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"[ABSTRAKPerkembangan kognitif manusia mengalami perkembangan yang pesat pada usia 3-5 tahun. Perkembangan kognitif yang terjadi pada rentang usia tersebut antara lain adalah pemahaman mengenai konsep waktu. Dalam kehidupan manusia, perkembangan pemahaman konsep waktu termanifestasi dalam dua bentuk yaitu kemampuan mengingat masa lalu dan memprediksi masa depan, yang disebut dengan Mental Time Travel, dan kemampuan Bahasa khususnya pada pemahaman terhadap temporal term. Kedua kemampuan ini berkembang secara bersamaan sehingga diduga terdapat hubungan antara perkembangan keduanya pada rentang usia 3-5 tahun. Untuk melihat hubungan perkembangan mental time travel dan pemahaman temporal term, dilakukan eksperimen menggunakan box task dan puppet task sebagai alat ukur mental time travel dan empat pertanyaan yang masing-masing memuat 1 jenis temporal term. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa kemampuan mental time travel berhubungan positif dengan pemahaman temporal term ke masa depan, khususnya kata ?nanti? dengan nilai korelasi sebesar 0,232.

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ABSTRACTHuman cognition develops rapidly between the age of 3-5. One of the cognitive ability that develops in that age is the understanding of temporal dimension. In daily life, developmental of temporal dimension understanding manifested in two things, mental time travel ability and language ability especially comprehension of temporal term. Both ability are develop altogether is this developmental period, therefore their development are assumed to be correlated to each other. In order to see how mental time travel ability correlated to comprehension of temporal term, researcher did experiment using box task and puppet task to asses mental time travel ability, and four questions each consists one kind of temporal term. Data analysis shown that mental time travel ability positively correlated to comprehension of temporal term to the future, especially term ?nanti? (later today) with correlation value 0,232.;Human cognition develops rapidly between the age of 3-5. One of the cognitive ability that develops in that age is the understanding of temporal dimension. In daily life, developmental of temporal dimension understanding manifested in two things, mental time travel ability and language ability especially comprehension of temporal term. Both ability are develop altogether is this developmental period, therefore their development are assumed to be correlated to each other. In order to see how mental time travel ability correlated to comprehension of temporal term, researcher did experiment using box task and puppet task to asses mental time travel ability, and four questions each consists one kind of temporal term. Data analysis shown that mental time travel ability positively correlated to comprehension of temporal term to the future, especially term ?nanti? (later today) with correlation value 0,232., Human cognition develops rapidly between the age of 3-5. One of the cognitive ability that develops in that age is the understanding of temporal dimension. In daily life, developmental of temporal dimension understanding manifested in two things, mental time travel ability and language ability especially comprehension of temporal term. Both ability are develop altogether is this developmental period, therefore their development are assumed to be correlated to each other. In order to see how mental time travel ability correlated to comprehension of temporal term, researcher did experiment using box task and puppet task to asses mental time travel ability, and four questions each consists one kind of temporal term. Data analysis shown that mental time travel ability positively correlated to comprehension of temporal term to the future, especially term “nanti” (later today) with correlation value 0,232.]"

"Mental-state yang dipergunakan oleh ibu merupakan faktor yang penting dalam perkembangan theory of mind pada anak. Meskipun demikian, penelitian-penelitian yang telah dilakukan sebelumnya mengenai mental-state dan theory of mind, hanya berfokus pada komponen false belief. Padahal dalam theory of mind, false belief hanyalah salah satu dari enam komponen yang ada. Selain itu, komunikasi tidak hanya terjadi antara ibu dan anak, melainkan juga komunikasi juga terjadi dalam sistem keluarga. Sejauh ini, masih sedikit penelitian yang mempelajari peran pola komunikasi keluarga dan penggunaan mental-state term ibu secara bersamaan dalam kaitan pemahaman theory of mind anak usia 5-6 tahun. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menginvestigasi kontribusi mental-state term dan pola komunikasi keluarga terhadap pemahaman theory of mind anak usia 5-6 tahun. Sebanyak 104 ibu dan anak mengikutikegiatan penelitian ini. Kemampuan theory of mind anak diukur melalui 6 komponen theory of mind dengan metode tanya jawab, sedangkan penggunaan mental state term ibu dan pola komunikasi keluarga diukur menggunakan kuesioner. Mental-state term ibu dan pola komunikasi keluarga conversation orientation memprediksi pemahaman theory of mind anak, dengan mengontrol variabel usia anak dan interval pendidikan ibu. Di sisi lain pola komunikasi keluarga conformity orientation tidak memberikan kontribusi yang signifikan terhadap pemahaman theory of mind anak. Penelitian ini memberikan informasi penting mengenai pentingnya penggunaan mental-state term dan menerapkan pola komunikasi keluarga yang tepat terhadap pemahaman theory of mind anak di periode usia 5-6 tahun.

