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"Metode: Desain penelitian cross-sectional, sampel dipilih secara consecutive sampling, didapatkan 124 ibu hamil. Data yang dikumpulkan meliputi data umum subyek, asupan makanan, pengukuran antropometrik dan pemeriksaan laboratorium darah Vena. Uji statistik yang digunakan adalah uji korelasi Spearman.Hasil: Rerata umur subyek penelitian 29,3 (± 4,9) tahun, median umur kehamilan 26,3 (8-38 ) minggu, rerata IMT 25,39 (± 3,9) kg/mm2, rerata LLA 25,6 {± 7,2) cm, Hb 11,1 (± 1,0) g/dL, TLC 1837/mm3, median Zn plasma 18,6 (7,2- 25,7) µmo1/L, median IgG antiCMV 41 (9-175) AU/mi sedangkan IgM antiCMV ditemukan negatif (-) pada semua sampel. Median asupan energi berdasarkan FFQ-semikuantitatif adalah 1212,3Ka1, Protein 57,6 g, Lemak 24,8 g dan Zn 7,2 mg. Riwayat abort-us terdapat pada 29,8% sampel.Dengan uji korelasi Spearman rank IgG antiCMV berkorelasi positif (r 0,394) dengan kadar Zn plasma. Dengan uji mean-rank Kruskal-Wallis asupan Zn tertinggi didapat melalui metode FFQ-semikuantitatif.Kesimpulan: Terdapat korelasi positif antara kadar Zn plasma dengan IgG anti CMV. Anemia ditemukan pada 55,5% subyek penelitian dan status imunologik subyek penelitian balk. Untuk mendapatkan asupan Zn sebaiknya menggunakan metode FFQ-semikuantitatif.

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The Correlation Betweeb Plasma Zinc and Cytomegalo Virus Infection in Pregnant MothersMethods: One hundred and twenty four pregnant mothers were recruited consecutively in this cross-sectional study. The collected data consist of the general characteristics of the subjects, dietary, anthropometric, and venous blood analysis data. Spearman correlation was used for the statistical test.

Result The mean age was 29,3 (± 4,9) years, median age of pregnancy 26,5 (8-38) weeks, BMI 25,39 (± 3,9) kg/m2, MIJAC 25,6 (± 7,2 ) cm, Ilb 11,1 (± 1,0) g/dL, median of plasma Zn 18,6 (7,2-25,7) p.mol/L, median. of IgG antiCMV 41 (9-175) AU/ml whereas 1gM antiCMV was found negative in all subjects. The median daily energy intake based on semi quantitative FFQ method was 1212 Cal, protein 57,6 g, fat 24,8 g and Zn 7,2 mg. History of abortion was found in 29,8% subjects.

Using Spearman rank correlation analysis between IgG antiCMV and plasma Zn showed positive correlation (r = 0,394). By using Kniskal-Wallis mean-rank test, the highest Zn intake was found by semi quantitative- FFQ method.

Conclusion: The current study indicated that there was significant positive correlation between plasma Zn and IgG antiCMV. Anemia was found in 55,5% subjects, and immunological state was normal. The highest Zn intake was found by -using semi quantitative-FFQ method."

