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"Skripsi ini membahas tentang jumlah limbah beton dan besi yang dihasilkan pada tahap pabrikasi di Plant Precast serta meneliti proses-proses yang menjadi penyebab timbulnya limbah tersebut. Skripsi ini juga membahas implementasi konsep Lean Construction dalam proyek konstruksi jembatan dan pengaruh yang dapat diberikan konsep ini dalam minimisasi limbah konstruksi. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan metode studi kasus dan juga melalui wawancara tidak terstruktur untuk mencari semua informasi yang sesuai dengan pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu Last Planner System. Hasil penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa lean construction memberikan pengaruh terhadap pengurangan penghasilan limbah.

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This thesis discusses the amount of concrete and steel waste that are produced at the manufacturing stage in Precast Plant as well as examine the processes that cause the generation of waste. This thesis also discusses the implementation of Lean Construction concept in bridge construction projects and the influence of this concept in for waste minimization in construction processes. The study was a qualitative research using study case method and also through unstructured interviews to seek information according to the approach used in this research that Last Planner System. This result of this research proving lean construction contribution for reducing waste."

"Ditemukan fenomena pembengkakan (cost overrun) pada PT. XYZ yang disebabkan oleh pemborosan (Waste). Sehingga tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah Mengevaluasi Work breakdown structure (WBS) yang menyebabkan Waste (pemborosan) sehingga menyebabkan pembengkakan biaya proyek, serta mengevaluasi metode yang cocok yang dapat diterapkan serta dampaknya dengan konsep / prinsip Lean Construction. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan penerapan lean construction dapat menurunkan deviasi progress sebesar 4,27%; memperbaiki kinerja biaya sebesar 18,15%; serta memperbaiki durasi selama 134 hari. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa hipotesa awal diterima, yaitu penggunaan kombinasi Lean Construction tools dapat memperbaiki kinerja biaya proyek pada proses berulang pada proyek gedung bertingkat tinggi.

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The phenomenon of cost overrun was found at PT. XYZ caused by waste. So the purpose of this research is to evaluate the work breakdown structure (WBS) that causes waste, causing project cost overruns, as well as evaluating suitable methods that can be applied and the impact on the concept/principle of Lean Construction. The results obtained show that the application of lean construction can reduce the deviation of progress by 4.27%;

improve cost performance by 18,15%; and improved duration by 134 days. It can be concluded that the initial hypothesis is accepted, namely the use of a combination of Lean Construction tools can improve project cost performance in iterative processes in high-rise building projects. "

"Pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia mengalami penurunan pada tahun 2020. Industri konstruksi memainkan peran penting dalam pembangunan ekonomi nasional. Saat ini konstruksi menjadi fokus Pemerintah terutama pada pembangunan infrastruktur karena daya saing infrastruktur Indonesia masih tertinggal dibandingkan negara lain. Pandemi yang berlangsung sepanjang tahun 2020 tersebut berdampak signifikan terhadap sektor konstruksi yang merupakan kontributor terbesar terhadap perekonomian nasional, tidak terkecuali PT Bukaka Teknik Utama Tbk. Masalah yang sering terjadi pada proyek konstruksi adalah ketidakefisienan dan pemborosan dalam pelaksanaannya. PT Bukaka Teknik Utama Tbk mengalami penurunan revenue dan laba kotor, segmen usaha yang paling berkontribusi terhadap penurunan ini adalah konstruksi jembatan. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi pemborosan serta mencari akar masalah sering terjadi pada jalannya proyek konstruksi jembatan menggunakan penerapan lean dan metode Waste Assessment Model (WAM). Kemudian dilakukan pencarian akar masalah menggunakan fishbone diagram dan analisis FMEA. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah waste defect merupakan pemborosan paling besar, yang kemudian diikuti oleh waste transportationdan waste inventory.

