.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Abstrak :Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) erat dikaitkan dengan penyakit metabolik seperti hipertensi dan dislipidemia. Pasien dengan OSA juga sering ditemukan pada pasien gagal jantung.Obsturctive sleep Apnea dapat memeperberat gagal jantung. Objektif :Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahuiprevalens dan faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi kejadian OSA pada pasien gagal jantung kronik di RSUP Persahabatan Jakarta. Metode :Disain penelitian ini adalah potong lintang observasi. Pasien CHF FC I - II berkunjung ke poliklinik jantung dan vaskular RSUP Persahabatan yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Subjek dilakukan anamnesis, pemeriksaan fisis dan eko kardiografi untuk memastikan diagnosis CHFdan dilanjutkan dengan wawancara menggunakan kuesioner Berlin untuk menentukan risiko tinggi OSA kemudian dilanjutkan pemeriksaan polisomnografi lalu dilakukan analisis statistik. Hasil :Penelitian potong lintang ini dilakukan pada 70 sampel pasien gagal jantung. Dengan menggunakan kuesioner Berlin diperoleh sebanyak 42 pasien (60%) yang ditemukan berisiko tinggi OSA. Dengan menggunakan uji chi square ditemukan bahwa faktor usia (p=0,988), jenis kelamin (p=0,678), IMT (p=0,170), lingkar leher (p=0,605), lingkar perut (p=0,189), tekanan darah (p=0,922), merokok (p=0,678) dan fraksi ejeksi ≦40% (p= 0.109) tidak ditemukan memiliki hubungan bermakna dengan risiko OSA pada pasien gagal jantung. Sementara faktor ukuran tonsil ditemukan memiliki hubungan bermakna (p=0,005). Dari 42 orang tersebut dipilih secara acak 26 orang untuk dilakukan pemeriksaan lanjutan polisomnografi dan didapatkan pasien gagal jantung menderita OSA ringan dengan nilai AHI 5 ? 15 sebanyak 7 pasien (26.7%), OSA sedang dengan AHI 15-30 sebanyak 9 pasien (34.5%) dan OSA berat dengan AHI>30 sebanyak 10 pasien (38.8%). Kesimpulan :prevalens pasien CHF FC I - II yang memiliki risiko tinggi OSA berdasarkan kuesioner Berlin dengan nilai >2 adalah sebanyak 42 orang (60%) dengan faktor risiko ukuran tonsil yang bermakna menyebabkan terjadinya OSA pada CHF ABSTRACT
Background: Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) commonly associated with metabolic disease including hypertension and dyslipidemia. Patients with OSA is also commonly found in conjunction with heart failure condition. Obstructivesleep apnea can cause CHF getting worst Objective:This study aims to acknowledge prevalence of OSA and influence factors in heart failure patients in Persahabatan Hospital Methods:Thisobservational cross sectionalstudy was being done in 70 samples chronic heart failure patients who visited in cardio and vascular disease clinic in Persahabatan Hospital with fuctional class I - II who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Subjects were asked for history of disease, physical examination and echocardiography then underwentBerlins Questionnaire then followed by polysomnography examination to detect the presence of OSA. Results: Observational cross sectionalstudy done in 70 samples chi square test can be concluded that age (p=0,988), gender (p=0,678), Body Mass Index (p=0,170), neck circumference(p=0,605), abdominal circumference (p=0,189), blood pressure (p=0,922),smoking (p=0,678) and ejection fraction ≦40% (p=0.109),many factors are not significantly related to the risk of OSA in heart failure patients.Meanwhile, tonsillar size is found to have significantly related to incidence of OSA in heart failure patients (p=0,005). 