"ABSTRAKBerhasilnya pembangunan di Indonesia berdampak positif pada usia harapan hidup, sehingga jumlah warga lanjut usia semakin meningkat. Kondisi fisik, baik anatomis maupun fungsional, pada kelompok usia tersebut telah mengalami kemunduran, oleh karena itu dengan bertambahnya warga lanjut usia akan menimbulkan berbagai masalah termasuk masalah kesehatan. Dari kepustakaan diketahui bahwa penyakit kardiovaskuler dan hipertensi merupakan penyakit yang frekuensinya meningkat dengan bertambahnya usia. Warga lanjut usia merupakan kelompok resiko tinggi untuk mengalami defisiensi magnesium, disebabkan oleh masukan makanan yang kurang, gangguan saluran pencemaan, penggunaan diuretika dan diabetes mellitus. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui status magnesium serum pada warga lanjut usia dan faktor-faktor yang berhubungan seperti faktor usia, jenis kelamin, tingkat pendidikan formal, tingkat penghasilan, pengetahuan gizi, sumber informasi, perilaku gizi, masukan makanan dan keluhan serta penyakit seperti gangguan nafsu makan, keadaan gigi geligi, diare, diabetes mellitus dan penggunaan diuretik. Penelitian cross sectional ini melibatkan 88 orang warga lanjut usia. Data didapatkan dari wawancara, pemeriksaan fisik termasuk antropometri dan pemeriksaan laboratorium untuk menentukan kadar magnesium dalam serum dan bahan makanan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 54.5% menderita defisiensi magnesium. Tidak ditemukan hubungan yang bermakna (p> 0.05) antara faktor usia, jenis kelamin, tingkat pendidikan formal, tingkat penghasilan, pengetahuan gizi, perilaku gizi, sumber informasi gizi, masukan energi, masukan protein baik hewani maupun nabati, keadaan gigi geligi, dan diare dengan status magnesium serum. Sedangkan subyek yang menderita penyakit diabetes mellitus dan menggunakan diuretik cenderung mempunyai status magnesium yang rendah. Di samping itu ditemukan hubungan yang kuat antara gangguan nafsu makan dan masukan magnesium dengan status magnesium serum.

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The successful development in Indonesia has a positive impact on the life expectancy at birth, leading to the increasing number of elderly. The physical condition of this age group either anatomically as well as functionally is declining with age. With the increasing number of this elderly group several health problems will emerge including, the high frequency of cardiovascular disease and hypertension. Some authors described the aetheology of these diseases to magnesium deficiency. Elderly are at high risk of suffering magnesium deficiency caused by deficient food intake, altered gastrointestinal function, use of diuretics and diabetes mellitus.

Therefore it is considered necessary to study serum magnesium status in the elderly, to know the serum magnesium status and related factors such as age, gender, level of formal education, income, knowledge of nutrition, nutritional information source, nutritional behavior, nutrient intake, complains and problems regarding anorexia, teeth condition, diarrhea, diabetes mellitus and use of diuretics.

This cross sectional study involved 88 elderly. Data were collected through interviews, physical examination, including anthropometrical measurements and laboratory assessments were done to determine magnesium content in serum and food.

From the 88 examined elderly, 54.5% were magnesium deficient. There was no significant association (p>4.05) between age, gender, level of formal education and income, knowledge of nutrition, nutritional behavior, nutritional information source, energy intake, animal and plant protein intake, teeth condition, diarrhea, and serum magnesium status. The subjects with diabetes mellitus and those using diuretics tend to have low serum magnesium status. There was strong association between anorexia and magnesium intake with serum magnesium status."

"Tujuan : menentukan status protein, hubungannya dengan KEK dan status usia senja pada lansia yang tinggal di komunitas di kota Semarang. Tempat : Tujuh puskesmas kecamatan di kotamadya Semarang. Bahan dan Cara : Studi belah lintang (cross sectional) pada lansia 60 tahun ke atas, yang dipilih secara acak sederbana pada tingkat puskesmas. Dikumpulkan data sosiodemografi, asupan nutrisi dan pola makan, antropometri, albumin dan lipid serum. Indikator protein somatik yang dikumpulkan adalah MBL (kg dan %) IMBL, LOLA, AOLA dan LB. .Kriteria KEK menggunakan kriteria WHO dan status usia senja dari studi IUNS. Hasil : Prevalensi KEK lansia pria 35%, wanita 29%,Uji diagnosis KEK dengan manggunakan indikator protein somatik yang dibandingkan dengan nilai IMT<18,5 (nilai pembatas sebesar P30 untuk populasi total dan wanita serta P35 untuk pria) membuktikan bahwa indikator protein somatik yang terbaik adalah LB untuk populasi total (sensitivitas 73 %, spesifisitas 92 %), IMBL (sensitivitas 88 04, spesifisitas 93 %) untuk pria, IML dan ML (kg) (sensitivitas 94 %, spesifisitas 96 %). untuk wanita. Uji diagnosis KEK dengan LLA manurut Ferro-Luzzi dan James memberikan hasil sensitivitas 83 %, spesifisitas 84 % untuk lansia dengan IMT < 16. Terdapat korelasi kuat antara IMT dengan indikator massa protein somatik dan massa lemak (P<0,001). Ditemukan korelasi positif antara albumin dan ML(kg) (r= 0,1428, P = 0,014) IML (r= 0,1534, P = 0,009); AOLA dikoreksi (r= 0,1223, P = 0,030); LOLA (r 0,1239, P = 0,028) serta LLA (r= 0,1496, P = 0,011). Skor tertinggi untuk status usia senja adalah aktivitas hidup sehari-hari (9,71) dan terrendah aktivitas sosial (2,88). Analisis kategorikal memakai nilai pembatas yang sama seperti indikator status protein dan antropometri membuktikan LB adalah indikator yang paling sensitif untuk status usia senja. Untuk status usia senja skor aktivitas sosial merupakan detenninan terbesar terhadap status protein somatik. Selain terdapat kadar kholesteroi total rendah, terdapat masalah dislipidemia pada lansia penderita KEK. Kesimpulan. Nilai pembatas IMT, LB, IMBL dan LML dapat digunakan untuk mendiagnosa KEK pada lansia yang tinggal di komunitas. Lingkar betis merupakan indikator yang paling sensitif untuk memprediksi status usia senja dan aktivitas sosial merupakan determinan terbesar."

