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Abstrak :
Kebijakan perpajakan dalam suatu negara akan mempengaruhi perilaku pasar. Dalam hal ini, kebijakan pajak dapat menjadi pendorong ekonomi suatu Negara tau mungkin dapat menurunkan ekonomi negara tersebut. Oleh karena itu untuk meningkatkan produktivitas, diperlukan suatu kebijakan perpajakan yang tepat. Akan tetapi, terdapat kejanggalan pada perlakuan pajak untuk transaksi sale and leaseback. Tujuan penulisan ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah surat-surat yang dikeluarkan oleh DJP itu sesuai dengan perlakuan Pajak Pertambanahn Nilai (PPN). Lalu, akan dilihat lebih dalam, mengenai perlakuan PPN terhadap transaksi sale and leaseback telah sesuai. Tiga surat yang dikeluarkan oleh Direktorat Jenderal Pajak (DJP), yang akan dibahas, mengenai transaksi sale and leaseback antara lain adalah Surat No. S-2086/PJ.54/1998, yang menyatakan bahwa PPN tidak terutang atas transaksi sale and leaseback, Surat No. S-568/PJ.54/1999, yang menyatakan bahwa PPN tidak terutang atas transaksi sale and leaseback, dan Surat No. 813/PJ.53/2005 yang mengatakan bahwa pada transaksi sale and leaseback dikenakan PPN. Dalam membuat kebijakan fiskal, ada beberapa prinsip yang harus iperhatikan. Prinsip-prinsip yang perlu diperhatikan antara lain adalah, keadilan, kepastian hukum, legalitas, dan kesederhanaan. Jika dilihat dari surat yang dikeluarkan oleh DJP itu jelas tidak sesuai dengan prinsip keadilan, karena wajib pajak yang berbeda dikenakan pajak yang berbeda. Walaupun terjadi beberapa perubahan pada peraturan pemerintah dan keputusan menteri keuangan, akan tetapi tidak ada perubahan yang signifikan pada undang-undang Pajak pertambahan Nilai sejak tahun 1983 hingga 2000 yang dapat mengubah transaksi sale and leaseback Berdasarkan Undang-undang Pajak Pertambahan Nilai, penyerahan barang kena pajak karena perjanjian sewa beli dan perjanjian leasing maka dikenakan PPN. Oleh sebab itu penulis berpendapat bahwa transaksi sale and leaseback terkena PPN. Akan tetapi perlu dilihat secara teliti, bahwa transaksi sale and leaseback merupakan suatu satu kesatuan transaksi, yaitu transaksi keuangan. Yang dimana pada pasal 4A ayat 3 huruf b bahwa jasa dibidang sewa guna usaha dengan hak opsi merupakan jenis jasa yang tidak dikenakan PPN. Oleh karena itu transaksi sale and leasback seharusnya tidak terkena PPN......Tax policy in a country will affect market behavior. In this case, tax policy can be a driving force for a country's economy or it may reduce the country's economy. Therefore, to increase productivity, an appropriate tax policy is needed. However, there are irregularities in the tax treatment for sale and leaseback transactions. The purpose of this paper is to find out whether the documents issued by the DGT are in accordance with the treatment of Value Added Tax (VAT). Then, it will be seen more deeply, regarding the appropriate VAT treatment for sale and leaseback transactions. Three letters issued by the Directorate General of Taxes (DGT), which will be discussed, regarding sale and leaseback transactions include Letter No. S-2086/PJ.54/1998, which states that VAT is not payable on sale and leaseback transactions, Letter No. S-568/PJ.54/1999, which states that VAT is not payable on sale and leaseback transactions, and Letter No. 813/PJ.53/2005 which states that sales and leaseback transactions are subject to VAT. In making fiscal policy, there are several principles that must be considered. The principles that need to be considered include justice, legal certainty, legality, and simplicity. Judging from the letter issued by the DGT, it is clearly not in accordance with the principle of justice, because different taxpayers are subject to different taxes. Although there have been some changes to government regulations and decisions of the minister of finance, but there are no significant changes to the Value Added Tax law from 1983 to 2000 that can change sale and leaseback transactions. Under the Value Added Tax Law, delivery of taxable goods because the lease and lease agreements are subject to VAT. Therefore, the author argues that sale and leaseback transactions are subject to VAT. However, it should be seen carefully, that the sale and leaseback transaction is a single transaction, namely a financial transaction. Which is in article 4A paragraph 3 letter b that services in the field of leasing with option rights are types of services that are not subject to VAT. Therefore, sale and leaseback transactions should not be subject to VAT.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini membahas tentang Penghasilan atas transaksi software lintas negara. Dalam transaksi software lintas negara, transaksi software dasarnya merupakan penghasilan business income, tetapi terdapat pengecualian jika terdapat peraturan khusus yang mengaturnya, yaitu royalti. Terdapat permasalahan jika transaksi software tersebut merupakan suatu transaksi business income tetapi dikenakan pajak atas royalti. Sehingga penelitian ini membahas mengenai klasifikasi dan ciri - ciri penghasilan yang berasal dari transaksi software dan bagaimana perlakuan perpajakan royalti dan business income di Indonesia dan India.. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan menggunakan wawancara mendalam dan studi pustaka. Analisa yang dilakukan adalah dengan membandingkan data-data yang telah diperoleh dengan teori yang ada dan peraturan yang berlaku. Di akhir, peneliti memberikan saran agar dalam peraturan yang mengatur royalti diberikan penjelasan lebih dalam mengenai ciri-ciri penghasilan atas transaksi software yang merupakan royalti Kelemahan penelitian skripsi ini adalah masih adanya data yang kurang didapatkan untuk dijadikan bahan perbandingan, namun dari penelitian ini dapat diperoleh gambaran tentang pajak internasional atas penghasilan dari transaksi software. ......This thesis discusses income for cross border software transaction. Basically, software transaction is a business earning income, but there are exceptions should there are special rules that govern it, which for this case is the royalties. However, there are problems if the transaction is claimed as business income and it is taxed on royalties. Thus this study discusses the classification and characteristics of income from software transactions and how the treatment of royalty and business income taxation in Indonesia and India. The used method in this thesis is qualitative methodology and the data were collected from interviews and literature. For the analysis is conducted by comparing data that has been obtained by the existing theory and the regulations. Eventually, the researcher suggests to govern more information regarding to income characteristic of software transaction that considered as royalty. Nonetheless, there are some limitations that worth noticing, but overall in this thesis we can find the big picture of international tax of income from software transaction.

