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"Latar Belakang: Pekerja mebel di Kelurahan Pondok Bambu adalah pekerja informal yang dalam pekerjaannya terpajan dengan pelarut organik seperti toluen. Telah terbukti adanya pengaruh pajanan toluen terhadap kejadian gangguan penghidu. Belum ditemukan prevalensi gangguan penghidu akibat pajanan kimia di tempat kerja di Indonesia. Gangguan penghidu ini sering kali tidak dikeluhkan oleh penderita. Menurunnya fungsi penghidu dapat mempengaruhi kesehatan dan keselamatan pekerja karena akan terus menginhalasi zat kimia berbahaya. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang. Subjek adalah pekerja mebel di RW 01, Kelurahan Pondok Bambu yang berjumlah 44 orang. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara, pemeriksaan fisik, pemeriksaan fungsi penghidu dengan Sniffin Sticks dan pemeriksaan kadar lingkungan toluen dengan personal sampling. Hasil: Dari 44 subjek, 37 (84,1%) dari mereka mengalami gangguan penghidu, yang termasuk kategori risiko pajanan tinggi adalah 14 (31,8%) orang dan yang berisiko pajanan rendah 30 (68,2%) orang. Sebanyak 13 (92,9%) subjek yang berisiko tinggi mengalami gangguan penghidu, sedangkan yang berisiko rendah 24 (80%). Tidak didapatkan perbedaan yang bermakna antara kedua kelompok dengan terjadinya gangguan penghidu. Median Kadar toluen rata-rata adalah 0,48 ppm (0,002 – 7,72). Didapatkan hubungan yang bermakna antara kebiasaan merokok dengan gangguan penghidu, p = 0,02, OR = 26,4 ( IK 95% 1,59 - 453,77). Variabel lain seperti kebiasaan minum alkohol, gejala rinitis kronik dan riwayat atopi tidak ada yang secara signifikan berhubungan dengan gangguan penghidu. Kesimpulan: Kejadian gangguan penghidu pada subjek penelitian ini tidak berhubungan dengan besar risiko pajanan toluen di tempat kerjanya tetapi berhubungan dengan kebiasaan merokok.

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Background: Workers at the furniture industry of Pondok Bambu village are informal workers who may be occupationally exposed to organic solvents such as toluene. The influence of toluene exposure on smell disorders has been proven. The prevalence of smell disorders due to chemical exposure in the workplace in Indonesia is not yet been found. Occupational- related smell disorder is rarely complained by the patient. Decreasing of smelling function can affect the health and safety of workers as he will continue to inhale harmful chemicals.

Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design. 44 subjects recruited from the furniture industry in RW 01, Pondok Bambu village were studied. Data were collected through interviews, physical examination, quantitative smell function test with Sniffin Sticks and personal sampling airborne toluene levels measurement.

Results: Among the fourty-four studied subjects, 37 (84.1%) subjects had smell disorder. Fourteen (31.8%) of them were categorized as high-risk exposure group and 30 (68.2%) as low-risk exposure group. Thirteen (92.9%) subjects from the high-risk exposure group had smell disorder, whereas from the low-risk group were 24 (80%) subjects. Exposure risk status was not statistically significant with smell disorder. The median score of airborne toluene levels is 0.48 ppm (range from 0.002 to 7.72). Smoking habit was the only variable that statistically significant with smell disorder, p = 0.02, OR = 26.4, (95% CI 1.59 to 453.77). Other variables such as alcohol consumption, chronic rhinitis symptoms and atopic history were not statistically significant.

Conclusion: The smell disorders on the studied subjects is not associated with the exposure risk to toluene in the workplace but related to smoking habit."