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Mother rsquo s mental state is one of crucial factors in the children rsquo s theory of mind understanding. Nonetheless, numerous research related to children rsquo s theory of mind understanding, had focused only on the false belief domain. Whereas in theory of mind, false belief is one of six component. Other than that communication not only between mother and children interaction, but also in family system. On top of that, there is still a limited number of studies covering the up rearing of both family communication pattern and mother rsquo s mental state term in relation to the children rsquo s theory of mind understanding. The current study investigated the contribution of mother rsquo s mental state term and family communication pattern to theory of mind understanding among 5 6 years old children. 104 mothers and children are participated in this study. Children rsquo s theory of mind understanding were measuring using 6 component of theory of mind, while mother rsquo s mental state term and family communication pattern was measuring by questionnaire. It was revealed that mother rsquo s mental state term and family communication pattern conversation orientation could predict children rsquo s theory of mind understanding, taking into account their age and mother rsquo s interval of education. On the other hand, family communication pattern conformity orientation had no significant contribution to children rsquo s theory of mind understanding. This study gave new insight regarding the importance of using mental state term and applying an appropriate pattern to theory of mind understanding at 5 6 years old children."

"Studi PISA di tahun 2018 menunjukkan rendah dan lambatnya perkembangan kognitif literasi dari peserta didik di Indonesia, di mana Indonesia menempati peringkat 10 terbawah di ketiga bidang literasi. Isu tersebut menjadi salah satu agenda pembangunan ekonomi nasional dalam RPJMN tahun 2020-2024 terkait kualitas sumber daya manusia. Menurut teori fungsi produksi kognitif oleh Leibowitz (1974) dan Todd & Wolpin (2007), rumah tangga memiliki peran dalam perkembangan kognitif anak, yaitu melalui pemberian input investasi rumah tangga berupa kuantitas dan kualitas waktu. Selain itu, kognitif juga dipengaruhi oleh kecerdasan genetik dan input sekolah. Namun, isu tingginya jam kerja dan tingkat prevalensi depresi di Indonesia dapat menghambat orang tua memberikan waktu yang berkualitas kepada anak. Jam kerja dapat menjadi proksi dari kuantitas waktu dan gejala depresi sebagai proksi dari kualitas waktu (Becker, 1965; Saptarini et al., 2020). Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis hubungan jam kerja dan kesehatan mental orang tua terhadap kognitif anak dalam konteks investasi rumah tangga. Penelitian ini menggunakan data Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) gelombang kelima di tahun 2014/2015 dengan metode regresi ordinary least square. Unit analisis dalam penelitian ini adalah anak usia 7-14 tahun yang memiliki orang tua lengkap dan hidup bersama. Penelitian ini mengambil sampel sebanyak 1.894 anak usia 7-14 tahun yang memiliki data kontrol lengkap, antara lain karakteristik anak, ayah, ibu, sosial ekonomi rumah tangga, dan sekolah. Penelitian ini menemukan hubungan positif signifikan di tingkat 1% antara jam kerja ayah dan kognitif anak. Namun, hasil tidak menunjukkan hubungan signifikan antara jam kerja ibu dan kognitif anak. Peneliti memodifikasi jam kerja ibu dari numerik menjadi dummy overtime dan menemukan hubungan negatif signifikan di tingkat 10%. Hal ini menunjukkan peran bereda dari ayah dan ibu terhadap kognitif anak. Selain itu, regresi menunjukkan tidak adanya hubungan signifikan antara orang tua depresi dengan kognitif anak. Di luar konteks investasi rumah tangga, peneliti menemukan mayoritas variabel-variabel terkait kecerdasan genetik dan input sekolah signifikan terhadap kognitif anak. Dengan demikian, isu rendahnya kognitif anak dapat diatasi melalui peran orang tua dan rumah tangga, serta peran pemerintah dalam kebijakan terkait input sekolah.