Abstrak :
Dalam tax treaty yang ditutup dengan 57 negara, terdapat treaty benefit yang diberikan terbatas hanya untuk pelaku usaha kedua negara yang mengikat perjanjian, hal ini dilakukan untuk memberikan insentif bagi pelaku usaha di kedua negara untuk melakukan transaksi ekonomi dalam cakupan lintas batas negara. Sehingga hasil yang diharapkan adalah terjadinya pertumbuhan ekonomi kearah yang lebih baik bagi kedua negara. Namun, perjanjian yang ditutup tersebut disalahgunakan oleh penduduk dari negara yang tidak melakukan perjanjian dengan melakukan suatu skema, sehingga bagi penduduk tersebut, dirinya mendapatkan treaty benefit yang semula tidak ditujukan untuknya, atau yang biasa disebut dengan treaty shopping. Tak pelak, hal ini menimbulkan kerugian bagi negara-negara yang mengadakan perjanjian, dikarenakan hilangnya potensi pemajakan yang timbul. Diperlukan ketentuan khusus untuk dapat menangkal praktik treaty shopping, adapun OECD Commentary memberikan jalan keluar dengan beberapa pendekatan yang dapat digunakan oleh negara yang mengalami treaty shopping, antara lain, Look Trough Approach, Channel Approach, Subject To Tax Approach dan Exclusion Approach, serta Bona-fide Provisions. Namun, dalam US Model diperkenalkan limitation on benefit sebagai pendekatan yang berbeda. Tujuan dibuatnya penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis bagaimanakah peranan Limitation on benefit sebagai penangkal praktik treaty shopping di Indonesia dan untuk menganalisis kendala-kendala apa yang ditemui dalam penerapan limitation on benefit sebagai penangkal praktik treaty shopping di Indonesia. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kualitatif. Jenis penelitian adalah deskriptif karena peneliti mencoba untuk memberikan gambaran rinci mengenai peranan limitation on benefit sebagai penangkal praktik treaty shopping. Data diperoleh dari wawancara mendalam dengan Direktorat Jenderal Pajak, Akademisi, dan Praktisi Pajak. Disamping itu data diperoleh dari studi literatur, buku, majalah, jurnal, dan peraturan perpajakan yang berhubungan dengan limitation on benefit, treaty shopping, dan tax treaty. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa bahwa limitation on benefit dapat secara efektif menangkal praktik treaty shopping di Indonesia.

