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"Indonesia masih dihantui Angka Kematian Ibu AKI yang relatif tinggi dibandingkan dengan negara-negara Region Asia Tenggara, yaitu 190 per 100.000 kelahiran hidup. AKI dapat direduksi dengan persalinan dengan perawatan yang terampil. Kementerian Kesehatan RI sejak tahun 2015 menetapkan persalinan yang aman adalah persalinan yang dilakukan oleh tenaga kesehatan nakes di fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan fasyankes. Meskipun cakupan pertolongan persalinan oleh nakes dan persalinan di fasyankes di Indonesia sudah tinggi, tetapi masih terdapat perbedaan cakupan menurut umur ibu, tingkat pendidikan ibu, status ekonomi, wilayah tempat tinggal, dan provinsi. Untuk memudahkan penghitungan ketidakmerataan kesehatan antar negara dan mengetahui daerah mana yang tertinggal, WHO mengeluarkan aplikasi bernama Health Equity Assessment Toolkit HEAT dan Health Equity Assessment Toolkit HEAT Plus, aplikasi ini mampu mengidentifikasi perbedaan dalam indikator kesehatan antar subkelompok populasi. Peneliti dapat memasukkan data sendiri ke dalam aplikasi HEAT Plus, dalam penelitian ini peneliti menggunakan data SDKI. Hasil analisis menunjukkan cakupan persalinan oleh nakes dan persalinan di fasyankes meningkat dari tahun 1994-2012. Cakupan tersebut terkonsentrasi pada ibu berumur 25-39 tahun, ibu dengan tingkat pendidikan SMP, ibu dengan kuintil kekayaan terkaya, ibu yang tinggal di daerah perkotaan, dan ibu yang tinggal di wilayah Sumatera dan Jawa. Ukuran ketidakmerataan yang mengalami penurunan tertinggi adalah Population Attributable Risk PAR dan Population Attributable Fraction PAF. Ketidakmerataan cakupan persalinan oleh nakes cenderung mengalami penurunan pada semua dimensi, sedangkan ketidakmerataan cakupan persalinan di fasyankes mengalami peningkatan pada dimensi provinsi.

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Indonesia is still haunted by a relatively high Maternal Mortality Rate MMR compared to the Southeast Asian Region countries, which is 190 per 100,000 live births. MMR can be reduced by delivery with skilled care. The Ministry of Health of Indonesia since 2015 established a safe delivery is the delivery done by Skilled Birth Attendants SBA in health service facilities. Although coverage of delivery assistance by SBA and delivery in health service facilities in Indonesia is high, but there are still coverage differences based on age, education level, economic status, residence, and province.

To facilitate the calculation of health inequalities between countries and to know which areas are left behind, WHO issued an application called Health Equity Assessment Toolkit HEAT and Health Equity Assessment Toolkit HEAT Plus, this application is able to identify differences in health indicators among subgroups of the population. Researchers can enter their own data into HEAT Plus application, in this research the researcher use SDKI data.

The results showed that the coverage of delivery by SBA and childbirth in health service facilities increased from 1994 to 2012. The coverage was concentrated in mothers aged 25 39, mothers with secondary and above educational level, mothers with richest quintiles, mothers living in urban areas, and mothers who live in Sumatra and Java. The highest decreasing inequality size is Population Attributable Risk PAR and Population Attributable Fraction PAF. Inequality of delivery coverage by SBA tends to decrease in all dimensions, whereas the inequality of delivery coverage in health service facilities has increased in the provincial dimension."