46 patients who have high risk of OSA by Berlins questionnaire selected by random to get 26 patients who will follow polysomnography examination, result for patients CHF with mild OSA AHI 5 -15 are 7 patients (26.7%), moderate OSA with AHI 15 - 30 are 9 patients (34.5%) and severe OSA with AHI ≥ 30 are 10 patients (38.8%). Conclusion:The prevalence of CHF FC I - II with high risk OSA that screened by Berlins Questionnaire in CHF patiens are 43 patients (60%) with tonsillar size is found to have significantly related to incidence of OSA.;Background: Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) commonly associated with metabolic disease including hypertension and dyslipidemia. Patients with OSA is also commonly found in conjunction with heart failure condition. Obstructivesleep apnea can cause CHF getting worst Objective:This study aims to acknowledge prevalence of OSA and influence factors in heart failure patients in Persahabatan Hospital Methods:Thisobservational cross sectionalstudy was being done in 70 samples chronic heart failure patients who visited in cardio and vascular disease clinic in Persahabatan Hospital with fuctional class I - II who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Subjects were asked for history of disease, physical examination and echocardiography then underwentBerlins Questionnaire then followed by polysomnography examination to detect the presence of OSA. Results: Observational cross sectionalstudy done in 70 samples chi square test can be concluded that age (p=0,988), gender (p=0,678), Body Mass Index (p=0,170), neck circumference(p=0,605), abdominal circumference (p=0,189), blood pressure (p=0,922),smoking (p=0,678) and ejection fraction ≦40% (p=0.109),many factors are not significantly related to the risk of OSA in heart failure patients.Meanwhile, tonsillar size is found to have significantly related to incidence of OSA in heart failure patients (p=0,005). 46 patients who have high risk of OSA by Berlins questionnaire selected by random to get 26 patients who will follow polysomnography examination, result for patients CHF with mild OSA AHI 5 -15 are 7 patients (26.7%), moderate OSA with AHI 15 - 30 are 9 patients (34.5%) and severe OSA with AHI ≥ 30 are 10 patients (38.8%). Conclusion:The prevalence of CHF FC I - II with high risk OSA that screened by Berlins Questionnaire in CHF patiens are 43 patients (60%) with tonsillar size is found to have significantly related to incidence of OSA.;Background: Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) commonly associated with metabolic disease including hypertension and dyslipidemia. Patients with OSA is also commonly found in conjunction with heart failure condition. Obstructivesleep apnea can cause CHF getting worst Objective:This study aims to acknowledge prevalence of OSA and influence factors in heart failure patients in Persahabatan Hospital Methods:Thisobservational cross sectionalstudy was being done in 70 samples chronic heart failure patients who visited in cardio and vascular disease clinic in Persahabatan Hospital with fuctional class I - II who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Subjects were asked for history of disease, physical examination and echocardiography then underwentBerlins Questionnaire then followed by polysomnography examination to detect the presence of OSA. Results: Observational cross sectionalstudy done in 70 samples chi square test can be concluded that age (p=0,988), gender (p=0,678), Body Mass Index (p=0,170), neck circumference(p=0,605), abdominal circumference (p=0,189), blood pressure (p=0,922),smoking (p=0,678) and ejection fraction ≦40% (p=0.109),many factors are not significantly related to the risk of OSA in heart failure patients.Meanwhile, tonsillar size is found to have significantly related to incidence of OSA in heart failure patients (p=0,005). 46 patients who have high risk of OSA by Berlins questionnaire selected by random to get 26 patients who will follow polysomnography examination, result for patients CHF with mild OSA AHI 5 -15 are 7 patients (26.7%), moderate OSA with AHI 15 - 30 are 9 patients (34.5%) and severe OSA with AHI ≥ 30 are 10 patients (38.8%). Conclusion:The prevalence of CHF FC I - II with high risk OSA that screened by Berlins Questionnaire in CHF patiens are 43 patients (60%) with tonsillar size is found to have significantly related to incidence of OSA.