"Penggunaan bahan kimia telah berkembang luas pada berbagai sektor industri baik formal maupun non-formal, termasuk industri mebel. Produk dengan bahan kimia dipakai untuk membantu meningkatkan kualitas dan keindahan produk mebel. Cat, thiner, dan pelitur adalah produk berbahan kimia yang biasa dipakai dalam pembuatan mebel. Toluene adalah komponen atau campuran bahan kimia utama yang terdapat dalam cat, thinner, dan pelitur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk Menganalisis tingkat risiko pajanan Toluene pada karyawan bengkel mebel X di Jatinegara. Untuk menentukan tingkat resiko, Sample toluene di udara diambil mengunakan Coconut Shell Charcoal lalu dianalisis dengan Gas Chromatography untuk mendapatkan nilai konsentrasi toluene. Konsentrasi toluene tertinggi berada di titik 5 yaitu area cat kursi sebesar 22.975 mg/m³. Berdasarkan perhitungan RQ pada 33 pekerja di bengkel mebel, didapatkan bahwa untuk pajanan realtime sebanyak 61% pekerja memiliki risiko kesehatan non karsinogenik karena nilai RQ > 1. Sedangkan menururt perhitungan RQ lifetime, didapatkan bahwa 88% dari 33 pekerja memiliki risiko kesehatan non karsinogenik karena nilai RQ > 1.

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Use of chemical has grown wider at various sectors in formal and non-formal including furniture industry. Those chemicals were used to improve the quality and beauty of furniture products. Paint, thiner, and varnish are the chemical product that commonly used in the furniture. Toluene is the major chemical contained in paint, thinner, and varnish.

This study attempts to analyze the risk levels of risk exposure on employees of furniture workshop ?X? in Jatinegara. To determine the risk levels, coconut shell charcoals were used in air sampling, and then were analyzed with gas chromatography to get toluene concentration. Highest toluene concentration was at painting area, 22.975 mg/m³.

Based on RQ realtime calculation, there were 61% of workers having non carcinogenic health risk because the value of RQ > 1. Acording to RQ lifetime calculation, got that 88% of 33 workers having non carcinogenic health risk because the value of RQ > 1."

"[Latar Belakang : Pelarut organik, Toluena luas digunakan dalam industri dan dapat menyebabkan gangguan pada berbagai organ termasuk hati. Tujuan dari studi ini untuk meneliti efek pajanan inhalasi akut toluena pada berbagai dosis rendah terhadap hati tikus Wistar jantan.Metode : Tiga puluh ekor hewan coba dibagi menjadi lima kelompok. Satu kelompok sebagai kelompok kontrol dan empat kelompok diberikan pajanan toluena masing-masing 1,6 cc, 3,2 cc, 6,4 cc, 12,8 cc selama 4 jam/hari selama 14 hari terus menerus. Pada hari ke 14, hewan coba didekapitasi, untuk pemeriksaan Malondialdehid (MDA) Hati, MDA Plasma (metode Will’s) dan Histopatologi Hati (pewarnaan Hematoxilin Eosin).Hasil : Rerata kadar MDA Hati antar kelompok pajanan berbeda bermakna (p=0,009). Perbedaan bermakna terlihat pada kelompok pajanan 6,4 cc dan 12,8 cc dibandingkan dengan kelompok pajanan 1,6 cc dan 3,2 cc. Perbedaan bermakna juga terlihat pada kelompok 6,4 cc dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol. Rerata kadar MDA Plasma antar kelompok pajanan tidak berbeda bermakna (p=0,118). Rerata skor gambaran Histopatologi Hati antar kelompok pajanan berbeda bermakna (p<0,001). Perbedaan bermakna terlihat pada kelompok pajanan 3,2 cc, 6,4 cc dan 12,8 cc dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol dan kelompok pajanan 1,6 cc. Perbedaan bermakna juga terlihat pada kelompok pajanan 6,4 cc dibandingkan dengan kelompok pajanan 3,2 cc dan pada kelompok pajanan 12,8 cc dibandingkan kelompok pajanan 6,4 cc. Pajanan toluena berkorelasi bermakna positif dengan kadar MDA Hati, kadar MDA Plasma dan gambaran Histopatologi Hati (r=0,415: p=0,025, r=0,416: p=0,025, r=0,719: p<0,001).Kesimpulan : Pajanan akut toluena dosis rendah pada tikus Wistar jantan menunjukkan kerusakan sel yang ditandai dengan kenaikan kadar MDA Hati, skor gambaran Histopatologi Hati yang bermakna masing-masing mulai pada dosis pajanan 6,4 cc (setara dengan 50 ppm), 3,2 cc (setara dengan 25 ppm) dan menunjukkan korelasi positif kuat antara pajanan toluena dengan skor gambaran Histopatologi Hati., Background: An organic solvent, Toluene is widely used in industry and can cause disordes in various organs including the liver. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of acute inhalation exposure to toluene at various low doses of the male Wistar rat liver.Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups. One group as a control group and four groups were exposed to toluene 1.6 cc, 3.2 cc, 6.4 cc, 12.8 cc respectively for 4 hours/day for 14 days continuously. On the 14th day, the animals were decapitated, for examination of Liver Malondialdehyde, Plasma Malondialdehyde (Will's method) and Liver Histopathology (Haematoxylin-eosin staining).Results: The mean Liver MDA levels between exposure groups were significant differences (p=0,009). The significant differences were observed in the 6,4 cc and 12,8 cc exposured group compared to the 1,6 cc and 3,2 cc exposure group. The significant differences were observed in the 6,4 cc exposure group compared to the control group also. The mean Plasma MDA levels between groups were not significant differences (p=0.118).. The mean Liver Histopathology feature between groups were significant differences (p<0,001). The significant differences were observed in the 3,2 cc, 6,4 cc and 12,8 cc exposure group compared to the control group and 1,6 cc exposure group. The significant differences were observed in the 6,4 cc exposure group compared to 3,2 cc and in the 12,8 cc exposure group compared to 6,4 cc exposure group also. Toluene exposure was positively significantly correlated with Liver Malondialdehyde level, Plasma Malondialdehyde level and Liver Histopathology feature (r = 0.415: p = 0.025, r = 0.416: p = 0.025, r = 0.719: p <0.001).Conclusions: Low doses toluene acute exposure in male Wistar rats showed cell damage characterized by increased Liver Malondialdehyde level, Liver Histopathology feature score that statistically significant started at exposure dose of 6.4 cc (equivalent with 50 ppm), 3.2 cc (equivalent with 25 ppm), respectively and showed strong positive correlation between toluene exposure and Liver Histophatology feature score.]"