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Economic growth in Indonesia has decreased in 2020. The construction industry an important role in the development of the national economy. Currently, construction is the focus of the Government, especially in infrastructure development because Indonesia's infrastructure competitiveness is still lagging behind other countries. The pandemic that lasted throughout 2020 had a significant impact on the construction sector, which is the largest contributor to the national economy, including PT Bukaka Teknik Utama Tbk. The problem that often occurs in construction projects is inefficiency and waste in its implementation. PT Bukaka Teknik Utama Tbk experienced a decrease in revenue and gross profit, the business segment that contributed the most of this decline was bridge construction. Therefore, this study aims to identify waste and find the root causes of the problem that often occurs in the course of bridge construction projects using the application of lean and the Waste Assessment Model (WAM) method. Then search for the root cause of the problem using fishbone diagram and FMEA analysis. The result of this research is that defect waste is the biggest waste, which is then followed by transportation waste and inventory waste."

"[Industri konstruksi mempunyai karakteristik lingkungan dengan gejolak yang tinggi,berubah dengan cepat, proses yang tidak kontinyu dan sangat kompleks. Hal tersebutmenyebabkan ketidakefisienan dan timbulnya waste dalam pelaksanaan konstruksi.Waste yang terjadi pada pekerjaan konstruksi tidak hanya berupa waste material dilapangan, tetapi juga akibat aktivitas konstruksi seperti overproduction, waktu tunggu,handling, processing, inventory, perpindahan pekerja dan sebagainya. Belajar dariindustri manufaktur, salah satu inovasi untuk menjawab tantangan tersebut adalahpenerapan Lean Production (produksi ramping), yang dalam bidang konstruksi disebutLean Construction. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan indikator kinerjalean constuction dengan pendekatan 6 elemen/kriteria lean construction yang spesifik,terukur, memiliki bobot indikator pengukuran kinerja yang jelas di proyek infrastrukturdan bangunan gedung. Objek penelitian dalam perancangan indikator kinerja dilakukandi sebuah perusahaan konstruksi nasional. Kuesioner disebar ke proyek-proyek untukmendapatkan indikator lean construction. Hasil penelitian mengidentifikasi ada 31indikator kinerja lean construction pada proyek infrastruktur dan bangunan gedung.Pembobotan indikator dilakukan menggunakan Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)dengan bantuan software expert choice. Untuk menentukan faktor keberhasilanpenerapan Lean Construction yang paling berpengaruh, maka dilakukan pemeringkatanmenggunakan Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution(TOPSIS). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa faktor organisasi kunci: keterlibatankaryawan, dukungan pimpinan puncak, pelatihan, dan keterkaitan kinerja denganpenghargaan mempunyai pengaruh yang hampir sama terhadap penerapan leanconstruction di proyek infrastruktur dan bangunan gedung;The construction industry is a highly volatile industry characterized with frequentchanges and complex and non-continuous processes. These factors often lead toinefficiency and waste in the construction process. The waste in construction work isnot only limited to material waste, but also includes waste in construction activities suchas over production, delay, handling, processing, inventory, and worker movements.Learning from the manufacturing industry, one of the innovations to tackle the problemis to apply the concept of Lean Production, which in the construction sector is adaptedto Lean Construction. The goal of this research is to obtain performance indicators ofLean Construction. The approach is to utilize six specific elements/criteria of LeanConstruction which can be measured with clear performance indicator measurement ininfrastructure and building projects. The research was conducted in a nationalconstruction company. Questionnaires were distributed to a number of projects tocollect the Lean Construction performance indicators. The result identifies 31 LeanConstruction performance indicators in infrastructure and building projects. Theperformance indicators are weighted based on Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) withthe help of the expert choice software. To determine the most important performanceindicators in Lean Construction application, the performance indicator is ranked using amethod called Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution(TOPSIS). The resul shows that the key organization factors: employee participation,top management support, training, and performance based rewards have an almost equalimpact to the application of Lean Construction in infrastructure and building projects;The construction industry is a highly volatile industry characterized with frequentchanges and complex and non-continuous processes. These factors often lead toinefficiency and waste in the construction process. The waste in construction work isnot only limited to material waste, but also includes waste in construction activities suchas over production, delay, handling, processing, inventory, and worker movements.Learning from the manufacturing industry, one of the innovations to tackle the problemis to apply the concept of Lean Production, which in the construction sector is adaptedto Lean Construction. The goal of this research is to obtain performance indicators ofLean Construction. The approach is to utilize six specific elements/criteria of LeanConstruction which can be measured with clear performance indicator measurement ininfrastructure and building projects. The research was conducted in a nationalconstruction company. Questionnaires were distributed to a number of projects tocollect the Lean Construction performance indicators. The result identifies 31 LeanConstruction performance indicators in infrastructure and building projects. Theperformance indicators are weighted based on Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) withthe help of the expert choice software. To determine the most important performanceindicators in Lean Construction application, the performance indicator is ranked using amethod called Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution(TOPSIS). The resul shows that the key organization factors: employee participation,top management support, training, and performance based rewards have an almost equalimpact to the application of Lean Construction in infrastructure and building projects, The construction industry is a highly volatile industry characterized with frequentchanges and complex and non-continuous processes. These factors often lead toinefficiency and waste in the construction process. The waste in construction work isnot only limited to material waste, but also includes waste in construction activities suchas over production, delay, handling, processing, inventory, and worker movements.Learning from the manufacturing industry, one of the innovations to tackle the problemis to apply the concept of Lean Production, which in the construction sector is adaptedto Lean Construction. The goal of this research is to obtain performance indicators ofLean Construction. The approach is to utilize six specific elements/criteria of LeanConstruction which can be measured with clear performance indicator measurement ininfrastructure and building projects. The research was conducted in a nationalconstruction company. Questionnaires were distributed to a number of projects tocollect the Lean Construction performance indicators. The result identifies 31 LeanConstruction performance indicators in infrastructure and building projects. Theperformance indicators are weighted based on Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) withthe help of the expert choice software. To determine the most important performanceindicators in Lean Construction application, the performance indicator is ranked using amethod called Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution(TOPSIS). The resul shows that the key organization factors: employee participation,top management support, training, and performance based rewards have an almost equalimpact to the application of Lean Construction in infrastructure and building projects]"