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Latar Belakang : Benzopyrene polycyclic aromatic adalah agen karsinogenik yang ditemukan dalam asap rokok. Benzo a pyrene Diol Epoxide BPDE adalah salah satu metabolit benzopyrene. Perokok kretek adalah orang yang merokok minimal 1 rokok kretek per hari selama minimal 1 tahun tanpa atau kurang dari 20 nya merokok dengan rokok putih. Kami meneliti kadar BPDE dalam darah perokok kretek dibandingkan dengan bukan perokok.Metode : Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang yang mengikutsertakan 32 subjek sehat yang merokok kretek dan 32 subjek sehat bukan perokok. telah menandatangani lembar persetujuan diperiksakan kadar CO ekshalasi dengan menggunakan alat pengukur CO portabel kemudian diambil sampel darah untuk diukur kadar BPDE-protein adducts. Data yang diperoleh diuji dengan menggunakan statistical package for social sciences SPSS 21.Hasil : Total 64 responden yang dibagi menjadi 32 subjek perokok kretek dan 32 kontrol diperiksakan kadar BPDE-protein adducts dan kadar CO ekshalasi. Karakteristik subjek didapatkan sebanyak 59,4 usia perokok kretek di atas 45 tahun dan 56,3 mempunyai latar belakang pendidikan tinggi sedangkan pada kelompok kontrol 87,5 berusia di bawah 45 tahun dan 75 mempunyai latar belakang pendidikan tinggi. Kadar BPDE-protein adducts pada subjek perokok kretek sebesar 12,15 8,87-33,55 ng/ml dan kadar pada kelompok kontrol sebesar 11,4 3,87-13,27 ng/ml, p=0,004. Faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar BDPE-protein adducts pada perokok kretek berdasarkan analisis multivariat adalah pola hisapan p=0,002 dan derajat adiksi p = 0,047 . Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna secara statistis antara kadar BPDE-protein adducts dengan kadar CO ekshalasi pada perokok kretek p=0,003,r=0,512 .Kesimpulan : Kadar BPDE-Protein adducts pada perokok lebih tinggi dibanding bukan perokok dengan pola hisapan dan derajat adiksi menjadi faktor yang mempengaruhiKata Kunci : Benzo a pyrene, CO ekshalasi, BPDE-protein adduct

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ABSTRACT
Background Benzopyrene polycyclic aromatic is a carcinogenic agent found in cigarettes smoke. Benzo a pyrene Diol Epoxide BPDE is one of the benzopyrene metabolite. Kretek cigarette smoker isa person who smokes at least 1 cigarette per day for at least 1 year with no or less than 20 of amount and time of white cigarettes smoking. We investigated the BPDE serum level in kretek cigarette smokers compared to non smokers Method This is a cross sectional study of which 32 ldquo healthy rdquo kretek cigarette smokers and 32 ldquo healthy rdquo non smoker were enrolled in this study. We collected blood sample and we analyzed the BPDE level and also their exhale carbon monoxide CO level during expiration. Serum BPDE level were assayed using ELISA kit. The data obtained were tested using statistical package for social sciences SPSS 21.Results A total of 32 kretek smokers subjects and 32 controls was underwent examination of BPDE protein adducts level and exhalation CO levels. Characteristics of the subjects obtained was 59.4 kretek smokers aged over 45 years and 56.3 have a high education background, while in the control group 87.5 were aged under 45 years and 75 have high educational backgrounds. The levels of BPDE protein adducts in the kretek smokers subject was 8.87 to 33.55 ng ml and the levels in the control group was 11.4 3.87 to 13.27 ng ml, p 0.004. The factors which influence the levels BDPE protein adducts in smokers cigarettes the most by multivariate analysis were sucking pattern p 0.002 and the degree of addiction p 0.047 . There was a statistically significant relationship between the level of BPDE protein adducts with exhalation CO levels in kretek smokers p 0.003 . Conclusion Serum BPDE protein adductslevel higher in smokers compared nonsmokers with suction pattern and degree of addiction are influence factors