"Laboratorium Migas merupakan tempat kerja untuk melakukan pengujian, penelitian, dan pengembangan minyak mentah, produk sampingan, hingga produk jadi menggunakan peralatan dan bahan yang ada. Laboratorium memiliki banyak bahaya di dalamnya, tak terkecuali dengan bahaya kimia seperti benzene, toluene dan xylene (BTX). Oleh karena itu, diperlukan kajian risiko kesehatan di Laboratorium Migas untuk mengetahui seberapa besar tingkat risiko BTX terhadap pekerja laboratorium. Kajian risiko kesehatan ini akan mengacu pada CHRA DOSH Malaysia (2018) dimana data yang didapatkan dianalisis menggunakan IHSTAT. Kajian risiko kesehatan dilakukan menyesuaikan dengan SEG yang sudah ditentukan, yaitu unit Crude & Product Classification, unit Facility & Quality, unit Fuel, unit Analytical & Gas, serta unit Petrochemical. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukan bahwa terdapat tingkat risiko yang tinggi pada pajanan benzene melalui rute inhalasi serta rute dermal terhadap unit Fuel. Sementara itu, pajanan xylene dan toluene berada pada tingkat risiko yang rendah untuk rute pajanan inhalasi serta berada pada tingkat pajanan moderat pada rute pajanan dermal. Dari hasil penelitian terkait tingkat risiko keseharan pada pajanan benzene, toluene, dan xylene, diperlukan peningkatan kesadaran pekerja untuk menggunakan APD tambahan serta peningkatan sistem ventilasi di tempat kerja.

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The Oil and Gas Laboratory is a workplace for conducting testing, research and development on crude oil, by-products and finished products using existing equipment and materials. Laboratories have many dangers in them, including chemical hazards such as benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX). Therefore, it is necessary to study health risks in oil and gas laboratories to find out how big the risk level of BTX is to laboratory workers. This health risk study will refer to CHRA DOSH Malaysia (2018) where the data obtained was analyzed using IHSTAT. Health risk studies are carried out in accordance with the SEGs that have been determined, namely the Crude & Product Classification unit, Facility & Quality unit, Fuel unit, Analytical & Gas unit, and Petrochemical unit. The results of the study show that there is a high level of risk of exposure to benzene via the inhalation route and the dermal route on Fuel units. Meanwhile, exposure to xylene and toluene is at a low risk level for the inhalation exposure route and at a moderate exposure level for the dermal exposure route. From the results of research regarding the level of health risk from exposure to benzene, toluene and xylene, it is necessary to increase worker awareness to use additional PPE and improve the ventilation system in the workplace."