"Tingginya waste dan rendahnya value-addedpada industri konstruksi yang telah terjadi selama ini memberikan indikasi bahwa dibutuhkan solusi baruyang tepat untuk menjawab permasalahan tersebut. Seiring dengan terjadinya peningkatan waktu dalam penyelesaian proyek yang terjadi pada PT XYZ dan mengakibatkan kegagalan proyek dalam mencapai target yang telah ditentukan, maka diperlukan adanya tindakan penyelesaian permasalahan yang efektif. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis faktor-faktor dominan penyebab pemborosan waktu pada rangkaian proses Engineering-Procurement-Construction (EPC) di PT XYZ. Identifikasi faktor-faktor dilakukan melalui studi literatur terkait konsep lean construction dan struktur Lean Project Delivery System (LPDS) yang dilanjutkan dengan analisis statistik (dengan alat bantu Software SPSS 22), analisis deskriptif, pemetaan matriks, dan Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) menggunakan software Super Decisionsuntuk menentukan pembobotan kriteria. Pengelolaan faktor-faktor dominan diperoleh melalui wawancara dengan narasumber untuk mengetahui penyebab utama, tindakan perbaikan dan tindakan pencegahan untuk setiap faktor dominan sesuai dengan urutan prioritas. Penelitian ini menghasilkan urutan prioritas 5 faktor dominan yang muncul di setiap fase LPDS, dan dilengkapi dengan tindakan-tindakan pengelolaannya, baik dalam hal komunikasi internal, kontrol kualitas, standar prosedur, proses survei di lapangan, maupun komunikasi dan keterbukaan informasi dengan pihak pemilik proyek.