Abstrak :
Merokok dapat meningkatkan angka morbiditas dan mortalitas.World Health Organization (WHO) memprediksi pada tahun 2020 penyakit yang disebabkan oleh rokok akan menyebabkan kematian sebanyak 8.4 juta orang di dunia dan setengahnya berasal dari Asia. Varenicline, sebagai agonis parsial reseptor α4β2 nikotin asetilkolin, memiliki potensi yang cukup baik pada program berhenti merokok dengan cara melepaskan withdrawal effect dari nikotin dan menurunkan kebutuhan akan nikotin. METODE. Uji acak tersamar ganda antara bulan Juli 2012 sampai dengan Desember 2012 dengan 12 minggu waktu terapi dan 12 minggu waktu pengamatan status merokok. 80 laki-laki perokok yang bersedia mengikuti penelitian dibagi kedalam kelompok varenciline dan kelompok plasebo.Varenicline dititrasi hingga 2x1 mg (n=40) dan plasebo (n=40) ditambah konseling mingguan. HASIL. Pada pengamatan 4 minggu (minggu 1-4) setelah 12 minggu terapi menunjukkan 55% peserta kelompok varenicline berhenti merokok dibandingkan kelompok plasebo sebesar 27,5%. (Prevalence Ratio [PR] 2,0). Pada pengamatan minggu ke 5-8, 52.5% peserta pada kelompok varenicline masih berhenti merokok dibandingkan dengan 20% pada kelompok plasebo (PR, 2,6). Pada pengamatan minggu 9-12, 47,5% peserta pada kelompok varenicline masih berhenti merokok dibandingkan 17,5% pada kelompok plasebo (PR, 2,7). Rerata hari pertama bebas rokok pada kelompok varenicline adalah 40,63 hari, sedangkan pada kelompok plasebo 56,43 hari. Efek samping yang paling banyak pada penggunaan varenicline adalah mual yang terdapat pada 9 peseerta (22,5%). Rerata kadar CO awal adalah 18,46 ppm, rerata Fagerstrom test untuk ketergantungan nikotin adalah 6,4 dan rerata indeks Binkman adalah 317,9. KESIMPULAN. Varenicline memiliki efikasi yang baik, aman dan dapat ditoleransi baik sebagai farmakoterapi program berhenti merokok. ......Smoking has increased risk of morbidity and mortality. World Health Organization predicts that by 2020, disease caused by smoking will result in the deaths of around 8.4 million people in the world and half of these deaths from Asia. Varenicline, a partial agonist at the α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, has the potential to aid smoking cessation by relieving nicotine withdrawal symptoms and reducing the rewarding properties of nicotine. METHOD. A randomized, single-blind, placebo controlled trial conducted between July 2012 and December 2012 with a 12 week treatment period and 12 week follow-up of smoking status. 80 male adult smokers who volunteered for the study divide into varenicline and placebo group. Varenicline titrated to 1 mg twice daily (n=40) or placebo (n=40) for 12 weeks, plus weekly smoking cessation counseling. RESULT. During 4 weeks (weeks 1-4) after 12 weeks of treatment, 55% of participants in the varenicline group were continuously abstinent from smoking compared with 27.5% in the placebo group (Prevalence Ratio [PR] 2,0). For weeks 5 through 8, 52.5% of participants in the varenicline group were continuously abstinent compared with 20% in the placebo group (PR, 2,6). For weeks 9-12, 47.5% of participants in the varenicline group were continuously abstinent compared with 17.5% in the placebo group (PR, 2,7). Mean of first day free of smoking used Varenicline for smoking cessation was 40,63 days and mean of first day free of smoking used placebo was 56.43 days. The most adverse event with varenicline was nausea, which occurred in 9 Participants (22,5%). Mean of CO level was 18,46 ppm, mean of Fagerstrom score for nicotine dependence was 6,4, and mean of Brinkman index was 317,9. CONCLUSION. Varenicline is an efficacious, safe, and well-tolerated smoking cessation pharmacotherapy.

