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"Penyapihan akut dari penyalahgunaan opioid kronik selama anestesia umum, umumnya disertai gejala akibat keluarnya adrenalin. Makalah ini melaporkan pengalaman kami dalam neuroregulasi yang dipercepat untuk memulihkan ketergantungan fisik dan psikologik. Sesudah pemeriksaan medik dan psikologik yang menyeluruh, 361 pasien pecandu heroin dirawat di ICU selama 24-36 jam, yang mencakup proses pengobatan praprosedur 6 jam (solbutamol, klonidin, diazepam, ranitidin, omeprazol, vitamin C, oktreotid, dan ondansetron). Anestesia dimulai dengan midazolam dan propofol iv dan dipertahankan dengan infusi propofol. Naltrekson, klonidin, oktreotid, dan diazepam diberikan setelah itu. Anestesia dipertahankan selama 3 ½ - 5 jam tergantung pada keparahan gejala-gejala putus obat yang dicetuskan oleh naltrekson. Sesudahnya, analgetik dan sedatif diberikan seperlunya. Sewaktu dipulangkan pada keesokan harinya, pasien diberi resep naltrekson oral selama 10-12 bulan. Detoksifikasi berhasil pada semua pasien tanpa efek samping anestesia yang tidak diinginkan. Efek samping yang dijumpai adalah capai, insomnia, mengantuk, menggigil, nyeri perut, mual, diare, mialgia, bulu roma merinding dan rasa tak nyaman. Pada kebanyakan pasien gejala-gejala ini menghilang tanpa pengobatan. Terapi simptomatik diperlukan pada 32,7% pasien. Pada semua pasien yang menyelesaikan terapi rumatan naltrekson (166 orang) ‘craving’ menghilang pada bulan ke 10. Masalah utama adalah kepatuhan pasien yang rendah terhadap naltrekson oral, sehingga hanya 45,9% pasien yang menyelesaikan terapi. Kesimpulan: neuroregulasi yang dipercepat yang mencakup terapi pemeliharaan naltrekson (10-12 bulan) sangat efektif untuk detoksifikasi dan untuk menghilangkan craving pada pasien pecandu heroin. (Med J Indones 2004; 13: 53-8)

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Acute weaning from chronic opioid abuse during general anesthesia is usually followed by adrenergic outflow effects. This article is to report our experience with accelerated neuroregulation that reverses the physical and psychological dependency. After a comprehensive psychological and medical examination, 361 heroin dependent patients were admitted to ICU to be hospitalized for a full 24 or 36 hours, including a 6 hour pre-procedure medication process (solbutamol, clonidine, diazepam, ranitidine, omeprazole, vitamin C, octreotide, and ondansetron). Anesthesia was induced with midazolam and propofol iv and maintained with propofol infusion. Naltrexon, clonidine, octreotide, and diazepam were then administered. Anesthesia was maintained for 3 ½ - 5 hours depending on severity of withdrawal symptoms precipitated by naltrexone. Analgetics and sedatives were given as needed afterwards. Upon discharge on the following day, patient was prescribed a regimen of oral naltrexone for 10-12 months. All 361 patients were successfully detoxified without any adverse anesthetic events. The side effects encountered were fatigue, insomnia, drowsy, shivering, abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhoea, myalgia, goose bumps and uncomfortable feeling. In most of the patients these symptoms disappeared without any treatment. Symptomatic treatments were needed in 32.7% of patients. In all 166 patients who completed their naltrexone maintenance treatment, craving disappeared in the 10th month. The main problem was the low patient compliance to oral naltrexone, so that only 45.9% of the patients completed their therapy. Conclusion: Accelerated neuroregulation which includes naltrexone maintenance treatment (10-12 months) was highly effective to detoxify and to abolish craving in the heroin dependent patients. (Med J Indones 2004; 13: 53-8)"