"Latar belakang : Toluena merupakan zat pelarut sering digunakan di berbagai industri seperti dalam pembuatan cat, lem dan lainnya. Toluena mempunyai sifat lipofilik dan memberikan efek toksik ke beberapa organ seperti sistem saraf pusat. Pada tahap biomolekuler, toluena merubah struktur lipid pada membran sel, sehingga terjadi peningkatan kadar MDA plasma dan jaringan. Pada Sistem Saraf Pusat, toluena bisa melewati sawar otak dan menyebabkan gangguan pada serebelum otak sehingga dapat meningkatkan kadar MDA serta terjadi perubahan struktur pada dinding sel astrosit. Metode : Untuk mengetahui efek pajanan toluena selama 14 hari dengan dosis dibawah nilai ambang pada organ serebelum otak, dan dilakukan pemeriksaan kadar MDA serebelum otak, serta kerusakan dari sel Astrosit, menggunakan lima kelompok tikus jenis Wistar jantan dengan pajanan sebesar 1,6 ml; 3,2 ml; 6,4 ml; 12,8 ml; dan kelompok kontrol tanpa pajanan. Hasil: Analisis uji nilai kadar MDA serebelum otak menggunakan One Way Anova dengan hasil tidak ada perbedaan rerata (p=0.133) antar kelompok pajanan dengan kelompok kontrol, dan analisis jumlah sel Astrosit dengan menggunakan One Way Anova didapatkan (p=0,310) dengan hasil tidak ada perbedaan antar kelompok pajanan. Kesimpulan : Tidak ada perbedaan rerata pada kelompok pajanan pada nilai MDA serebelum Otak maupun jumlah Sel Astrosit yang terpajan toluena dengan dosis dibawah nilai ambang.

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Backgrounds : Toluene is a solvent commonly used in various industries such as in the manufacture of paint, glue and others. Toluene has lipophilic properties and toxic effects to some organs such as the central nervous system. At this stage of biomolecular, toluene alters the structure of the lipids in cell membranes, resulting in an increased of plasma and tissue levels of MDA. In the Central Nervous System, toluene can cross the blood brain barrier and cause a disruption in the cerebellum of the brain, thereby increasing the levels of MDA and structural changes in the structure of astrocytes’ cells.

Methods : To determine the effect of toluene exposure for 14 days at doses below the threshold value on the organ brain cerebellum and cerebellar MDA examination of the brain, as well as causing damage to Astrocytes cells, using five groups of male Wistar rats with four types of exposure of 1.6 ml; 3.2 ml; 6.4 ml; 12.8 ml; and a control group without exposure.

Results : MDA value analysis test brain cerebellum using One Way Anova showed no significance mean difference (p = 0.133) between the exposed group and the control group. From the analysis of the number of cells Astrocytes using One Way Anova that obtained (p = 0.310) with no difference in outcomes among exposed groups.

Conclusion : There was no significance difference in the group mean exposure to MDA values and the number of cells of the cerebellum Brain Astrocytes exposed to toluene at a dose below the threshold value."

"ABSTRAKDiagnosis gangguan penghidu memerlukan pemeriksaan yang akurat. Saat ini Departemen THT-KL RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo menggunakan Sniffin? Sticks sebagai pemeriksaan rutin. Uji penghidu intravena (UPI) merupakan pemeriksaan penghidu sederhana yang dapat melengkapi pemeriksaan Sniffin? Sticks dalam menilai jalur retronasal dan prognosis. Tujuan: Mengetahui sebaran nilai normal ambang penghidu berdasarkan UPI pada subjek dewasa tanpa gangguan penghidu. Metode: Penelitian potong lintang deskriptif yang dilakukan di Unit Rawat Jalan Terpadu THT-KL RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo periode Januari-Februari 2016 dengan melibatkan 55 subjek normosmia. Hasil: Rerata (± simpang baku) nilai normal ambang berdasarkan UPI adalah 16,29 ± 5,52 detik dengan persentil 5 pada 9,46 detik dan persentil 90 pada 22,99 detik. Tidak terdapat korelasi antara hasil pemeriksaan ambang penghidu berdasarkan UPI dengan ambang penghidu maupun skor total pemeriksaan Sniffin? Sticks. Kesimpulan: Uji penghidu intravena dapat diaplikasikan dalam evaluasi fungsi penghidu sebagai pelengkap Sniffin? Sticks.