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Prevalensi kegemukan/obesitas meningkat setiap tahun secara global termasuk Indonesia. Salah satu fokus masalah oleh organisasi kesehatan dunia (WHO) adalah tingginya konsumsi energi dari gula yang berdampak pada pengingkatan berat badan, kerusakan gigi, dan penyakit tidak menular. Dewasa ini, sebanyak 10,9% orang dewasa di Indonesia mengonsumsi energi dari gula melebihi anjuran dari WHO. Penelitian potong lintang ini bertujuan mengetahui hubungan antara index massa tubuh (IMT) dan konsumsi minuman berpemanis pada usia dewasa muda di Universitas Indonesia, disesuaikan dengan faktor-faktor lain seperti status sosiodemografi, asupan energi total dan aktivitas fisik. Pengambilan data dilakukan secara consecutive di Universitas Indonesia, Jawa Barat, Indonesia selama bulan Maret – Juni 2019, terhadap 161 mahasiswa Universitas Indonesia yang tinggal di asrama. IMT diperoleh dari pengukuran berat dan tinggi badan, sedangkan konsumsi minuman berpemanis diperolah menggunakan catatan minuman 7 hari. Kuesioner terstruktur, 24–hours recall dan kuesioner aktivitas fisik internasional digunakan untuk menilai sosio-demografi, asupan energi dan aktivitas fisik. Analisis data menggunakan SPSS versi 20. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sebanyak 24,2% memiliki status gizi lebih/ obesitas dan 11,8% responden mengonsumsi gula tambahan di minuman lebih dari 50 gram per hari. Sebagian besar responden memiliki mengonsumsi energi tidak cukup dan aktivitas fisik rendah. Setelah disesuaikan dengan faktor-faktor perancu lain, IMT secara signifikan berhubungan konsumsi minuman berpemanis berdasarkan asupan gula tambahan (β=1,810; interval kepercayaan 95% 0,014 – 3,606; p=0,048, adj R²=0,028). Oleh karena itu, seluruh program edukasi perlu menambahkan materi tentang cara menurunkan konsumsi minuman berpemanis.

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The prevalence of overweight–obesity is increasing globally every year, including Indonesia. One global concern by World Health Organization (WHO) related to overweight–obesity was high energy intake from sugar resulting on weight gain, tooth decay, and non-communicable diseases. Recently, more than 10.9% of Indonesian adults consumed energy from SSB exceeding WHO recommendation. This cross sectional study aimed to assess the association between body mass index (BMI) and SSB consumption among young adults in Universitas Indonesia, adjusted to sociodemographic status, total energy intake (TEI) and physical activity level (PAL). Data collection was conducted in Universitas Indonesia, West Java Indonesia during March–June 2019. College students living in dormitory were enrolled 161 students consecutively as respondents. Weight and height measurement was obtained for calculating the BMI, while SSB consumption was obtained by 7–days fluid record. Structured questionnaire, 24–hours recall and short international physical activity questionnaire were used for assessing sociodemographisc status, TEI and PAL. Data analysis used SPSS version 20. The result found 24.2% of respondents were overweight-obese; 11.8% of respondents consumed added sugar in SSB more than 50 g/day. More respondents had inadequate TEI and low PAL. In multivariate analysis, BMI was significantly associated with SSB consumption based on added sugar (β=1.810, 95% 0.014–3.606 of CI, p=0.048, adj R²=0.028). It is necessary to include how to reduce SSB cosumption in all education program.

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"Tesis ini menguraikan pengaruh riwayat stunted (pendek) pada anak usia dibawah tiga tahun terhadap prestasi akademiknya pada usia sekolah dasar. Penelitian ini merupakan survey longitudinal atau cohort fixed population dengan menggunakan data Studi Indonesian Family Life Survey/IFLS tahun 1993-2007. Hasil penelitian menemukan Anak yang mengalami stunted pada usia bawah tiga tahun akan memiliki resiko untuk mengalami prestasi akademik kurang sebesar 1.840 kali dibandingkan dengan anak yang tidak memilik riwayat stunted setelah dikontrol variabel perancu (frekuensi makan, pemberian ASI eksklusif dan pendidikan pra sekolah dasar). Disarankan agar mengembangkan kerjasama lintas sektoral yang berkelanjutan untuk pembangunan SDM sejak anak usia dini terkhusus anak bawah tiga tahun dan pra sekolah dasar.

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The focus in this study is to identify the relationship of history stunted in children under three years to the cl1ild's academic achievement at primary school age. This research is a longitudinal survey or cohort Study fixed population by using data Indonesian Family Life Survey/IFLS year 1993-2007.