"ABSTRAKThe overall objectives of this research is to examine whether the intrahousehold food distribution exists in rural middle income and urban low income households and the nutritional status of members household having lactating mother in Dong Hung district and Thai Binh town,Thai Binh province of Vietnam. This research is designed as a cross-sectional study. A total of 25 urban low income and 25 rural middle income households having lactating mothers with breastfed infants 1-6 months of age were studied from January to March 1996. Food intake of selected household members (father, lactating mother, and children 1-5 years old) was collected using a combined food weighing and food recall method. A three consecutive days of food weighing was done during mealtime in each household. For food eaten outside the home or food eaten between meals when the researcher was not present, then food recall method was used. The results showed that inequality in food distribution within household existed in both rural and urban households. In general, father was the one who got more adequate intake compared to mother and child within household. Members of urban households had higher adequacy for some nutrients than their rural counterparts. Consequently, the nutritional status based on anthropometric indices of urban household members was better than those in rural households. "

"ABSTRACTA cross sectional study on cardiovascular disease risk profile was carried out in North Jakarta, Indonesia. One hundred six Chinese individuals (47 men and 59 women) aged 25 years and over were recruited to collect baseline information related to dietary determinants of cardiovascular risk profile.Result showed high prevalence of overweight /obesity and hypertension, especially in men (43% and 48.8%, respectively). The prevalence of current smoker was 12.2% of men and 3.9% of women. The prevalence of hyperlipidemia was 14.6% of men and 9.6% of women. Mean values of BMI, WHR, and blood pressure were significantly higher in men than in women. Body fatness and blood pressure in women were significantly increased with age. In women, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol were associated with BMI, while triglyceride was associated with WHR.Intake of fresh fish, crabs/lobster/shrimp, sea weed, tomato and spinach decreased with advancing age of men. No food components that significantly correlated with age of women. There were no significant relationship between food intake and other socio-demographic characteristics. In men, lamb and chocolate intake were significantly associated with BMI while rice vermicelli and sweet bread were significantly correlated with blood pressure. Total cholesterol had significant correlation with pork sausage intake of men. In women, HDL cholesterol were significantly associated with ham and beef sausage, while LDL cholesterol were associated with duck intake.These findings suggested that women had more favorable cardiovascular risk profile than men and age was likely to be an important determinant factor for women. Men were more prevalent smoking habit and poorer attitude to health status than women."