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ABSTRAK
Background research : Air pollution due to road traffic is a serious health hazard and thus the collector toll who are continuously exposed to pollutant, may be at an increased risk. Types of main pollutants in the outdoor air pollution will significantly influence lung function. This study determined the factors that affect spirometry lung function, chest x-ray, and respiratory symptoms of collector toll working in the area of Jagorawi toll in East Jakarta. Methods: This study is a cross sectional study was conducted among collector toll of Jagorawi toll in East Jakarta in the period of December 2012 with total sampling method. This study has assessed respiratory clinical symptoms using questionnaires of Pneumobile Project Indonesia, examined spirometry, and chest x-ray. Results: A total of 129 subjects were included in this study. Most of them are men (71,3%), aged 40 to 49 years (48,8%), were over weight (46,5%), active smokers (55%), most of them have worked 15 to 19 years, did not use masker properly (65,9%), and had abnormal chest x-ray (3,9%). Results of spirometry examination showed mild restriction in 12 subjects (9,3%), mild obstruction in 2 subjects (1,6%). There are significant association between age and period of working with spirometry abnormalities (p<0,05), but no significant association found between nutritional status, smoking history, chest x-ray, using of masker, place of working with spirometry of collector toll (p>0,05). There is significant association between respiratory clinical symptoms with mild lung restriction (p<0,05). There are significant association between age and smoking history with respiratory clinical symptoms (p<0,05). There is significant association between period of working with chest x-ray abnormalities. Conclusion: This study showed that there are significant association between age and period of working with spirometry abnormalities (p<0,05), but no significant association found between nutritional status, smoking history, chest x-ray abnormalities, using of masker, place of working with spirometry abnormalities of collector toll (p>0,05).

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ABSTRACT
Latar belakang penelitian: Petugas gerbang tol merupakan profesi yang mempunyai risiko sangat besar untuk terpajan zat-zat polutan yang berasal dari asap kendaraan bermotor yang akan memberikan efek berupa penurunan fungsi paru dan keluhan respirasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran spirometri, foto toraks dan keluhan respirasi pada petugas gerbang tol Jagorawi di Jakarta Timur. Metode penelitian : Penelitian ini dilakukan di wilayah Tol Jagorawi di Jakarta Timur bulan Desember 2012 dengan desain uji potong lintang. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan total sampling melalui kuesioner, pemeriksaan spirometri, foto toraks PA. Hasil : Seratus dua puluh Sembilan subjek diikutkan dalam penelitian ini, laki-laki (71,3%) terbanyak usia 40-49 tahun yaitu 63 orang (48,8%), berat badan lebih 60 orang (46.5%) , perokok aktif 71 orang (55%) dengan IB ringan 41 orang (31,8%), bekerja selama 15-19 tahun sebanyak 46 orang (30,7%). Prevalens kelainan spirometri sebanyak 14 orang (10,9%) yaitu restriksi ringan 12 orang (9,3%) dan obstruksi ringan didapatkan pada 2 orang (1,6 %). Penggunaan APD masker buruk (65,9%), kelainan foto toraks (3,9%), keluhan respirasi (10,1%). Secara statistik terdapat hubungan bermakna antara usia, masa kerja dengan kelainan obstruksi. Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara usia, masa kerja dengan kelainan restriksi. Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara keluhan respirasi dan indeks brinkman dengan kelainan restriksi. Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara masa kerja dengan kelainan foto toraks. Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara kebiasaan merokok dan usia dengan keluhan respirasi. Kesimpulan : Penelitian ini menunjukkan terdapat hubungan bermakna antara usia, masa kerja dengan kelainan obstruksi. Hubungan bermakna antara usia, masa kerja dengan kelainan restriksi. Hubungan bermakna antara keluhan respirasi dan indeks brinkman dengan kelainan restriksi. Hubungan bermakna antara masa kerja dengan kelainan foto toraks. Hubungan bermakna antara kebiasaan merokok dan usia dengan keluhan respirasi.

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ABSTRAK
Serat asbes yang terinhalasi masuk ke dalam alveolus menyebabkan terjadinya peningkatan produksi reactive oxigen spesies (ROS) yang dapat memicu terjadinya reaksi inflamasi. Interleukin 6 merupakan penanda reaksi inflamasi akibat pajanan serat asbes. Vitamin C dan E merupakan antioksidan yang bekerja sebagai scavenger ROS. Vitamin C juga dapat menghambat aktivitas faktor transkripsi NFқB. Vitamin E selain dapat menghambat aktivitas faktor transkripsi JAK/STAT3 dan NFқB, juga dapat menghambat aktivitas COX2 dan LOX5. Penelitian potong lintang di sekretariat serikat buruh pabrik asbes X Kabupaten Karawang bulan Oktober 2014 dilakukan untuk menilai korelasi asupan vitamin C, E dengan kadar interleukin 6 pada pekerja pabrik asbes. Lima puluh dua pekerja pabrik asbes berhasil menyelesaikan protokol penelitian. Hasilnya menunjukkan tidak terdapat korelasi bermakna (p >0,05) antara asupan vitamin C dengan kadar IL-6 dan antara asupan vitamin E dengan kadar IL-6. Terdapat korelasi positif antara kadar vitamin C dengan kadar IL-6 (r = 0,31) dengan p <0,05, namun tidak terdapat korelasi antara kadar vitamin E dengan kadar IL-6.