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High waste and low value-added in the construction industry gives an indication that the new solutions are required to address these issues. Along with the increase of time to complete the projects in the PT XYZ that lead to failure in achieving the set targets, it is necessary to haveeffective solution of the issue. This study is conducted to identify and analyze the dominant factors that cause waste of time on a series of processes of Engineering-Procurement-Construction (EPC) in PT XYZ. Identification of factors is done through the study of literature related to the concept of lean construction and structure of Lean System Delivery Project (LPDS), followed by statistical analysis (SPSS 22 software), descriptive analysis, matrix mapping, and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) using the Super Decisions software to determine weighting of criteria. The solutions to manage dominant factors is obtained through interviews to find out the main cause, corrective action and preventive action for each of the dominant factors in order of priority. This research resulted in the order of priorityof the 5 dominant factor that appears in every phase of LPDS, complete with management actions, both in terms of internal communication, quality control, standard of procedures, the process of the survey in the field, as well as communication and disclosure of information by the project owner."

"Masalah kronis pada industri konstruksi yang umum kita ketahui yaitu rendahnya produktifitas, lingkungan pekerjaan yang kurang baik, kualitas yang buruk, waktu yang melampaui ketentuan, dan kurangnya keamanan yang dapat mengurangi aspek nilai pada pelanggan. Hal-hal yang berhubungan dengan proses konstruksi seperti aktivitas pada saat pemeriksaan, pengiriman material dan lainnya yang tidak dikenal sebagai aktivitas yang menambah nilai maka dapat dikatakan sebagai pemborosan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa beberapa faktor yang menyebabkan ketidakefisienan waktu pada proses produksi di Industri Precast diantaranya adalah kapasitas produksi alat yang tidak memadai, waktu set-up alat yang lama, cuaca yang buruk, dan perubahan desain produk. Variabel aplikasi Lean Construction dalam proses produksi pada Industri Precast mempunyai pengaruh yang sedang (52%) terhadap efisiensi waktu.

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Chronic problems are common in the construction industry we know that low productivity, poor work environment, poor quality, time that goes beyond the provision, and lack of security that can reduce the value aspect of the customer. Matters relating to the construction process as the activity at the time of inspection, delivery and other materials that are not recognized as an activity that adds value, it can be regarded as waste.

The results showed that some of the factors that lead to inefficiencies in the production process at the time of Precast Industries include the production capacity is not adequate tools, equipment set-up time of the old, bad weather, and changes in product design. Variable application of Lean Construction in the production process in the Precast Industry's influence (52%) on the efficiency of time."

"Inefisiensi pada aktivitas dalam proyek konstruksi menciptakan pemborosan. Penelitian ini berfokus padaidentifikasi faktor-faktor pemborosan dari aktivitas dalam proyek konstruksi. Kemudian membentuk desain penerapan lean construction tools sebagai sarana meminimalkan pemborosan waktu proyek konstruksi perumahan di PT XYZ. Tujuan dari penelitian ini diharapkan menghasilkan rekomendasi tanggapan terhadap faktor-faktor pemborosan yang dapat terjadi pada pelaksanaan proyek konstruksi perumahan di PT XYZ untuk selanjutnya dilakukan penerapan manajemen proyek konstruksi dengan pendekatan lean construction. PT XYZ merupakan perusahaan subkontraktor proyek konstruksi yang jasa pekerjaanya dominan pada proyek konstruksi perumahan dengan skala kecil dan menengah. Waktu penyelesaian proyek menjadi faktor signifikan dalam penentuan keberhasilan proyek. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus. Data diperoleh dengan pertanyaan tertulis dan wawancara mendalam dengan beberapa responden. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat 4 aktivitas yang tepat dikategorikan sebagai faktor pemborosan waktu dalam pelaksanaan proyek konstruksi perumahan. Dengan membentuk desain penerapan Last Planner System penghematan waktu dapat dihasilkan selama 3 hari dari total 120 hari kalender. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan kesiapan perusahaan dalam mengimplementasikan prinsip-prinsip lean construction menunjukkan nilai 3.5 dari skala 5 hal tersebut mengindikasikan prinsip-prinsip tersebut telah dinyatakan dalam setiap proyek namun jarang diterapkan dalam proyek yang dikerjakan

