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"Latar belakang: Nilai Behavioral Pain Scale (BPS) merupakan alat evaluasi nyeri untuk pasien unit perawatan intensif (UPI) yang tidak sadar dan menggunakan ventilasi mekanik. BPS dikembangkan oleh Payen pada tahun 2001 dalam bahasa Inggris. Penerjemahan BPS ke dalam bahasa Indonesia dilakukan untuk mempermudah sosialisasi dan pemahaman mengenai kriteria dalam BPS. Sebelum suatu alat ukur yang diterjemahkan dapat diterapkan pada populasi, harus dilakukan penilaian kesahihannya terlebih dahulu. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menilai kesahihan BPS pada pasien UPI Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM). Metode: Studi observasional, potong lintang dengan pengukuran berulang dilakukan terhadap pasien yang dirawat di UPI RSCM Maret-Mei 2013. Kesahihan BPS dinilai dengan uji korelasi Spearman. Keandalan dinilai dengan Cronbach α dan Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Ketanggapan dinilai dengan besar efek. Hasil: Selama penelitian terkumpul 56 pasien yang tidak sadar dan menggunakan ventilasi mekanik di UPI RSCM. BPS memiliki kesahihan yang baik dengan nilai korelasi bermakna secara berurutan 0.376, 0.403 dan -0.147 untuk laju nadi, tekanan arteri rata-rata dan nilai Ramsay. Keandalan yang baik dengan nilai ICC 0.941 p = <0.001 dan nilai cronbach α 0.907. Ketanggapan BPS juga baik dengan besar efek antara 2.32-2.82 antara pagi sampai dengan malam.

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Background: Behavioral Pain Scale (BPS) score is a tool to evaluate pain for unconscious patient whom using mechanical ventilation in intensive care unit (ICU). BPS has been developed by Payen in English language. Translation BPS into Indonesian language was done to make a better understanding about criteria in BPS. However, this tool need to be validated before it use in populations. The aim of this study was to validate BPS score in the intensive care unit (ICU) Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital population. Methods: An Observational, cross sectional, repeated measures was done to patients hospitalized in the ICU Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital from March to May 2013. Validation was assessed by Spearman Correlation test while reliability was analyzed using Cronbach α and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Responsiveness was assessed by effect size. Results: A total of 56 unconscious patients using mechanical ventilation were included in this study. BPS score has a good validation with significant correlation 0.376, 0.403 and -0.147 for heart rate, MAP and Ramsay Score consecutively. Good reliability with ICC score 0.941, p = <0.001 and cronbach α 0.907. Responsiveness for BPS is good with effect size between 2.32-2.82 within morning until night group."

"Hubungan orang tua dan anak tercermin dalam kualitas attachment merupakan hal yang penting bagi aspek perkembangan anak di masa depan. Anak yang memiliki kualitas attachment berbeda, antara lain secure, avoidant dan ambivalent attachment, memiliki cara berbeda ketika menghadapi lingkungan karena proses mental yang bekerja dalam pikiran mereka berbeda. Proses mental tersebut dilatarbelakangi oleh executive function EF, proses neurokognitif yang memfasilitasi anak dalam mengatur perilaku untuk menyelesaikan masalah yang terbagi menjadi dua domain, cool EF dan hot EF. Penelitian sebelumnya membuktikan bahwa kualitas attachment memprediksi kemampuan EF anak. Meski demikian, masih ditemukan ketidakkonsistenan temuan terkait domain EF yang terprediksi oleh kualitas attachment anak yang berbeda. Selain itu, figur ayah membuktikan kontribusinya pada aspek perkembangan anak, termasuk kemampuan EF anak. Namun, sejauh pengetahuan peneliti, penelitian mengenai kualitas attachment anak dengan ayah pada kemampuan EF masih terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan melihat perbedaan kemampuan cool EF dan hot EF anak diantara kualitas secure, avoidant dan ambivalent attachment anak dengan ibu dan ayah mereka serta interaksi kombinasi kualitas attachment anak dengan kedua orang tuanya. Partisipan penelitian ini berjumlah 128 anak berusia 4-6 tahun. Pengukuran dilakukan dengan observasi menggunakan battery-test EF dan ASCT Attachment Story Completion Task. Analisis data menggunakan ANCOVA dengan usia dan jenis kelamin sebagai kovariat. Hasil membuktikan bahwa terdapat perbedaan kemampuan cool EF yang signifikan dan kemampuan hot EF yang tidak signifikan antara kualitas attachment anak yang berbeda. Penjelasan hasil diulas pada bagian diskusi. Temuan penelitian ini menekankan pentingnya hubungan harmonis orang tua dan anak yang memfasilitasi proses mental anak untuk mengatur perilaku.