The study results showed that experienced stunted children under three years of age will have an increased risk for having low academic achievement at 1.840 times compared with children not having a history of stunted after controlled confounding variables (frequency of meals, exclusive breastfeeding and pre-primary school education for the child).

Researcher suggests to develop cross-sectoral cooperation for sustainable human development since early childhood, especially children under three years and pre-primary school age."

"[ABSTRAKStudi komparasi potong lintang untuk menginvestigasi hubungan antara kegemukan dan inflamasi kronis derajat rendah, yang diukur melalui indeks diet inflamasi (DII), telah dilakukan pada guru wanita di Yangon, Myanmar (128 guru normal, 116 guru obese) Nilai rerata DII adalah 0.9 ±1.9 (0.91±1.92 dan 0.81±1.88 pada subyek obese dan non-obese, p=0.29). Guru dengan kegemukan beresiko 5.5 kali lebih besar untuk memiliki CRP >3mg/dl (p-value 0.02; 95%CI 1.24 - 24.07). Studi ini menemukan bahwa subyek obese mengkonsumsi lebih sedikit makanan yang bersifat anti-inflammasi seperti bawang dan antioksidan yang berimplikasi pada pencegahan dan pengendalian kegemukan dan penyakit tidak menular di Myanmar.

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ABSTRACTA comparative cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the association between obesity and chronic low-grade inflammation measured by dietary inflammatory index (DII) among school teachers in Yangon, Myanmar. The mean ± SD of DII was 0.9±1.9 (obese 1.07 ± 1.92, non-obese 0.81± 1.88, p=0.29). Obesity was significantly associated with increased risk of having high CRP (OR= 5.5, 95% CI 1.24-24.07, p=0.02). This study found lower intakes of anti-inflammatory food parameters like onion and some antioxidants in obese (n=116) than non-obese (n=128), which have implication for prevention and control of obesity and non- communicable diseases in Myanmar population., A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the association between obesity and chronic low-grade inflammation measured by dietary inflammatory index (DII) among school teachers in Yangon, Myanmar. The mean ± SD of DII was 0.9±1.9 (obese 1.07 ± 1.92, non-obese 0.81± 1.88, p=0.29). Obesity was significantly associated with increased risk of having high CRP (OR= 5.5, 95% CI 1.24-24.07, p=0.02). This study found lower intakes of anti-inflammatory food parameters like onion and some antioxidants in obese (n=116) than non-obese (n=128), which have implication for prevention and control of obesity and non- communicable diseases in Myanmar population.]"

"ABSTRAKAir mempunyai peranan penting untuk tubuh. Akan tetapi, dehidrasi menjadi salah satu masalah di Indonesia. Pada mahasiswa kesehatan diperkirakan mempunyai pengetahuan, sikap, dan perilaku terkait masalah kesehatan dibandingkan dengan mahsiswa non-kesehatan. Tujuan: Untuk membandingkan pengetahuan, sikap, dan perilaku asupan cairan dan status hidrasi antara mahasiswa kesehatan dan non-kesehatan di Asrama Universitas Indonesia, Depok. Metode: Penelitian potong lintang ini mempunyai responden yaitu mahasiswa yang tinggal di Asrama Universitas Indonesia usia 18-21 tahun. Kuesioner pengetahuan dan sikap (kuesioner FIHS) yang tervalidasi digunakan untuk mengukur tingkat pengetahuan dan sikap terkait asupan cairan dan status hidrasi, pengukuran perilaku asupan cairan menggunakan catatan minuman 7 hari, pengukuran status hidrasi menggunakan metode urine color (Ucol) dan Urine specific gravity (Usg), kuesioner aktivitas fisik internasional untuk mengetahui aktivitas fisik, dan sosio-ekonomi demografi menggununakan kuesioner terstruktur. Hasil: Pada penelitian ini ditemukan pada kedua kelompok, antara mahasiswa kesehatan dan non-kesehatan mempunyai aktivitas fisik yang rendah, yaitu masing-masing 71.2% and 72,4%. Berdasarkan kuesioner FIHS mahasiswa kesehatan mempunyai nilai sikap yang lebih tinggi daripada mahasiswa non-kesehatan (p<0.001), sementara itu pada nilai pengetahuan tidak ada perbedaan antara mahasiswa kesehatan (7.37±1.37) dan non-kesehatan (7.28±1.25). Lebih dari 50% responden di kedua grup ditemukan dehidrasi bedasarkan pengukuran hidrasi status menggunakan Ucol dan Usg. Pada mahasiswa kesehatan dan non-keseehatan yang cukup minum signifikan lebih tinggi tingkat pengetahuan mengenai asupan minum dan status hidrasi daripada mahasiswa yang kurang minum. Kesimpulan: Maka dari itu, dibutuhkan intervensi untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan sikap sehingga perilaku dan status hidrasi dapat lebih baik berdasarkan jurusan responden.