"Terkadang manfaat pensiun yang diberikan dari jaminan sosial tidak dapat mencukupi kehidupan masa pensiun. Salah satu strategi untuk menambah pendapatan masa pensiun bagi pasangan suami istri lanjut usia yaitu dengan membeli produk equity release, yaitu marriage reverse annuity contract. Marriage reverse annuity contract memberikan manfaat anuitas kepada pasangan suami istri lanjut usia ketika masih hidup (status joint life) bahkan terkadang setelah kematian dari salah satu pasangan (status last survivor) dengan mengonversi seluruh atau sebagian dari nilai real estate yang mereka miliki. Agar lebih realitistis, risiko kematian antarpasangan suami istri diasumsikan dependen karena pasangan suami istri terpapar risiko yang sama. Oleh karena itu, dimodelkan dependensi dari future lifetime pasangan suami istri dengan menggunakan copula. Berdasarkan teorema Sklar, copula adalah fungsi yang menghubungkan distribusi bivariat dengan fungsi kumulatif marginalnya. Salah satu copula yang populer digunakan yaitu copula Archimedean, di mana keluarga copula ini memiliki struktur dan perhitungan yang sederhana, serta memungkinkan berbagai struktur dependensi yang lebih luas. Jenis copula Archimedean yang akan digunakan pada skripsi ini yaitu Clayton, Gumbel, dan Frank. Data yang digunakan yaitu Tabel Mortalitas Indonesia IV, di mana distribusi marginalnya tidak diketahui sehingga estimasi parameter dilakukan dengan metode canonical maximum likelihood. Model marriage reverse annuity untuk status joint life dan last survivor diilustrasikan melalui model multiple state dan struktur probabilitas dikonstruksi menggunakan teorema Sklar dan fungsi survival copula. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan manfaat kontrak menggunakan copula Clayton, Gumbel, dan Frank diperoleh bahwa nilai manfaat pada status joint life lebih besar daripada last survivor. Pada status joint life, nilai manfaat tahunan kontrak marriage reverse annuity berjangka terkecil diperoleh menggunakan asumsi dependensi dengan copula Frank, sedangkan pada status last survivor, nilai manfaat tahunan kontrak marriage reverse annuity berjangka terkecil diperoleh menggunakan asumsi independensi (tanpa menggunakan copula).

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Sometimes the retirement benefits from social security are insufficient for retirement life. One strategy to increase retirement income for elderly married couples is to purchase an equity release product, namely a reverse annuity marriage contract. A marriage reverse annuity contract provides annuity benefits to elderly married couples while they are still alive (joint life status) even after the death of one of the partners (last survivor status) by converting all or part of the real estate value they own. To be more realistic, the risk of death between husband and wife is assumed to be dependent because the husband and wife are exposed to the same risk. Therefore, the dependency model of the future lifetime of a husband and wife is modeled using copula. According to Sklar's theorem, the copula is a function that joins bivariate distribution to its marginal cumulative function. One of the most popular copulas used is the Archimedean copula, which has a simple structure and computation, and allows for a wider variety of dependency structures. The types of Archimedean copula that will be used in this study are Clayton, Gumbel, and Frank. The Indonesian Mortality Table IV data is used, where the marginal distribution is unknown, so parameter estimation is executed using the canonical maximum likelihood method. The marriage reverse annuity model for joint life and last survivor status is illustrated through multiple state models and the probability structure is constructed using Sklar's theorem and the copula survival function. Based on the results of calculating the benefits of the contract using the copulas (Clayton, Gumbel, and Frank), it is obtained that the value of benefits in joint life status is greater than that of the last survivor. In joint life status the smallest annual benefit value of a term marriage reverse annuity contract is obtained using the dependence assumption with Frank's copula, whereas in last survivor status the smallest annual benefit value of a term marriage reverse annuity contract is obtained using the independence assumption (without using copula)."