"Prevalensi anemia gizi pada ibu hamil masih cukup tinggi di Indonesia. Pada umumnya anemia gizi pada ibu hamil disebabkan kekurangan zat besi. Penyebab utama anemia gizi tampaknya adalah konsumsi zat makanan yang tidak cukup, terutama protein dan bahan lainnya pembentuk darah seperti besi, asam folat, vitamin B12, vitamin C. Konsumsi zat makanan tersebut sering lebih rendah dari dua pertiga kecukupan zat makanan yang dianjurkan sehari. Pada ibu hamil, jugs didapatkan penurunan kadar asam folat yang lebih besar dari pada wanita yang tidak hamil, hal ini merupakan salah satu faktor kontribusi untuk terjadinya anemia gizi. Suplementasi preparat zat besi dan asam folat, merupakan pendekatan yang efektif untuk memenuhi kebutuhan zat besi dan asam folat yang meningkat pada waktu hamil. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbandingan pengaruh pemberian zat besi dengan zat besi dan asam folat terhadap kadar Hb pada ibu hamil dengan anemia. Dilakukan studi eksperimental terhadap 92 orang ibu hamil dengan umur kehamilan 16 - 32 minggu dengan anemia gizi (8 g% S Hb < 11 g%, Ht < 37%) yang berkunjung ke Bagian Kesehatan Ibu dan Anak Puskesmas Kecamatan Cilandak Jakarta Selatan. Subyek dibagi menjadi kelompok perlakuan (45 orang) dan kelompok kontrol (47 orang). Selama 8 minggu kelompok perlakuan diberikan pil zat besi dan asam folat (200 mg + 0,25 mg/hari) sedangkan kelompok kontrol mendapat pil zat besi (200 mg/hari) saja. Dari penelitian ini ditemukan :

1. Prevalensi anemia gizi pada ibu hamil masih cukup tinggi (42,73%).
2. Subyek umurnya berasal dari golongan sosial ekonomi rendah, tingkat pendidikan rendah, berpengetahuan gizi dan berperilaku gizi kurang. Agaknya hal tersebut yang menyebabkan kurangnya asupan zat gizi, terutama protein, zat besi, asam folat, vitamin B12, dibandingkan AKG yang dianjurkan untuk ibu hamil, serta memungkinkan terjadinya anemia gizi pada kehamilan.
3. Dengan pemberian setiap hari pil zat besi atau pil zat besi + asam folat selama 8 minggu, didapatkan kenaikan kadar Hb dan Ht. Tetapi pada pemberian pil zat besi + asam folat didapatkan kenaikan kadar Hb dan Ht yang lebih tinggi secara bermakna dibandingkan pemberian pil zat besi saja (nilai rata-rata kenaikan Hb kelompok perlakuan 2,12 g% dan kelompok kontrol 0,78 g%, nilai rata-rata kenaikan Ht kelompok perlakuan 4,49% dan kelompok kontrol 1,98 %).(p < 0,01).

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The prevalence of nutritional anemia among pregnant women is still high in Indonesia. The most common nutritional anemia among pregnant women is iron deficiency anemia which is apparently due to inadequate dietary nutrient intake, i.e. protein, iron, folic acid, vitamin B12 and vitamin C. Estimated dietary nutrients intake is often below two thirds of the RDA. The decrease of plasma folic acid concentration in pregnancy is more than in non pregnant women, which forms one of the contributing factors in the causation of the nutritional anemia in pregnancy. Combined iron and folate supplementation is an effective approach to meet the high iron and folate requirement during pregnancy.

The objective of this study is to compare the effect of iron and combined iron and folate supplementation. An experimental study, was carried out on 92 women 16-32 weeks pregnant with hemoglobin concentration between 8 g% and less than 11 g%, and hematocrit less than 37%, who visited the Primary Health Center Cilandak at Kecamatan Cilandak, South Jakarta. Subjects are deviled into study and control groups consisting of 45 and 47 subjects respectively. During 8 weeks the combined iron and folate preparation (200 mg ferrosulfate and 0,25 mg folic acid) were distributed to the study group and the iron preparation (200 mg ferrosulfate) to the control group.

From this study can be concluded as follow :

1. The prevalence of nutritional anemia in pregnancy is still high ( 42,73 % ).
2. Subjects were primarily from low socio economic level, had low education, poor knowledge and nutritional behavior. Which apparently led to inadequate dietary nutrient intake (i.e. protein, iron, folic acid, vitamin B12) compared to RDA causing probably the nutritional anemia in pregnancy.
3. Daily supplementation of combined iron and folic acid pils or iron pils only for 8 weeks, increased the hemoglobin and hematocrit concentration of the subjects. But combined pits increased the Hb and Ht concentration more significant than iron pils only. (The mean of increased hemoglobin concentration of the study group was 2,12 mg% and 0,78 mg% of the control group. The mean of the increased hematocrit concentration of the study group was 4,49 % and 1,98 % of the control group )(p<0.41).