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ABSTRACTBackground: The diagnosis of olfactory loss needs accurate examinations. At this moment, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery (ORL-HNS) has used Sniffin? Sticks as a routine examination. Intravenous olfaction test (IOT) is a simple examination to complement the Sniffin? Sticks examination( due to its ability to evaluate retronasal pathway and prognosis. Objective: To investigate the normative value of olfactory threshold using the IOT in adult subjects without olfactory loss. Method: This research is a cross sectional, descriptive study took place at ORL-HNS Outpatient Clinic of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital included 55 normosmia subjects in January-February 2016. Results: Normative value of olfactory threshold using IOT was 16,29 ± 5,52 seconds (mean ± standard deviation) with the 5th percentile on 9,46 seconds and 90th percentile on 22,99 seconds. There was no correlation between the olfactory threshold results based on IOT with the olfactory threshold or the overall score of Sniffin? Sticks. Conclusion: Intravenous olfactory test is applicable for the evaluation of olfactory function, complementing the Sniffin? Sticks examination."

"Toluena adalah bahan kimia yang banyak digunakan sebagai bahan dasar dan pelarut di bidang industri. Toluena bersifat neurotoksik, dapat menembus sawar darah-akson sehingga dapat menyebabkan gangguan di sistim saraf pusat serta saraf tepi termasuk di saraf optik. Pada penelitian sebelumnya pajanan inhalasi kronis toluena dosis tinggi pada tikus dapat meningkatan kadar malondialdehyde (MDA). Penelitian eksperimental ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek pajanan toluena terhadap saraf optik, dengan pemeriksaan kadar MDA plasma, MDA saraf optik dan histopatologi saraf optik. Tiga puluh tikus wistar jantan dibagi menjadi lima kelompok, yaitu kelompok kontrol, kelompok pajanan toluena 12.5 ppm, 25 ppm, 50 ppm, dan 100 ppm selama 4 jam/hari dalam waktu 2 minggu. Kondisi lingkungan dipertahankan pada suhu berkisar 25oC-32oC dengan kelembaban relatif 30%-70 % Pemeriksaan kadar MDA plasma dan MDA saraf optik dilakukan dengan metode Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS). Penilaian histopatologis saraf optik dengan pewarnaan biru toluidin dan mikroskop cahaya. Dari hasil penelitian ditemukan perbedaan median nilai histopatologi saraf optik (p<0.001) yang bermakna antar kelompok. Nilai histopatologi saraf optik mulai menunjukan perbedaan bermakna pada kelompok dengan pajanan toluena 50 ppm. Tidak terdapat perbedaan rerata kadar MDA saraf optik yang bermakna antar kelompok pajanan toluena (p=0.056). Pajanan toluena menyebabkan degenerasi akson dan fibrosis pada saraf optik tikus.

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Toluene is a widely used chemical, mostly as basic material and as a solvent in industry. Toluene is neurotoxic, can penetrate the blood-axons barrier that can cause disturbances in the central nervous system and peripheral nerves including the optic nerve. In previous study, chronic inhalation exposure of rats to toluene in high doses can cause elevated levels of malondialdehyde (MDA).

The objective of this experimental study is to determine the effects of toluene exposure in the optic nerve, by examining the levels of plasma MDA, optic nerve MDA and optic nerve histopathology. Thirty male wistar rats were divided into five groups: control group, 12.5 ppm, 25 ppm, 50 ppm, and 100 ppm toluene exposure groups, exposure was 4 hours/day for a period of 2 weeks. The environment (temperature and humidity) was kept in 25oC-32oC and 30%-70%. Measurement of plasma MDA and optic nerve MDA level was conducted by using Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS). The optic nerve histopathologic was assessed by using toluidine blue staining and light microscopy.

The result showed there were significant differences in the optic nerve histopathology score (p<0.001) between groups. Optic nerve histopathology score began to show significant differences in the group with 50 ppm toluene exposure. No significant differences were found in the mean levels of optic nerve MDA between groups (p=0.056). Toluene exposure causes degeneration of axons and fibrosis in the rat optic nerve."