"Untuk pengobatan dan pencegahan pada wanita menopause akibat kekurangan hormon estrogen adalah dengan pemberian hormon estrogen yang dikenal dengan istilah hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Cara pemberian HRT yang banyak digunakan adalah berupa tablet. Pemberian tablet akan terjadi metabolisme di usus dan hati. Tablet harus digunakan setiap hari sehingga menimbulkan kebosanan dan menimbulkan gangguan gastrointestinal. Pemberian berupa jel cukup dioles di badan dan tidak terjadi metabolisme di usus dan hati. Pada wanita dengan uterus, estrogen harus dikombinasikan dengan progestogen. Jenis progestogen yang dianjurkan adalah jenis turunan alamiah dan yang memiliki sifat antimineralokortikoid, sehingga tidak menyebabkan retensi cairan. Salah satu jenis progestogen yang tidak menyebabkan retensi cairan adalah nomogestrol acetate. Nomogestrol acetate juga menghambat enzim 17β Hidroksisteroiddehydrogense tipe 1 sehingga estradiol (E2) tidak dapat diubah menjadi estron (E1). Akibatnya kadar E2 di dalam jaringan payudara rendah dan dengan sendirinya menurunkan risiko kanker payudara. (Med J Indones 2003; 12: 194-8)

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The treatment and prevention of disease in menopausal women due to deficiency of estrogen hormone are done through the administration of estrogen hormone, known as hormone replacement therapy (HRT). The administration of HRT is commonly done through the administration of tablets. However, the administration of tablet will result in metabolism in the colon and liver. Tablets are usually used on a daily basis such that it may lead to boredom and results in gastrointestinal disorder. The administration of gel, on the other hand, is done by applying the gel to the body and therefore metabolism in the colon and liver can be prevented. In women with uterus, estrogen must be combined with progestogen. The type of progestogen recommended is the one with natural derivative and which possesses antimineralocorticoid properties, such that fluid retention can be avoided. One of the types of progestogen which does not result in fluid retention is nomogestrol acetate. Nomogestrol acetate will also inhibit 17β hydrosisteroiddehydrogency enzyme type 1, such that estradiol (E2) is prevented from being transformed into estron (E1). As a result, E2 level in the breast tissue is kept at minimum, thereby reducing the risk of breast cancer. (Med J Indones 2003; 12: 194-8)"

"ABSTRAKTuberkulosis TB merupakan penyakit menular melalui udara yang disebabkan oleh bakteriMycobacterium tuberculosis mtb. Penyakit tuberkulosis mudah ditularkan daripasien ke orang lain melalui percikan air liur, bersin, batuk dan kontak langsung denganpasien. Penyakit ini kebanyakan menyerang orang dewasa pada usia produktif mencapai75, namun semua kelompok usia berisiko terkena penyakit tuberkulosis. Pasienpenyakit tuberkulosis aktif bisa menginfeksi 10-15 orang di sekitar manusia yang terinfeksiper tahun, dan tanpa pengobatan yang memadai, 50-60 pasien tuberkulosisakan meninggal. Selain vaksinasi, pengobatan untuk penderita penyakit tuberkulosis jugabisa dilakukan. Namun, pengobatan pada penderita tuberkulosis juga memiliki beberapamasalah, antara lain reaksi paradoksikal. Reaksi paradoksikal saat pengobatan tuberkulosisdidefinisikan sebagai pemburukan klinis atau radiologi pada lesi tuberkulosis yangsudah ada sebelumnya setelah dilaporkan membaik atau stabil pada terapi, atau pengembanganlesi tuberkulosis baru di luar tempat pertama, meskipun mendapat perawatan yangmemadai. Model epidemi SEIR dengan pembagian kelas usia dianalisis dalam skripsiini untuk memahami bagaimana reaksi paradoksikal dalam pengobatan penyakit tuberkulosisberdampak pada keberhasilan program pengendalian tuberkulosis. Analisis modelmatematis dari titik ekuilibrium dan basic reproduction number R0 pada model, dengandan tanpa kelas usia ditelaah. Beberapa percobaan numerik tentang ketergantungan basicreproduction number R0 terhadap perubahan nilai parameter lain diberikan untukmemberikan gambaran tentang bagaimana reaksi paradoksikal dapat mempengaruhi keberhasilanintervensi pengobatan pada penyakit tuberkulosis. Dari kajian secara analitikdan numerik, kami menemukan bahwa reaksi paradoksikal memainkan peran penting untukmenentukan tuberkulosis akan hidup berdampingan atau