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"Aging is closely associated with physical disability that mostly causes by the onset of degenerative diseases. Due to the increasing mean age in most of the societies, the relationship between nutrition and aging is growing interest. The study aims to investigate the association of diet and biological age. A cross sectional study was conducted amongst male elderly (60 years and over) living in Jakarta. Eighty-four subjects were selected randomly. Biological age was determined by measuring skin wrinkling using skin microtopograph and serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS). Data collection was done using interviewer-administrated structured questionnaire and semi quantitatvive food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). After adjustment for age, elderly with high sosioeconomic status had higher energy, protein, meat, fish, and egg intakes. Low sosioeconomic class ad more extensive hand skin wrinkling and although not significant, arm sites. Serum DHEAS level was similar, respectively for high and low socioeconomic class. Serum DHEAS was positively correlated with the vitamin c intake and negatively correlated with cereal consumption. Skin wrinkling was positively collerated with cereal consumption. Since the design of this study was cross sectional, further studies are recommended to elaborate the protective effect of vitamin C and damaging effect of high cereal consumption on biological age as indicated by serum DHEAS levels and skin wrinkling."

"Banization is one of the causes of dietary changes creating dual form malnutrition. Susilowati (1997) discovered this condition occurred at national level and within households in East Jakarta. Lower energy expenditure and higher energy intake were predicted as potential risk of overweight, opposite to underweight status. This cross sectional survey aimed to explore the dietary intake and physical activity which resulted dual form malnutrition by comparing overweight mothers having underweight children and their normal counterparts. In this study, 81 pairs of mothers and their under fives were recruited for dietary intake, nutritional status and physical activity assessment and divided into two groups: the case group consisting of overweight or obese mothers with their underweight children, and the normal grove comprised of normal mothers with their normal children. Repeated 3 days.24-hour recall food intake of mothers and children, as well as physical activity of mothers but only one day of physical activity data for the children, were collected followed by ale day 24-hour recall plus observation from 08.00 to 16.00 for activities of sub sample children. Mean energy and macronutrients intake of the case mothers was higher than their normal peers, but there was no statistical significant difference between groups, which might be due to under reported energy intake. Estimated BMR and energy expenditure of the case mothers were significantly higher than their normal counterparts, though there was no difference in their PAL. Notorious energy balance was discovered after subtracting energy intake and expenditure, which might be due to under-reported energy intake. After adjustment by age and sex, statistical significant difference was found in energy intake and PAL. BMR and energy expenditure of the underweight children was lower significantly in contrasted to the others. Negative energy balance was discovered among the case children, opposite to positive energy balance of the normal peers. This research was part of a Multi-center study, Dietary Transition and Health in Asia."

"A single blind intervention study for 9 weeks was conducted in Kelurahan Cempaka Putih Barat, Center Jakarta. This was to determine the effects of micronutrient supplementation an the immune status and hand grip strength of the free-living male elderly aged 60 -75 years old. The total number of subjects at baseline study were 97 male elderly, which were then randomly assigned into 49 subjects in the supplemented group and 48 subjects in the placebo group. The percentage of T-suppresor cells of the micronutrient supplemented group increased significantly from 28.3 % to 30.7 %. The absolute counts of immune status also increased. In the micronutrient supplemented group TLC , T- cells, T -Helper cells, T-suppresor and NK-cells increased significantly after 9 week micromttrient supplementation. However compared to the placebo group only TLC ( 787.4 vs 287.0), T-cells (453.2 vs 160.3), and T- suppresor cells (183.7 vs 57.4) showed significant improvement. The hand grip strength as expressed by the lefthand, right hand and sum of both values remained similar to baseline. The serum zinc and-retinol of the supplemented group significantly increased after nine weeks micronutrient supplementation (13.7 to 18.8 umol/L and 1.10 to 1.42 umol/L, respectively). The changes of serum zinc and retinol were significantly higher in the supplemented group compared to the placebo group. The micronutrients status (serum retinol and serum Zinc) had increased in the supplemented group and lead to lower prevalence of hyporetinolemia and hypozincemia. The improvement of the immune status in the micronutrient supplemented group were not correlated with the serum retinol and zinc. However in the placebo group the change of serum retinol had negative correlation with the T-cel/, T helper and T -suppresor."