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ABSTRACTWater has an important role in normal body function. However, dehydration becomes one of the health problems in Indonesia. It is assumed that health science students have greater knowledge, attitude, and practice related to health issues compared to non-health science students. Objective: To compare the knowledge, attitude, practice of daily fluid intake and hydration status between health and non-health science students in Dormitory of Universitas Indonesia, Depok. Method: The respondents were the undergraduate students who stayed in the dormitory of Universitas Indonesia aged 18-21 years. Validated questionnaire of knowledge and attitude (FIHS Questionnaire) were used to assess knowledge and attitude regarding fluid intake and hydration status, practice of daily fluid intake was used 7-day fluid record, hydration status measurement was used Urine color (Ucol) and Urine specific gravity (Usg) methods, short international physical activity questionnaire (Short-IPAQ) was used to assess physical activity, and socio-eco demographic characteristics were assessed using structured questionnaire. Results: In this study found both in two groups, health science and non-health science had low physical activity, 71.2% and 72.4% respectively. Based on FIHS questionnaire, health science students had a higher score of an attitude than non-health science students (p<0.001), meanwhile for their knowledge there was no difference score both in health science students (7.37±1.37) and non-health science students (7.28±1.25). More than 50% of respondents both in the two groups were dehydrated based on hydration measurement used Ucol and Usg. Among health science and non-health science students who had enough drinking significantly higher in knowledge regarding fluid intake and hydration status than the students with less drinking. Conclusion: Therefore, it was needed to conduct the intervention for increasing knowledge and attitude to make better practice and hydration status based on respondent majority."

"[ABSTRAKMerokok merupakan suatu kebiasaan yang dapat berdampak pada kesehatan.Indonesia sebagai salah satu negara dengan perokok terbanyak harus menurunkanjumlah perokok. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisis model faktorupaya berhenti merokok dan Kesiapan berhenti merokok pada perokok aktifberumur 15 tahunkeatas di Indonesia. Desain Penelitian ini potonglintang denganmenggunakan data sekunder dari Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) tahun2011 dengan sampel sebanyak 2.424 responden Hasil penelitian menunjukkanbahwa dari 19 variabel yang diidentifikasi, terdapat beberapa faktor yang berperanmeningkatkan upaya mencoba berhenti merokok diantaranya bertempat tinggal didaerah perkotaan, mendapatkan nasehat berhenti merokok, merokok setiapharinya 1-10 batang, lama merokok dibawah 20 tahun, membutuhkan jeda waktumerokok di pagi hari lebih dari 30 menit, melihat peringatan kesehatan,mendapatkan informasi bahaya merokok, terpajan iklan rokok, danberpengetahuan tinggi tentang bahaya merokok. Pada Rencana berhenti merokokfaktor yang berperan yaitu berpendidikan tinggi, berpengetahuan tinggi terhadapbahaya merokok, mendapatkan nasehat berhenti merokok, melihat peringatankesehatan, mendapatkan informasi bahaya merokok, dan menghabiskan 1-10batang rokok perharinya. Perlu dilakukan intervensi yang sesuaikan dengantempat tinggal dan tingkat pendidikan, meningkatkan kemampuan tenagakesehatan agar dapat memberikan nasehat berhenti merokok dengan maksimal;