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Inefficient construction project operations produce waste. This research focuses on the identification of waste factors from activities in construction projects. Then form a design to apply lean construction tools to minimize the waste of time for housing construction projects at PT XYZ. This study aims to produce recommendations for responses to waste factors that can occur in housing construction projects at PT XYZ for further implementation of construction project management with a lean construction approach. PT XYZ is a construction project subcontractor whose work services dominate small and medium-scale residential construction projects. Project completion time is a significant factor in determining project success. This research is qualitative research with a case study approach. Data were obtained by written questions and in-depth interviews with several respondents. The results showed that four activities were rightly categorized as time-wasting factors in the implementation of housing construction projects. By designing the implementation of the Last Planner System, time savings can be generated for three days out of a total of 120 calendar days. The results also show the company's readiness to implement lean construction principles, showing a score of 3.5 out of 5, indicating that these principles have been stated in every project but are rarely applied in their projects. "

"Dalam proses bisnis, perusahaan konstruksi sering mengalami pemborosan, penurunan produktivitas dan kualitas proses bisnis. Konsep lean dikembangkan untuk mengatasi permasalahn tersebut. Lean merupakan filosofi bisnis yang memiliki tujuan utama untuk membangun aliran nilai sempurna dengan secara terus-menerus mengidentifikasi, dan menghilangkan kegiatan yang dianggap pemborosan (waste) dan fokus pada kegiatan yang benar-benar menciptakan nilai (value) dalam sebuah kegiatan bisnis. Penggunaan istilah lean dapat didasarkan pada penerapannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menerapkan konsep lean enterprise pada perusahaan konstruksi sebagai kelanjutan dari penerapan lean construction yang telah diterapkan dalam proses produksi, untuk mengidentifikasi fungsi dalam organisasi yang menghambat proses bisnis, mendifinisikan proses bisnis baru dari hasil penerapan lean enterprise dan mensintesa pengaruh penerapan dalam percepatan proses bisnis perusahaan konstruksi. Penerapan konsep lean enterprise sendiri menggunakan konsep value stream mapping dengan root cause problem solving (RCPS) untuk memilih menentukan solusi permasalahan. Terdapat 3 solusi yaitu penyederhanaan fungsi organisasi, pengaturan formasi tenaga kerja dan pembuatan alur SOP yang efisien dalam perusahaan konstruksi. Pada akhirnya terdapat 13 SOP yang diefisiensi, fungsi supply chain management yang dihilangkan dan tenaga kerja pada fungsi supply chain management yang dialihkan ke beberapa fungsi lain pada perusahaan konstruksi.

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In business processes, infrastructure investment companies often experience waste, resulting in a decrease in productivity and quality. The lean concept was developed to overcome this problem. Lean is a business philosophy that has the main goal to build a perfect flow of values by continuously identifying and eliminating activities that are considered wasteful and focusing on activities that really create value in business activities. The use of the term lean can be based on its application. This study aims to apply the concept of the lean enterprise to infrastructure investment companies in the trans-Sumatra toll road project activities. The application of the lean enterprise concept itself uses the method of value stream mapping followed by root cause problem solving (RCPS) to select solution for the problem. There are 3 solutions, namely simplify the organizational functions of construction companies, workforce formation arrangement and efficient SOP flows in construction companies. In the end, there are 13 SOP’s revised, supply chain management functions is eliminated and labors in the supply chain management function are transferred to other functions in the construction company."

"ABSTRAKProyek konstruksi menghasilkan sejumlah besar limbah yang tidak ramah lingkungandan merugikan untuk anggaran proyek. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahuifaktor-faktor apa saja yang menyebabkan timbulnya limbah konstruksi, dan untukmengetahui respon apa saja yang dilakukan dalam upaya mengurangi limbahkonstruksi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah survey, dengan pengolahandatanya menggunakan metode statistik. Analisa resiko yang digunakan untuk mengujivariabel-variabel yang berpengaruh terhadap timbulnya limbah konstruksi adalah ISO31000. Output dari penelitian ini adalah 3 sumber resiko yang paling dominan dalamwaste management dari 2 kategori terhadap timbulnya limbah konstruksi. Duasumber resiko untuk kategori material yaitu: (X7) Melakukan pekerjaan plesteran danpengecoran langsung di site dan (X6) Pemanfaatan potongan material yang kurangefektif. Satu sumber resiko untuk kategori Metode yaitu: (X14) Kontraktor tidakmempunyai peralatan untuk mendaur ulang limbah. Penelitian ini juga memberikanrespon apa saja yang dilakukan terhadap penyebab timbulnya resiko. Respon tersebutberupa pencegahan maupun koreksi yang harus dilakukan.