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Parent child relationship which reflected in attachment quality was crucial for child development in subsequent phase of life. A child who have different attachment quality, among others were secure, avoidant, ambivalent attachment that have different way to response their environment because they have different mental process which worked differently in their mind. The work of mental process was supported by executive function EF , a neurocognitive process that facilitated the children to regulate their behavior to solve the problem which divided into two domain, cool EF and hot EF. Previous research found that attachment quality could predicted child's EF skills. However, there were inconsistencies in their result related with which domain that being predicted with the different quality of attachment. Moreover, research related father figure found it contribution to child developmental aspects, including child's EF. Nevertheless, to our knowledge little is known about child's attachment quality with father in predicting child's EF.

The aim of this current research was to investigate the differences in child's cool and hot EF between child secure, avoidant and ambivalent attachment with mother and father and the interaction of the combination of child attachment quality with their parent. The participant of this research were 128 preschoolers aged from 4 6 year old. This research used observational measurement with battery test EF and ASCT Attachment Story Completion Task . The data analysis using ANCOVA with child's age and gender become covariates. This research found that there was a significant differences in cool EF and non significant differences in hot EF between different child attachment quality. The finding will be discussed in discussion. This research presented important finding about parent child quality who could facilitated the child's mental process to regulate their behavior. "

"ABSTRAKPerilaku pemimpin yang efektif sangat diperlukan oleh organisasi. Penelitian ini berusaha menguji dua faktor penentu perilaku pemimpin yang efektif yaitu pertukaran atasan bawahan dan integritas. Responden penelitian adalah pegawai pemerintahan dari beberapa institusi pemerintahan yang berbeda dengan jumlah responden sebanyak 100 orang. Skala pengukuran berasal dari adaptasi skala pengukuran yang sudah ada yang memiliki nilai reliabilitas yang baik berkisar antara .86 hingga .92. Hasil penelitian ini memperlihatkan (1) pertukaran atasan bawahan berhubungan dengan perilaku pemimpin yang efektif (β = .40, p<.05) dan (2) integritas berhubungan dengan perilaku pemimpin yang efektif (β = .39, p<.05). Penelitian ini menunjukkan pentingnya integritas dan kualitas pertukaran atasan bawahan dan menyarankan penelitian lebih lanjut tentang topik ini meneliti di selain lembaga pemerintah. Keterbatasan serta saran untuk penelitian selanjutnya dibahas dalam diskusi.

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ABSTRACTLeader effectiveness behaviour is needed in organization. This study aims toinvestigate two factors that potentially influence leader effectiveness behaviour,which are leader member exchange and behavioral integrity. Researchrespondents originated from public servant in different government institutionswith total respondents as much as 100 people All scales were adapted frompreviously used scale, and their reliability scores are ranging from .86 to .92,suggesting very good scales. The result of this study show that (1) leader memberexchange influence leader effectiveness behaviour (β = .40, p<.05). (2)Behavioral integrity affects leader effectiveness behaviour (β = .39, p<.05). Thisresearch demonstrate the importance of behavioral integrity and leader memberexchange (LMX) and call more research on this topic in other area thangoverment institution. Limitation and suggestion for future research are beingdiscussed."