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ABSTRACTTuberculosis TB is an airborne infectious disease caused by bacteria Mycobacteriumtuberculosis mtb. Tuberculosis is easily transmitted from the patient itself to othersthrough saliva splashes, sneezing, coughing and direct intermediate contact with thepatient. This disease mostly attacks adults at productive age reaches 75, but all agegroups are at risk of tuberculosis. Also, an active tuberculosis patient will infect 10 15people around an infected human per year, and without adequate treatment, 50 60 of tuberculosis patients will die. In addition to vaccinations, treatment for people withtuberculosis disease can also be done. However, treatment in tuberculosis sufferersalso has some problems, among others, the paradoxical reaction. Paradoxical reactionduring therapy for tuberculosis has been defined as clinical or radiological worseningof preexisting tuberculosis lesions or the development of new lesions in a patient whohas already received anti TB therapy for several days and whose condition has beenreported to be improving. An SEIR with age class model is analyze in this researchto understand how paradoxical reaction in tuberculosis treatment impact the successof tuberculosis control program. Mathematical model analysis of equilibrium pointsand the basic reproduction number R0 of the model, with and without age class areanalyzed. Some numerical experiments about the dependency of basic reproductionnumber R0 respect to the change of other parameters is given to give an illustrationabout how the paradoxical reaction might impact the success of therapy intervention ontuberculosis. From the analytic and numerical investigation, we find that the paradoxicalreaction plays an important role to determine the tuberculosis will coexist or disappear."

"Hipertensi menjadi salah satu penyebab utama kematian dan masalah kesehatan di Indonesia, sehingga penanganannya dilakukan di berbagai fasilitas kesehatan. Apoteker berperan penting dalam manajemen hipertensi ini. Berdasarkan Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan No. 58 Tahun 2014, pasien dengan terapi jangka panjang atau penyakit kronis seperti hipertensi dapat diberikan konseling oleh apoteker. Pemberian informasi ini harus disampaikan dengan bahasa yang mudah dipahami, disesuaikan dengan tingkat pendidikan dan kondisi pasien. Dalam melakukan hal ini, apoteker perlu memiliki informasi komprehensif mengenai terapi hipertensi. Booklet Terapi Hipertensi untuk Apoteker disusun untuk membantu apoteker dalam memahami dan memberikan informasi lengkap mengenai terapi hipertensi. Penyusunan buku ini dimulai dengan studi literatur tentang penatalaksanaan dan algoritma terapi hipertensi di Indonesia. Kata kunci yang digunakan adalah: hipertensi, tata laksana hipertensi, dan pedoman hipertensi. Selanjutnya, desain booklet dibuat menggunakan aplikasi editor berdasarkan hasil studi literatur tersebut. Booklet ini disusun dengan cara yang ringkas, mudah dimengerti, dan komprehensif. Booklet terapi hipertensi untuk apoteker mencakup berbagai informasi penting seperti pengertian hipertensi, tujuan terapi, terapi non-farmakologi, terapi farmakologi, terapi kombinasi, hipertensi krisis, golongan obat hipertensi, hipertensi pada kehamilan, serta peran apoteker dalam penanganan hipertensi. Desain booklet dibuat dengan menarik, mudah dibaca, dan komprehensif. Dengan demikian, booklet ini telah berhasil disusun sesuai dengan format yang berlaku, diharapkan dapat memberikan panduan yang bermanfaat bagi para apoteker dalam meningkatkan pengelolaan dan kualitas hidup pasien hipertensi di Indonesia.