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ABSTRACTThe construction project produces a large amounts of waste that are not friendly toenvironmentally, and disserve to the budget of project. This research aim to knowwhat the factors are causing the generation of construction waste, and to know therespons of waste management in reducing construction waste industri. The researchmethodology employed in this study is a survey, which data will be run by using astatistical method. The risk analysis used to test the variables which have an influenceon the performance is the ISO 31000. The output of this research are three mostdominant sources of risk of the two categories in waste management with causing thegeneration of construction waste. Two sources of risk for material categories, namely:(X7) Do plaster work and concrete on site and (X6) Utilization of pieces of materialthat are less effective. One source of risk for the method categories: (X14) Thecontractor does not have the equipment to recycle waste. This research also give therespons of the risk causes. The respons by preventive and corective action."

"Keberhasilan melaksanakan proyek konstruksi tepat pada waktunya adalah salah satu tujuan terpenting. Keterlambatan merupakan sesuatu yg tidak dikehendaki, karena akan sangat merugikan kedua belah pihak. Beberapa proyek yang kompleks terdapat banyak faktor ketidakpastian sering menimbulkan limbah (waste) yang menyebabkan proyek terlambat. Salah satu metode untuk menanganinya adalah konsep lean construction. Studi di proyek Pekanbaru Dumai Seksi 2A pada underpass 28+150 terdapat 15 dari 58 kegiatan yang memyebabkan keterlambatan 30 hari, dimana jika menghilangkan kegiatan tersebut masih terlambat 15 hari. Salah satu upaya memperpendek durasi adalah crashing program dengan penambahan tenaga kerja sebanyak 115 orang selama 47,5 hari pada pekerjaan bekisting dan pembesian. Tools lean lainnya yang dapat dilakukan adalah standardization, last planner system, coordination, get quality right at first time, just-in-time, prefabricated dan five S. Dengan crashing program, waktu pekerjaan menjadi 145,5 hari kalender dimana lebih cepat 4,5 hari dari schedule rencana. Biaya mengalami kenaikan sebesar Rp 625.941.000,-, namun disisi lain terdapat efisiensi waktu selama 4,5 hari sebesar Rp 62.907.368 sehingga berpengaruh terhadap HPP dari 82,166% menjadi 86,311% dan laba mengalami penurunan dari 17,878% menjadi 13,689%. Dampak lainnya adalah tidak kena sanki 1/1000 dan terhindar blacklist dari Owner.

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The success of implementing a construction project in the end is one of the most important goals. Delay is something that is not desirable, because it will be very detrimental to both parties. Some projects are one of the most important factors that cause waste to emerge. One method to handle it is the lean construction concept. The study in the Pekanbaru Dumai Section 2A project on the 28 + 150 underpass was 15 of the 58 activities which caused a delay of 30 days, whereas if the activity was eliminated it was still 15 days late.

One effort to shorten the duration is a strike program with a workforce of 115 people for 47.5 days on formwork and pembesian work. Other lean tools that can be done are standardization, the last planning system, coordination, getting the right quality at the first time, on time, prefabricated material, and five S. With the program breaking down, working time becomes 145.5 calendar days, 4 faster, 5 days from the scheduled schedule. Increasing costs increased by Rp. 625,941,000, - but on the other hand, the time efficiency of 4.5 days amounting to Rp. 62,907,368 increased against HPP from 82,166% to 86,311% and profits increased from 17,888% to 13,689%. Other impacts are not subject to 1/1000 sanctions and avoid being blacklisted by the Owner."