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ABSTRACTSmoking is a habit that can have an impact on health. Indonesia as one of thecountries with the most smokers, have to decrease the number of smoker. Thepurpose of this study was to analyze factors attempts to quit smoking and plan toquit smoking in active smokers aged 15 years in Indonesia. This reseach is crosssectionaldesign. The processed secondary data from the Global Adult TobaccoSurvey (GATS) in 2011 by taking a sample of households and individuals. A totalof 2,424 respondents who met the inclusion criteria. The results showed that ofthe 19 variables were identified, there are several determinant factors whichrelated to attempts to quit smoking, smoker who live in urban areas, get advice toquit smoking from doctor, smoking every day 1-10 stick, length of smoking lessthan 20 years, needed time smoking in the morning after wake up more than 30minutes, see a health warning, get information about the dangers of smoking,exposure to cigarette advertising, and have high knowledge about the dangers ofsmoking. While smoker which have plan to quit smoking, there are severalfactors, smoker which high educated, have high knowledge about the dangers ofsmoking, get advice to stop smoking, see health warnings, get informationdangers of smoking, and spend 1-10 cigarettes per day. Interventions need to betailored with spesific characteristic at every community and improving the abilityof health professionals have to provide advice to stop smoking at heath facilities;Smoking is a habit that can have an impact on health. Indonesia as one of thecountries with the most smokers, have to decrease the number of smoker. Thepurpose of this study was to analyze factors attempts to quit smoking and plan toquit smoking in active smokers aged 15 years in Indonesia. This reseach is crosssectionaldesign. The processed secondary data from the Global Adult TobaccoSurvey (GATS) in 2011 by taking a sample of households and individuals. A totalof 2,424 respondents who met the inclusion criteria. The results showed that ofthe 19 variables were identified, there are several determinant factors whichrelated to attempts to quit smoking, smoker who live in urban areas, get advice toquit smoking from doctor, smoking every day 1-10 stick, length of smoking lessthan 20 years, needed time smoking in the morning after wake up more than 30minutes, see a health warning, get information about the dangers of smoking,exposure to cigarette advertising, and have high knowledge about the dangers ofsmoking. While smoker which have plan to quit smoking, there are severalfactors, smoker which high educated, have high knowledge about the dangers ofsmoking, get advice to stop smoking, see health warnings, get informationdangers of smoking, and spend 1-10 cigarettes per day. Interventions need to betailored with spesific characteristic at every community and improving the abilityof health professionals have to provide advice to stop smoking at heath facilities, Smoking is a habit that can have an impact on health. Indonesia as one of thecountries with the most smokers, have to decrease the number of smoker. Thepurpose of this study was to analyze factors attempts to quit smoking and plan toquit smoking in active smokers aged 15 years in Indonesia. This reseach is crosssectionaldesign. The processed secondary data from the Global Adult TobaccoSurvey (GATS) in 2011 by taking a sample of households and individuals. A totalof 2,424 respondents who met the inclusion criteria. The results showed that ofthe 19 variables were identified, there are several determinant factors whichrelated to attempts to quit smoking, smoker who live in urban areas, get advice toquit smoking from doctor, smoking every day 1-10 stick, length of smoking lessthan 20 years, needed time smoking in the morning after wake up more than 30minutes, see a health warning, get information about the dangers of smoking,exposure to cigarette advertising, and have high knowledge about the dangers ofsmoking. While smoker which have plan to quit smoking, there are severalfactors, smoker which high educated, have high knowledge about the dangers ofsmoking, get advice to stop smoking, see health warnings, get informationdangers of smoking, and spend 1-10 cigarettes per day. Interventions need to betailored with spesific characteristic at every community and improving the abilityof health professionals have to provide advice to stop smoking at heath facilities]"