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ABSTRACT
Asbestos fibers that are inhaled into the alveoli cause increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which may trigger inflammation reaction. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is a marker of inflammation reaction caused by asbestos fibers exposure. Vitamin C and vitamin E are antioxidants acting as ROS scavengers. Vitamin C can also inhibit the activity of transcription factor NFқB. Vitamin E can inhibit the activities of transcription factors JAK/STAT3 and NFқB as well as the activities of COX2 and LOX5. A cross-sectional sudy at a labor union secretariat in Karawang Regency in October 2014 was conducted to evaluate the correlations between intakes and levels of vitamin C and vitamin E and level of IL-6 in asbestos factory workers. Fifty two asbestos factory workers finished the study. The result showed no significant correlation between vitamin C intake and IL-6 level or between vitamin E intake and IL-6 level. There was a moderate positive correlation between vitamin C level and IL-6 level (r = 0.31, p <0.05), but there was no correlation between vitamin E level and IL-6 level.

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Latar Belakang: PPOK adalah penyakit yang penting di seluruh dunia baik di negara maju maupun berkembang. Penyapu jalan raya terpajan oleh partikel debu, bioaerosol dan berbagai gas berbahaya. Penelitian ini mengevaluasi prevalens PPOK pada penyapu jalan raya di Jakarta. Metode : Penelitian potong lintang pada 153 subjek penyapu jalan raya di Jakarta, berusia lebih dari 40 tahun dengan masa kerja lebih dari 2 tahun. Pengumpulan subjek menggunakan metode cluster sampling berdasarkan lokasi kerja daerah kotamadya di Jakarta. Diagnosis PPOK berdasarkan kuesioner COPD Assessment Test CAT, The Modified British Medical Research Council mMRC, pemeriksaan spirometri berdasarkan Pneumobile Project Indonesia dan dilakukan uji bronkodilator bila didapatkan hasil obstruktif. Hasil : Prevalens PPOK pada penyapu jalan raya di Jakarta adalah 10 dari 153 subjek 6,5 . Enam subjek laki-laki 60 , tidak menggunakan masker 80 , bekerja lebih dari 10 tahun 70 , perokok 60 dan indeks massa tubuh le;25 kg/m2 80. Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna secara statistik antara usia dan PPOK.

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Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD is an important disease worldwide in both high income and low income countries. Dust has been known to increase COPD risk. During sweeping activity, sweepers are exposed to dust. The street sweepers are exposed to dust particles, bioaerosols, and various harmful gases. In this study we evaluates the prevalence of COPD among street sweepers in Jakarta. Method: This is a cross sectional study among 153 street sweepers in Jakarta, Indonesia with age more than 40 years old with working period more than 2 years. Subjects were collected by cluster sampling method based on working location correlated with Jakarta regional district area. COPD was diagnosed by using questionnaires of COPD Assessment Test CAT, The Modified British Medical Research Council mMRC, spirometry examination based on Pneumobile Project Indonesia, and bronchodilator test if there was obstructive results. Results A total of 153 subjects was selected for spirometry examination. The prevalence of COPD among street sweepers in Jakarta, Indonesia was 10 of 153 subject 6.5. Six of them were males 60, do not use face mask 80 , working years 10 years 70, smokers 60, and BMI le 25 kg m2 80 .There was a statistically significant relationship between age and COPD p 0,05. Conclusion Prevalence of COPD among street sweepers in Jakarta is 6.5 . Factor related to the occurrence of COPD is age.