"Toluena merupakan pelarut organik aromatik yang paling sering digunakan pada industri yang dapat menimbulkan risiko kesehatan bagi pekerja yang terpajan. Asam hipurat adalah biomarker penanda terjadinya pajanan toluena di dalam tubuh. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pajanan toluena terhadap tingkat risiko RQ dan kadar asam hipurat urin pada pekerja industri alas kaki. Penelitian menggunakan desain cross sectional di tiga industri alas kaki yang berada di Ciomas Bogor. Jumlah sampel 40 pekerja dengan pemilihan sampel multistage random sampling. Sampel udara diambil sebanyak 9 titik untuk mengukur konsentrasi toluena di tempat kerja dan di analisis dengan Gas Chromatografi GC . Sampel urin diambil pada pekerja untuk mengukur kadar asam hipurat dengan menggunakan alat UPLC MS/MS. Tingkat risiko RQ dihitung dengan membandingkan nilai asupan intake dengan dosis acuan Reference Concentration . Data karakteristik individu diperoleh melalui wawancara. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara konsentrasi toluena di udara p value 0,001 , umur p value 0,004 , lama kerja p value 0,004 , tugas kerja p value 0,013 dengan tingkat risiko RQ , namun berat badan, jenis kelamin, status merokok dan kebiasaan minum kopi tidak ada hubungan dengan tingkat risiko RQ . Tidak ada hubungan antara konsentrasi toluena di udara, umur, lama kerja, tugas kerja, berat badan, jenis kelamin, status merokok dan kebiasaan minum kopi dengan kadar asam hipurat urin pekerja. Analisis multivariat menunjukan bahwa tingkat risiko RQ dipengaruhi oleh konsentrasi toluena, lama kerja dan tugas kerja secara bersamaan setelah dikontrol dengan variabel lainnya dengan persamaan regresi linear : Tingkat risiko RQ = -3,335 0,913 Konsentrasi toluena 1,07 Lama kerja ndash; 0,345 Tugas kerja . Disarankan pekerja menggunakan alat pelindung diri, melakukan rotasi kerja dan pekerja pengeleman ditempatkan diruangan dengan ventilasi terbuka.

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Toluene is organic solvents aromatic most often used in industry that can give a health risk to exposed workers. Toluene exposure can be determined by measuring the biomarker in the urine is hippuric acid. This research to analysis effect of toluene exposure to risk quotient RQ and urinary hippuric acid on informal footwear industries workers. This study used cross sectional design in three informal footwear industries which are located in Ciomas Bogor. Number of samples is 40 workers with sample selection of multistage random sampling. Air samples were collected at 9 points to measure toluene concentrations in the workplace and analyzed with Gas Chromatography GC . Urine samples were collected on the workers to measures levels of hippuric acid using UPLC MS MS. Estimation risk quotient RQ is compare the value of intake with Reference Concentration RfC . The results showed that there was significant correlation between toluene concentration p value 0,001 , age p value 0,004 , length of work p value 0,004 , work assignment p value 0,013 with risk quotient RQ , but there was no relation weight, sex, smoking and drinking coffee with risk quotient RQ . There was no relation between toluene consentration, age, length of work, work assignment, weight, sex, smoking and drinking coffee with urinary hippuric acid. Multivariate analysis showed that risk quotient RQ was influenced by toluene concentration, length of work and work assignment after controlled with other variables with a linear regression equation Risk Quotient RQ 3,335 0,913 toluene concentration 1,07 length of work ndash 0,345 work assignment. Workers should use personal protective equipment, doing work rotation and workers who work using glue are placed in the room with open ventilation."