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In the convention of taxation with 57 countries, lays treaty benefit derive limited only to person of contracting state, it is aimed to bring incentive for resident in contracting state to do economic transaction in the scope of international. The end result expected was better economic growth for contracting state. Unfortunately, the convention was misuse by third resident, so the resident derives treaty benefits, which is not aimed for him. This misuse known as treaty shopping. Nevertheless, it implies to the tax potential loss. It needs certain provision to tackle treaty shopping activity. OECD Commentary gave the way out by introduce few approaches that might be used by contracting state, which are: Look Trough Approach, Channel Approach, Subject To Tax Approach, Exclusion Approach and Bona-Fide Provisions. Meanwhile US Model presenting limitation on benefit as different approach. The purpose of this research is to analyze how the role of limitation on benefit as provisions to prevent treaty shopping activity. Also to analyze boundaries might happened in running limitation on benefit as provision to prevent treaty shopping in Indonesia. The research type is descriptive because the researches tries to give a detailed description about the role of limitation on benefit as a provision to prevent limitation on benefit. Data collected in this research is by depth interview with Directorate General of tax, academic, and expert. Beside that, the data also collected trough literature study, books, magazine, journals and the regulation connected in treaty shopping activity, limitation on benefit, and tax treaty The conclusion of this research is limitation on benefit could be effective to prevent treaty shopping activity in Indonesia.

Abstrak :
Before 2000, income from professional services and other activities of an independent character was dealt under article 14. The provisions to that article were similar to those aplicable to business profits, but it used the concept of fixed base rather than that of Permanent Establishment, since it had originally been thought that the latter concept should be reserved to commercial and industrial activities. The elimination of Article 14, reflected the fact that there were no intended differences between the concepts of Permanent Establishment, as used in Article 7, and fixed base, as used in Article 14, or between how profits were computed and tax was calculated according to which of Article 7 or 14 applied. The elimination of Article 14 meant that the definition of Permanent Establishment became applicable to what previously constituted a fixed base. The approach used in this research is qualitative approach. The goals are to try to find an understanding to the ramification of assimilation of article independent personal services into article Permanent Establishment if it apply to Indonesian tax treaties and determining Indonesian government policy when do negiation or renegotiation related to the application of assimilation into tax treaty. The research type is descriptive because the writer tries to give a detail description in taxing independent personal services after the assimilation has done in Indonesian tax treaties. The data collection technic used in this research are by reading the literature which focus on the research and interview. The interview was done with tax government institution and tax expert. The result from this research is assimilation of Article 14 into Article 7 gives positive and negative impact to Indonesian taxing power. Hence, Indonesian government, in making tax policy must based on positive impact of assimilation. This policy must do, because it will increase Indonesian taxing power, which gives effect on Indonesian tax revenue.

Abstrak :
An employee stock option issued as a form of compensation. Employee stock option are mostly offered to management as part of their executive compensation package. They are also offered to lower staff. Employee stock options (ESOP) are issued as a private contract between the employer and employee. Depending on the vesting schedule and the maturity of the options, the employee may elect to exercise the options at whatever stock price was used as the strike price. At that point, the employee may sell the stock or hold on to it in the hope of further price appreciation. There are a variety of differences in the tax treatment of ESOP having to do with their use as compensation. The fact that the benefits from employee stock option are tax at different times in different countries is a difficulties. Also, same country may tax different parts of the benefits at different times. Based on this problem, the writer is attracted to make a research on the Income Tax Treatment Analysis on Employee Stock Option. The point of this analysis is to find when the income tax should be taxable on the benefit from the ESOP, clasiffy the benefit derived from the ESOP and analyze the international tax issue arising from ESOP. The research approach used is qualitative and the method used is descriptive. It means that the research purpose is to describe and analyze the Income Tax Treatment on Employee Stock Option. The analysis will focus on the tax treatment from the employee point of view. The data collected through in-depth interview between the researcher and the informant considered related to this research. After the research completed, there is three conclusions of this research. First, it is concluded that the Income Tax will be taxable when the stock acquired by the option is sold. This treatment is used based on the realization of income principle. Second, the classification of benefit from ESOP treated as employment income in total or split into employment income and capital gain. And the third, a variety of differences in the tax treatment of ESOP can caused the conflict in international taxation which make double taxation and double non taxation between countries. The double taxation and double non taxation can be minimized through the credit and exemption method provided by countries.