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The prevalence of hypertension in Indonesia is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity, making its management a common intervention across various healthcare facilities. Pharmacists play a crucial role in the successful management of hypertension. One of the criteria for patients eligible for counseling by pharmacists is those with long-term therapy or chronic diseases, such as hypertension. The information provided should be delivered in an easily understandable manner, tailored to the patient's educational level and condition. To achieve this, pharmacists must have comprehensive knowledge of hypertension therapy. The compilation of the booklet titled "Therapy for Hypertension: A Guide for Pharmacists" starts with a literature study to gather relevant information for its design. The literature used should refer to the basics of hypertension management and therapy algorithms in Indonesia. The next step is to create the booklet's design using editing applications based on the findings from the literature study. The booklet is presented with concise, easily comprehensible, and comprehensive information. The "Therapy for Hypertension: A Guide for Pharmacists" booklet covers several sub-sections, including definitions, therapy objectives, non-pharmacological therapy, pharmacological therapy, combination therapy, hypertensive crisis, hypertension drug classes, hypertension in pregnancy, and the pharmacist's role in hypertension management. The booklet is designed to be visually appealing, easy to read, and comprehensive. In conclusion, the booklet has been successfully compiled according to the applicable format, providing valuable and concise information to pharmacists about hypertension therapy. Its comprehensive content and user-friendly design aim to assist pharmacists in effectively managing hypertension for better patient outcomes."

"[ABSTRAKPendahuluan : Glioma adalah jenis tumor yang paling umum dari neoplasma intraserebralprimer. Tumor ganas primer sistem saraf pusat (SSP) mencapai sekitar 2% dari semua kankerdan high grade glioma adalah jenis yang paling banyak ditemukan. High grade gliomamenyebabkan tingkat morbiditas dan mortalitas yang tinggi. Saat ini belum ada data yangmenggambarkan profil pasien glioma yang menjalani radioterapi di Indonesia.Metode penelitian : Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian retrospektif deskriptif analitikterhadap 121 pasien glioma yang mendapat radiasi di departemen Radioterapi RSUPN Dr.Cipto mangunkusumo dari Januari 2009 sampai Januari 2014. Data diperoleh dari catatanmedisdan hasil penelusuran melalui telepon terhadap pasien atau keluarganya. Respon tumordianalisa terhadap 22 pasien yang mempunyai CT scan atau MRI pre dan post radiasi denganmenggunakan kriteria RECIST.Hasil : Sebagian besar pasien adalah laki-laki (53,7%), dengan usia rata-rata 45 tahun.Histopatologi yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah astrositoma. Prosedur bedah yang palingbanyak ditemukan pada penelitian ini adalah craniotomi removal tumor (70%). Teknik 3DCRT paling banyak digunakan yaitu pada 77,7% pasien. Nimotuzumab sebagai antibodimonoklonal digunakan pada 9% pasien. Respon parsial ditemukan 59,1%. Analisis kesintasanhidup tiga tahun dari seratus sebelas pasien yang memenuhi kriteria didapatkan angkakesintasan yaitu 46,15%. Analisis kaplan meyer menunjukkan overall treatment timemerupakan faktor prognostik untuk kesintasan hidup (p = 0,016).Kesimpulan : Teknik operasi terbanyak pada pasien glioma yang menjalani radiasi didepartemen radioterapi RSUPN DR. Cipto Mangunkusumo adalah kraniotomi removal tumor(70,9%). Teknik 3D CRT adalah teknik radiasi yang paling banyak digunakan. Responparsial ditemukan 59,1%. Kesintasan hidup tiga tahun pasien glioma yaitu 46,2% dan overalltreatment time merupakan faktor prognostik yang bermakna untuk kesintasan hidup