"Toluena yang bersifat lipofilik dapat menyebabkan gangguan irama, fibrosis jaringan interstitial serta pembentukan vakuola lipid. Pajanan toluena perinhalasi dapat menyebabkan stress oksidatif pada miokardium melalui pembentukan Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) yang akan memicu stress oksidatif dengan pembentukan lipid peroksidase sehingga membentuk malondialdehyde (MDA) yang dapat terdeteksi pada miokardium.Tujuan: mengetahui tingkat pajanan toluena pada dosis rendah di bawah ambang batas yang menyebabkan kenaikan nilai MDA miokardium dan kenaikan jumlah vakuola lipid.Metoda: Penelitian menggunakan 30 ekor tikus Wistar jantan usia 3 bulan dengan berat badan 150 - 200 gram, dibagi secara acak sederhana menjadi satu kelompok kontrol dan empat kelompok intervensi yang diberikan pajanan toluena 1,6 ml, 3,2 ml, 6,4 ml, 12,8 ml masing-masing terdiri dari 6 ekor tikus. Pajanan diberikan per inhalasi dengan cara menyemprotkan toluena cair ke dalam akuarium, disertai penambahan dosis tiap jam sesuai dengan perhitungan aliran udara dan volume akuarium. Pajanan dilakukan selama 4 jam per hari dalam14 hari berturut-turut. Pada akhir penelitian dianalisa kenaikan nilai MDA miokardium dan jumlah vakuola lipid. Secara mikroskopik vakuola lipid yang mengalami pergeseran inti ke tepi, dihitung dalam 10 lapang pandang.Analisis data: Uji Oneway ANOVAdigunakan untuk mencari kebermaknaan tingkat pajanan toluena dengan nilai MDA miokardium serta tingkat pajanan toluena dengan jumlah vakuola lipid.Hasil: Rata-rata tingkat pajanan ada hubungan bermakna secara statistik terhadap nilai MDA miokardium yaitu antara kelompok pajanan 12.8 ml dengan kontrol (p=0.024), kel. 12.8 ml dengan kel. pajanan 6.4 ml (p=0.002) dan kel. 12.8 ml dengan kel. 3.2 ml (p=0.002). Sedangkan rata-rata tingkat pajanan tiap kelompok tidak ada hubungan bermakna terhadap rata-rata jumlah vakuola lipid (p=0.248).Kesimpulan: Tingkat pajanan toluena dibawah nilai ambang batas menyebabkan kenaikan kadar MDA miokardium pada kelompok pajanan 1,6 ml (12,5 ppm) sampai dengan 6,4 ml (50 ppm). Tidak terdapat kenaikan jumlah vakuola lipid pada tikus Wistar jantan.

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Lipophilic nature of toluene can cause rhythm disturbances, interstitial fibrosis problems and disturbances in forming lipid vacuoles. Toluene exposure through inhalation can cause oxidative stress in the myocardium to form Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) which will trigger oxidative stress with the formation of lipid peroxide and forming Malondialdehyde (MDA) which can be detected in the myocardium.

Objective: To determine the level of exposure to toluene at low doses below the threshold that causes the increase in value of myocardial MDA and increase in the number of lipid vacuoles.

Method: The study used 30 male Wistar rats aged 3 months weighing 150-200 grams, were divided randomly into a control group and four intervention groups which were given exposure to toluene at 1.6 ml, 3.2 ml, 6.4 ml, 12.8 ml, each consisting of 6 rats. Exposure is done through inhalation by spraying liquid toluene into the tank, along with addition doses per hour according to the calculation of the air flow and the volume of the aquarium. Exposure is done for 4 hours every day in 14 consecutive days. At the end of the study, the increase in myocardial MDA value and number of lipid vacuoles is analyzed. On a microscopic level, lipid vacuoles which experience shiftednucleus to the edge are counted in 10 visual fields.

Data Analysis: Oneway ANOVA is used to find the significance level of toluene exposure with myocardial MDA values and exposure levels of toluene by the number of lipid vacuoles.

Results: The average level of exposure is statistically significant to the myocardium MDA value, which is between 12.8 ml exposure group with the control (p = 0.024), 12.8 ml exposure group with 6.4 ml exposure group (p = 0.002), and 12.8 ml exposure group with 3.2 ml exposure group (p = 0.002). While the average level of exposure for each group has no significant relation to the average number of lipid vacuoles (p = 0.248).

Conclusion: The level of toluene exposure below the threshold value causes an increase in myocardial MDA levels in the exposure group of 1.6 ml (12.5 ppm) to 6.4 ml (50 ppm), but the group of 12.8 ml (100 ppm), a decrease in the value of MDA transpires. There was no increase in the number of lipid vacuoles in male Wistar rats."