"Tingginya prevalensi remaja-awal yang mencoba merokok, mengindikasikan perlunya pengembangan upaya perlindungan terhadap remaja oleh seluruh elemen masyarakat. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh Model KeKAR dalam menanggulangi perilaku merokok pada siswa sekolah menengah pertama (SMP) di Kota Malang.Penelitian merupakan riset operasional dengan tiga tahap penelitian yaitu: fenomenologi, pengembangan model, daneksperimen semu. Fenomenologi melibatkan 25 informan (perawat, guru, remaja dan orang tua). Pengumpulan data menggunakan wawancara mendalam dengan panduan pertanyaan semi-terstruktur. Hasil wawancara ditranskripsi dan dianalisis secara manual menggunakan metode Colaizzi. Pengembangan Model KeKAR diawali dengan studi literatur Teori Pencapaian Tujuan, Karakteristik Risiko, Model Ketangguhan Protektif, Komunitas sebagai Mitra, Model Intervensi Roda, dan Pengalaman Merokok pada Perokok Pemula. Selanjutnya dilakukan validasi model melalui survei terhadap 248 responden. Data dianalisis menggunakan Structural Equation Modelling. Model KeKAR yang telah tervalidasi, kemudian dikembangkan menjadi buku Model dan Modul KeKAR untuk dinilai kelayakannya oleh pakar kesehatan komunitas. Implementasi Model KeKAR diberikan kepada masing-masing 60 partisipan di kelompok Model KeKAR dan kelompok kontrol. Intervensi diberikan selama tiga bulan, diawali dengan pelatihan kepada perawat, guru pembina kesehatan sekolah, orang tua, teman sebaya serta siswa. Kemudian dilanjutkan dengan pendampingan implementasi Model KeKAR. Data yang terkumpul dianalisis menggunakan uji Mann-Whitney. Permasalahan utama penanggulangan perilaku merokok pada remaja-awal ialah kontinuitas respons komunitas sekolah yang bervariasi mulai dari asertif hingga reaktif. Model KeKAR merupakan model intevensi yang layak untuk memberdayakan komunitas sekolah dalam membentuk ketangguhan diri remaja guna menolak inisiasi merokok. Implementasi Model KeKAR meningkatkan secara bermakna skor perilaku anti-rokok pada remaja-awal berupa ketiadaan intensi merokok; konsumsi rokok; penerimaan ajakan merokok; dan keinginan merokok pada masa yang akan datang. Model KeKAR berkontribusi positif dalam upaya penanggulangan perilaku merokok pada siswa SMP di Kota Malang.

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High prevalence of smoking among early-teenagers indicates the need for efforts of all elements of society to protect teenagers from smoking. This study aimed to determine the effect of the Anti-Smoking Community Resilience Model (ASCRM) for controlling smoking behaviour among middle school students in Malang. The study was employed action research design consisted of three phases: phenomenology, model development, and quasi-experiments. The first phase was the phenomenological study which involved 25 informants (7 students; 7 fathers of students; 7 teachers; 4 nurses).

Data were collected using in-depth interviews and analysed manually using Colaizzis method. The development of the ASCRM Model as the second phase began through a literature review based on goal attainment theory, risk characteristics, the model of protective resilience, community-as-partner model, intervention wheel model, and smoking experience of novice smokers, which then continued by a survey of 248 respondents conducted to validate the model.

The data were analysed using Structural Equation Modelling. The validated ASCRM Model was developed into ASCRM Module and assessed for fitness by community health experts. In the third phase, The ASCRM Model had designed to the quasi-experimental involved 60 students as the treatment group and 60 students as a control group. Data were analysed using the Mann-Whitney U test.

The main problem of regard controlling smoking behaviour in early-teenagers is the continuity of school community responses that vary from assertive until reactive. The ASCRM model is a fit intervention model to empower the school community for developing teenager self-resilience to refuse smoking initiation. Implementation of ASCRM Model significantly increased student score of smoke-free behaviour included the absence of smoking intention; cigarette consumption; acceptance of smoking; and the urge to smoke in the future. The ASCRM model positively contributed to the control of smoking behaviour among middle school students in Malang."