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ABSTRACTIntroduction : Glioma is the most common type of primary intracerebral neoplasms. Highgrade glioma being the most frekuent type found (70,9%) causes a high morbidity andmortality rate. There is currently no data describing the profile management of patientsundergoing radiotherapy glioma in Indonesia.Methods : This study Retrospective analytic descriptive study of 121 glioma patients fromjanuari 2009 until december 2014. The data was obtained from medical records and indivualcontact via telephone. Tumor response was evaluated in 22 patients with pre and postirradiation imaging (CT or MRI) using 3D volumetric data and assessed via RECISTcriteria.Results : Most of our patients were male (53,7%), with median age 45 years old.Astrocytoma was the most histopathological type found. 70.9% of Patients who receivedradiotherapy in Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital were post craniotomi tumor removal. 3DConformal technique was used in 81.0% of patients. Seventy nine point three had a two graydose perfraction. Provision of chemotherapy in patients undergoing radiation still only at7.4% of patients. Nimotuzumab as a monoclonal antibody used on 9% patient. The medianoverall treatment time was 45 days and delay treatment time 38 days. Fifty nine point onepercent of partial respon was found. Local recurrences were found throughout the follow-upof 6.6%. Analysis kaplan meyer showed that overall treatment time was a prognostic factorfor overal survival rate (p=0,016).Conclusions : : Almost seventy one percent of glioma patients who received radiotherapyhad craniotomy removal tumor. 3D Conformal techniques is the most widely used. Fifty ninepoint one percent of partial respon founded. Three years overall survival was 46,2% andoverall treatment time was found as a factor that significantly affects overall survivalprognosis.;Introduction : Glioma is the most common type of primary intracerebral neoplasms. Highgrade glioma being the most frekuent type found (70,9%) causes a high morbidity andmortality rate. There is currently no data describing the profile management of patientsundergoing radiotherapy glioma in Indonesia.Methods : This study Retrospective analytic descriptive study of 121 glioma patients fromjanuari 2009 until december 2014. The data was obtained from medical records and indivualcontact via telephone. Tumor response was evaluated in 22 patients with pre and postirradiation imaging (CT or MRI) using 3D volumetric data and assessed via RECISTcriteria.Results : Most of our patients were male (53,7%), with median age 45 years old.Astrocytoma was the most histopathological type found. 70.9% of Patients who receivedradiotherapy in Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital were post craniotomi tumor removal. 3DConformal technique was used in 81.0% of patients. Seventy nine point three had a two graydose perfraction. Provision of chemotherapy in patients undergoing radiation still only at7.4% of patients. Nimotuzumab as a monoclonal antibody used on 9% patient. The medianoverall treatment time was 45 days and delay treatment time 38 days. Fifty nine point onepercent of partial respon was found. Local recurrences were found throughout the follow-upof 6.6%. Analysis kaplan meyer showed that overall treatment time was a prognostic factorfor overal survival rate (p=0,016).Conclusions : : Almost seventy one percent of glioma patients who received radiotherapyhad craniotomy removal tumor. 3D Conformal techniques is the most widely used. Fifty ninepoint one percent of partial respon founded. Three years overall survival was 46,2% andoverall treatment time was found as a factor that significantly affects overall survivalprognosis.;Introduction : Glioma is the most common type of primary intracerebral neoplasms. Highgrade glioma being the most frekuent type found (70,9%) causes a high morbidity andmortality rate. There is currently no data describing the profile management of patientsundergoing radiotherapy glioma in Indonesia.Methods : This study Retrospective analytic descriptive study of 121 glioma patients fromjanuari 2009 until december 2014. The data was obtained from medical records and indivualcontact via telephone. Tumor response was evaluated in 22 patients with pre and postirradiation imaging (CT or MRI) using 3D volumetric data and assessed via RECISTcriteria.Results : Most of our patients were male (53,7%), with median age 45 years old.Astrocytoma was the most histopathological type found. 70.9% of Patients who receivedradiotherapy in Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital were post craniotomi tumor removal. 3DConformal technique was used in 81.0% of patients. Seventy nine point three had a two graydose perfraction. Provision of chemotherapy in patients undergoing radiation still only at7.4% of patients. Nimotuzumab as a monoclonal antibody used on 9% patient. The medianoverall treatment time was 45 days and delay treatment time 38 days. Fifty nine point onepercent of partial respon was found. Local recurrences were found throughout the follow-upof 6.6%. Analysis kaplan meyer showed that overall treatment time was a prognostic factorfor overal survival rate (p=0,016).Conclusions : : Almost seventy one percent of glioma patients who received radiotherapyhad craniotomy removal tumor. 3D Conformal techniques is the most widely used. Fifty ninepoint one percent of partial respon founded. Three years overall survival was 46,2% andoverall treatment time was found as a factor that significantly affects overall survivalprognosis., Introduction : Glioma is the most common type of primary intracerebral neoplasms. Highgrade glioma being the most frekuent type found (70,9%) causes a high morbidity andmortality rate. There is currently no data describing the profile management of patientsundergoing radiotherapy glioma in Indonesia.Methods : This study Retrospective analytic descriptive study of 121 glioma patients fromjanuari 2009 until december 2014. The data was obtained from medical records and indivualcontact via telephone. Tumor response was evaluated in 22 patients with pre and postirradiation imaging (CT or MRI) using 3D volumetric data and assessed via RECISTcriteria.Results : Most of our patients were male (53,7%), with median age 45 years old.Astrocytoma was the most histopathological type found. 70.9% of Patients who receivedradiotherapy in Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital were post craniotomi tumor removal. 3DConformal technique was used in 81.0% of patients. Seventy nine point three had a two graydose perfraction. Provision of chemotherapy in patients undergoing radiation still only at7.4% of patients. Nimotuzumab as a monoclonal antibody used on 9% patient. The medianoverall treatment time was 45 days and delay treatment time 38 days. Fifty nine point onepercent of partial respon was found. Local recurrences were found throughout the follow-upof 6.6%. Analysis kaplan meyer showed that overall treatment time was a prognostic factorfor overal survival rate (p=0,016).Conclusions : : Almost seventy one percent of glioma patients who received radiotherapyhad craniotomy removal tumor. 3D Conformal techniques is the most widely used. Fifty ninepoint one percent of partial respon founded. Three years overall survival was 46,2% andoverall treatment time was found as a factor that significantly affects overall survivalprognosis.]"