"Pengasuhan merupakan salah satu faktor yang krusial dalam perkembangan executive function EF anak usia dini. Meskipun demikian, penelitian-penelitian yang telah dilakukan sebelumnya hanya fokus kepada figur ibu dan mengabaikan peran dari pengasuhan ayah. Selain itu, masih sangat sedikit penelitian yang mempelajari peran pengasuhan ibu dan ayah secara bersamaan dalam kaitannya dengan performa EF anak di periode usia dini. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari kontribusi pengasuhan autonomy support dan control dari ibu dan ayah terhadap performa EF anak usia 4-6 tahun. Sebanyak 108 anak bersama kedua orang tuanya mengikuti kegiatan penelitian ini. Keterampilan EF anak diukur melalui 3 tes performa sementara kualitas pengasuhan ibu dan ayah diobservasi melalui kegiatan interaksi bersama anak dalam mengerjakan balok dan puzzle. Autonomy support ibu memprediksi keterampilan EF anak, dengan mengontrol variabel usia anak, tingkat pendidikan orang tua dan tingkat ekonomi keluarga. Di sisi lain, control ayah memberikan kontribusi negatif kepada EF anak setelah mengontrol kovariat dan pengasuhan ibu. Pengaruh pengasuhan ibu dan ayah terhadap komponen-komponen EF secara terpisah juga ditemukan. Penelitian ini memberikan informasi penting tentang pentingnya pengasuhan ibu dan ayah terhadap perkembangan EF anak di periode usia prasekolah.

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Parenting is one of the crucial factors in the early children executive function EF development. Nonetheless, numerous researches realetd to EF children development, had focused only on the mother figures, omitting that of father's. On top of that, there is still a limited number of studies covering the uprearing of both mothers and fathers in relation to the EF performance in early aged children. The current study investigated the contribution of mothers and fathers rsquo autonomy suppot and control to 4 6 year old children's EF performance. 108 chilren with both their parents participated in this study. Children's EF performance were measured using 3 performance tests, while the parenting styles from mother and father were observed thorugh their interaction in block and puzzle activities. It was revealed that mother's autonomy support could predict children's EF, taking into account their age, parents rsquo education level, and family social economic status. On the other hand, father's control had a negative contribution to children's EF after controlling covariate variables and mother's parenting styles. The impact of mother and father parenting styles to separated EF components were also found. This study gave new insights regarding the importance of mother and father parentings to EF development in preschool children. "

"Perilaku berbohong prososial pada anak usia 6-12 tahun diteliti dengan melihat hubungannya dengan executive functions dan gaya pengasuhan orang tua. Perilaku berbohong prososial diobservasi menggunakan disappointing gift paradigm, executive functions diukur menggunakan tugas kognitif seperti stroop task dan digit span task, serta gaya pengasuhan orang tua diukur menggunakan self report. Analisis statistik dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji korelasi dan uji regresi. Dari total 76 partisipan, diketahui bahwa persentase truth-tellers sebesar 49% (37 orang) dan prosocial liar sebesar 51% (39 orang). Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa gaya pengasuhan conformity berhubungan secara negatif dengan perilaku berbohong prososial sedangkan variabel executive functions (working memory dan inhibitory control) serta variabel gaya pengasuhan autonomy tidak berhubungan dengan variabel berbohong prososial dan bukan merupakan prediktor variabel berbohong prososial. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa anak usia 6-12 tahun yang orang tuanya menggunakan pola pengasuhan conformity memiliki kecenderungan yang rendah untuk melakukan perilaku berbohong prososial dan semakin besar kemungkinan untuk menjadi truth-tellers. Penelitian lanjutan mengenai faktor-faktor lain yang mendasari perilaku berbohong prososial perlu dilakukan untuk menyesuaikan budaya di negara-negara Asia.

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Prosocial lying behavior in children aged 6-12 years was examined in relation to executive functions and parenting styles. Prosocial lying behavior was observed using the disappointing gift paradigm, executive functions were measured using cognitive tasks such as the Stroop task and digit span task, and parenting styles were measured using self-report measures. Statistical analyses were conducted using correlation and regression tests. Out of a total of 76 participants, it was found that 49% (37 individuals) were truth-tellers and 51% (39 individuals) were prosocial liars. The study found that conformity parenting style negatively correlated with prosocial lying behavior, while executive functions variables (working memory and inhibitory control) and autonomy parenting style variables were not correlated with prosocial lying behavior and were not predictors of prosocial lying behavior. Additionally, it was found that children aged 6-12 years whose parents employed a conformity parenting style had a lower tendency to engage in prosocial lying behavior and were more likely to be truth-tellers. Further research on other factors underlying prosocial lying behavior is necessary to account for cultural variations in Asian countries."