Abstrak :
Peraturan mengenai penggunaan nilai buku kegiatan merger yang dikeluarkan pemerintah dalam KMK 422/KMK.04/1998 jo. SE-23/PJ.42/1999, selama ini masih memberikan celah bagi wajib pajak untuk melakukan penghindaran pajak. Pemerintah berupaya untuk meminimalisasi kegiatan penghindaran pajak tersebut dengan mengeluarkan Peraturan Menteri Keuangan nomor 43 tahun 2008 mengenai penggunaan nilai buku pada proses penggabungan usaha. Peraturan ini diyakini sebagai ketentuan anti penghindaran pajak dengan mengedepankan syarat tujuan usaha.

Abstrak :
Skripsi ini membahas ketentuan CFC Rules Indonesia yang diterapkan atau dilaksanakan dalam rangka mencegah penghindaran pajak. Hal ini timbul karena adanya penghindaran pajak melalui capital light dan income flight yang mudah dilakukan tanpa terawasi dan terdeteksi oleh aparat pajak. Tujuan CFC rules yaitu mencegah Wajib Pajak memindahkan penghasilannya ke luar negeri dengan mendirikan perusahaan di negara yang peraturan perpajakan longgar atau rendah. Yang menjadi objek penelitian ini mulai dari jenis-jenis penghasilannya sampai dengan upaya-upaya yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah. Ini penting karena aturan yang ada sekarang belum mencakupi atas keseluruhan jenis penghasilan CFC. Penelitian ini juga melakukan perbandingan negara lain untuk mengetahui perkembangan di negara tersebut. Dari perbandingan tersebut peneliti bisa mengambil suatu kesimpulan dan saran atas ketentuan peraturan CFC. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan desain deskriptif. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk memberikan gambaran pemahaman bagaimana penerapan ketentuan CFC Rules. Data-data penelitian diperoleh dari studi pustaka dan studi lapangan berupa wawancara. Wawancara mendalam dilakukan dengan pihak perpajakan dan ahli pajak. Hasil penelitian menyarankan yaitu melakukan perbaikan/revisi peraturan perpajakan yaitu tetap menggunakan pendekatan entitas, memperluas jenis penghasilan CFC yang tidak hanya mengatur dividen, adanya pengaturan atas kepemilikan tidak langsung, dan sebaiknya tidak menetapkan negara low tax jurisdiction, tetapi menetapkan ketentuan/syaratsyarat khusus dalam menentukan low tax jurisdiction. Saran lainnya adalah melakukan upaya peningkatan pengawasan deteksi terhadap penghindaran pajak CFC yaitu melakukan lebih banyak pendekatan ke negara low tax jurisdiction dan menyusun prosedur standar dalam melakukan pengumpulan, analisa, dan tindak lanjut atas data/informasi yang berasal dari profil-profil WPDN terkait penghindaran pajak WPDN melalui CFC.

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The focus of this research is the CFC Rules of Indonesia that applied or executed in order to anti tax avoidance. This matter arising from tax avoidance through capital flight and income flight that are easy to be done without observed and detected by tax government institution. The goal of CFC rules that is preventing taxpayer to remove his income out to foreign company which is located in low tax jurisdiction country. The object of this research is started from types of income until efforts or action conducting by government. It is important because the existing rules do not include for all types of CFC income. This study also does comparison with another country to know the CFC rules development in another country. From comparing of the rules, researcher c a n take a conclusion and suggestion for existing rules in Indonesia. The approach used in this research is qualitative approach with descriptive type. The goal is to give a detail description how CFC rules applied in Indonesia. The data collection technique used in this research is reading of literature which focuses on the research, observation, and interview. The interview was done with tax government institution and tax expert. The suggestions of this research that are to keep using entity approach, to extend of type of CFC income that not only arrangement dividend, but also the arrangement existence for ownership of indirectly and to specify no low tax jurisdiction country, but to set down the specific requirement to determine low tax jurisdiction. Other suggestions are to improve detection tax avoidance by doing more approach to low tax jurisdiction state, and to arrange standard procedure of collecting data, analyzing, and follow up for information that comes from profile of residents who related to tax avoidance through CFC.