"Latar Belakang: Neuropati perifer merupakan salah satu komplikasi neurologis yang banyak ditemui pada pasien HIV. Hal ini dapat disebabkan oleh infeksi HIV tersebut ataupun sebagai akibat efek samping terapi antiretroviral, khususnya stavudin. Manifestasi klinis neuropati sangat beragam, salah satunya ialah adanya keluhan nyeri, yang dapat mempengaruhi kualitas hidup pasien. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh neuropati perifer terhadap kualitas hidup pasien HIV dalam terapi antiretroviral non-stavudin.Metode Penelitian: Penelitian ini merupakan studi komparatif potong lintang yang melibatkan pasien HIV di RS Cipto Mangunkusumo pada bulan September 2016 hingga September 2017. Kriteria inklusi subjek ialah pasien HIV dewasa dalam terapi antiretroviral non-stavudin selama minimal 12 bulan yang akan dibagi menjadi dua kelompok, berdasarkan brief peripheral neuropathy screening tool BPNST , yaitu kelompok dengan neuropati perifer dan tanpa neuropati perifer. Penilaian depresi dengan Hamilton depression rating scale HDRS dan evaluasi kualitas hidup dengan short form-36 health survey SF-36 . Kuesioner SF-36 mencakup domain kesehatan fisik dan kesehatan mental dengan rentang skor 0-100. Skor yang lebih tinggi menunjukkan kualitas hidup yang lebih baik. Data dianalisis dengan SPSS 20.0.Hasil: Didapatkan subjek sebanyak 29 orang pada kelompok neuropati perifer dan 58 orang pada kelompok tanpa neuropati perifer. Rentang usia subjek ialah 23-59 tahun dengan median kadar sel limfosit T CD4 yang lebih rendah 406 sel/mm3 vs. 540 sel/mm3 dan persentase riwayat terapi isoniazid yang lebih tinggi 62,1 vs. 37,9 pada kelompok neuropati perifer. Karakteristik demografis usia, jenis kelamin, pendidikan terakhir, pekerjaan, status pernikahan dan karakteristik klinis jumlah sel limfosit CD4 terakhir tidak mempengaruhi kualitas hidup pada kedua kelompok, baik dengan maupun tanpa neuropati perifer. Tidak didapatkan perbedaan skor SF-36 yang bermakna pada kedua kelompok. Tampak median skor SF-36 yang lebih rendah pada subjek dengan nyeri neuropatik pada ekstremitas bawah skor kesehatan fisik 77,5 vs. 85,31 dan depresi skor kesehatan fisik 80 vs. 94,37 dan skor kesehatan mental 75 vs 89,68 untuk kelompok neuropati, skor kesehatan fisik 78,75 vs. 90,31 dan skor kesehatan mental 70,72 vs 88,75 untuk kelompok tanpa neuropati . Viral load RNA HIV berkorelasi negatif terhadap skor SF-36 pada kelompok dengan neuropati perifer skor kesehatan fisik, rs = -0,376 dan skor kesehatan mental, rs = -0,308.Kesimpulan: Neuropati perifer tidak mempengaruhi kualitas hidup pasien HIV dalam terapi antiretroviral non-stavudin.Kata Kunci: antiretroviral non-stavudin, HIV, kualitas hidup, neuropati perifer.