"[ABSTRAKPendahuluan: Di Indonesia toluena merupakan zat kimia yang banyak digunakan dalam bidang industri saat ini. Nilai Ambang Batas (NAB) menurut Surat Edaran Menteri Tenaga Kerja No. SE-01/MEN/1997 untuk toluena adalah 50 ppm. Toluena dapat mempengaruhi seluruh organ baik secara akut maupun kronis termasuk proses spermatogenesis. Data pajanan toluena yang mempengaruhi spermatogenesis masih terbatas dan kontroversial.Metode: Disain penelitian menggunakan true experimental dengan mencari hubungan antara variabel bebas dosis pajanan (toluena) dengan variabel terikatnya yaitu kadar malondialdehyde (MDA) di dalam jaringan darah, testikel serta jumlah sel spermatogonia A tikus wistar jantan. Proses pajanan dibagi menjadi lima kelompok yang berbeda (12,5 part permillion [ppm], 25 ppm, 50 ppm, 100 ppm, dan kontrol dengan pemajanan dilakukan 4 jam tiap hari selama 14 hari. Penilaian MDA menggunakan metodeperiodic acid Schiff (PAS) dan perhitungan Jumlah Sel Spermatogonia A menggunakan rumus Abercrombie.Hasil: Pemajanan toluena secara statistik bermakna (p=0.005) menyebabkan penurunan terhadap Jumlah Sel Spermatogonia A. Jumlah Sel Spermatogonia A sudah mulai mengalami penurunan pada pajanan toluena 12,5 ppm. Pada uji korelasi Spearman didapatkan r=-0.683 dan p<0.001 antara tingkat pajanan toluena dengan Jumlah Sel Spermatogonia A.Kesimpulan: Pemajanan toluena selama 2 minggu sebesar 12,5 ppm sudah dapat menganggu sel Spermatogenia A.

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ABSTRACTIntroduction: Currently in Indonesia, toluene is a chemical that is widely used in the industrial field. Threshold Limit Values (TLV) for toluene according to the Minister of Labour Circular Letter No. SE-01 /MEN/1997 is 50 ppm. Toluene can affect all organs of both acute and chronic, including the process of spermatogenesis. The availability of data regarding the toluene exposure which can affect the spermatogenesis is still limited and therefore it is also still controversial.Methods: This study is a true experimental research design aimed to find the correlation between the independent variable, which is the exposure dose (toluene) and the dependent variable, i.e. the of level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the blood tissue and testicles, and the number of spermatogenia A cells of male Wistar rats. Exposure process is divided into five distinct groups (12.5 parts permillion [ppm], 25 ppm, 50 ppm, 100 ppm, and control, where the rats are exposed 4 hours per day for 14 days). MDA level is assessed by using the Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) method. Testical staining is done by using the Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) and numbers of the spermatogenia A cells are calculated by using the Abercrombie formula.Results: This study indicates that toluene exposure significantly led to a reduction of the number of spermatogenia A cells (p=0.005). Number of spermatogenia A cells has started to decline at 12.5 ppm of toluene exposure. Spearman correlation test between the toluene exposure levels and the number of spermatogenia A cells shows r=0.683 (p<0.001).Conclusion: Toluene exposure for 2 weeks at 12.5 ppm has appeared to be able to disrupt the number of spermatogenia A., Introduction: Currently in Indonesia, toluene is a chemical that is widely used in the industrial field. Threshold Limit Values (TLV) for toluene according to the Minister of Labour Circular Letter No. SE-01 /MEN/1997 is 50 ppm. Toluene can affect all organs of both acute and chronic, including the process of spermatogenesis. The availability of data regarding the toluene exposure which can affect the spermatogenesis is still limited and therefore it is also still controversial.Methods: This study is a true experimental research design aimed to find the correlation between the independent variable, which is the exposure dose (toluene) and the dependent variable, i.e. the of level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the blood tissue and testicles, and the number of spermatogenia A cells of male Wistar rats. Exposure process is divided into five distinct groups (12.5 parts permillion [ppm], 25 ppm, 50 ppm, 100 ppm, and control, where the rats are exposed 4 hours per day for 14 days). MDA level is assessed by using the Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) method. Testical staining is done by using the Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) and numbers of the spermatogenia A cells are calculated by using the Abercrombie formula.Results: This study indicates that toluene exposure significantly led to a reduction of the number of spermatogenia A cells (p=0.005). Number of spermatogenia A cells has started to decline at 12.5 ppm of toluene exposure. Spearman correlation test between the toluene exposure levels and the number of spermatogenia A cells shows r=0.683 (p<0.001).Conclusion: Toluene exposure for 2 weeks at 12.5 ppm has appeared to be able to disrupt the number of spermatogenia A.]"