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Background Peripheral neuropathy is one of the most common neurologic complications in patients with HIV, which is caused by the HIV infection itself or as the side effect of antiretroviral therapy ART , particularly the usage of stavudine. Patients with neuropathy might complain various clinical manifestations, including pain, which could significantly affect patients quality of life. Aim of this study was to evaluate the role of peripheral neuropathy to quality of life of patients with HIV receiving non stavudine antiretroviral therapy.Materials and Method This was a cross sectional internal comparison study which were done to HIV patients in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital during September 2016 to September 2017. Inclusion criteria were HIV adult patients with non stavudine antiretroviral therapy for minimum of 12 months which will be divided into two groups, based on brief peripheral neuropathy screening tool BPNST , as neuropathy group and non neuropathy group. Diagnosis of depression by Hamilton depression rating scale HDRS , and evaluation of quality of life was based on 36 item short form survey SF 36 . The SF 36 assessed physical health PH and mental health MH domain with score ranged from 0 to 100, in which higher score represents better quality of life. Data was analyzed using SPSS 20.0.Results There were 29 subjects with peripheral neuropathy and 58 subjects without peripheral neuropathy. Age of the subjects was ranging from 23 to 59 years old, with lower median of CD4 lymphocyte count 406 cells mm3 vs. 540 cells mm3 and higher percentages of isoniazid therapy 62.1 vs. 37.9 in neuropathy group. Demographic characteristics age, sex, education level, employment, marital status and clinical characteristic CD4 lymphocyte count was not affecting the quality of life, both in neuropathy group and non neuropathy group. No significant difference was found from SF 36 score in both groups. There were lower SF 36 score median in subjects with neuropathic pain in lower extremities PH score 77.5 vs. 85.31 and depression PH score 80 vs. 94.37 and MH score 75 vs 89.68 in neuropathy group, PH score 78.75 vs. 90.31 and MH score 70.72 vs 88.75 in non neuropathy group. Viral load was negatively correlated with SF 36 score in subjects with peripheral neuropathy PH score, rs 0,376 and MH score, rs 0,308.Conclusion Peripheral neuropathy did not affect the quality of life of HIV patients receiving non stavudin antiretroviral therapy."

"Skripsi ini membahas tentang Pengembangan Sistem Informasi Penyakit Diare di Puskesmas Kecamatan Koja. Penelitian ini menunjukkan angka kesakitan diare di wilayah Kecamatan Koja masih tinggi. Upaya untuk mereduksinya memerlukan pengambilan keputusan berdasarkan informasi yang tepat waktu dan akurat.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pendekatan sistem dan merancang sistem berdasarkan data laporan kasus diare dan penanganan penderita diare. Selain itu, rancangan sistem ini menghasilkan sistem basis data penyakit diare dan informasi berupa laporan bulanan kasus diare dan informasi pasien diare.This thesis discusses the developing of Diarrhea Diseases Information Systems in Koja District Primary Health Care. This Research shows incidences of diarrhea in the sub district of Koja is still high. The efforts reducing it need decisions making which is based on exact and accurate information.

This Research uses approaching system method and designs a system based on diarrhea cases report and diarrhea patients? handling. Beside those, the system planning results diarrhea data based system and information as monthly diarrhea cases report and diarrhea patients? information."

"Isolation of charantin from the extract of Momordica charantia L and validation of TLC densitometry for the determination of charantin has been done....."