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In 2018, the PISA survey revealed that Indonesian students' cognitive literacy development is poor and slow, with the country ranking in the bottom ten in all three literacy domains. This is one of the national economic development agendas related to human resource quality in the 2020-2024 RPJMN. According to Leibowitz (1974) and Todd & Wolpin (2007)'s cognitive production function theory, households play an important role in children's cognitive development by giving home investment in the form of quantity and quality of time. In addition, inherited intelligence and school inputs have an effect on cognitive abilities. High working hours and the prevalence of depression in Indonesia, on the other hand, can impede parents from spending quality time with their children. Working hours can be used as a proxy for time quantity, while depressive symptoms can be used as a proxy for time quality (Becker, 1965; Saptarini et al., 2020). As a result, this study aimed to investigate the impact of working hours and parents' mental health on children's cognitive development in the context of household investment. The ordinary least square regression approach was used to analyze data from the Indonesian family life survey's fifth wave in 2014/2015. This study's unit of analysis includes children aged 7 to 14 who have both parents and live together. This study included 1,894 children aged 7 to 14 with complete control data on their parents, mothers, family socioeconomics, and schools. The father's working hours and the child's cognitive abilities were found to have a significant positive relationship at the 1% level in this study. However, there was no evidence of a relationship between the mother's working hours and the child's cognitive abilities. Researchers modified maternal working hours from numeric to dummy over time and found a significant negative relationship at the 10% level. This illustrates how fathers and mothers play various roles in their children's cognitive development. Furthermore, regressions revealed no significant relationship between depressed parents and their children's cognitive abilities. Outside the context of home investment, the researchers found that most variables related to genetic intelligence and school input were significant to children`s cognitive. Thus, the issue of children's low cognitive abilities can be overcome through the role of parents and households and the government's role in school input policies

"

"ABSTRAKTemporal term merupakan jenis kosakata yang menunjukkan jarak dan urutan waktu terjadinya peristiwa. Melalui pemahaman temporal term, dapat diketahui pemahaman konsep waktu seseorang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti perbedaan pemahaman temporal term pada anak bilingual dan monolingual anak usia 4 hingga 5 tahun. Pengukuran pemahaman temporal term menggunakan alat ukur yang telah dikembangkan oleh peneliti berdasarkan penelitian Grant dan Suddendorf (2011) serta Utami (2014). Karakteristik bilingual dan monolingual dikontrol dengan self-report dari orangtua. Responden penelitian sebanyak 81 anak yang terdiri dari 40 anak bilingual dan 41 anak monolingual. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa hipotesis null penelitian ditolak (t=-3,499, p < 0.05) pada temporal term yang mengarah ke masa depan, yang berarti terdapat perbedaan antara pemahaman temporal term yang mengarah ke masa depan pada anak bilingual dan monolingual. Penelitian ini juga menunjukan bahwa faktor usia merupakan faktor yang memiliki pengaruh paling kuat dalam pemahaman temporal term. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberi informasi mengenai kemampuan anak bilingual dan monolingual dalam memahami konsep waktu.

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ABSTRACTTemporal term refers to group of words that describe distance and sequence of an event. Someone?s concept of time can be determined through temporal term. This study aimed to find if there is also a difference in temporal term between bilingual and monolingual children age 4-5 years old. In present study, temporal term measured by an instrument that already improved from previous studies (Grant and Suddendorf (2011) and Utami (2014). Bilingual and monolingual characteristic is determined from parent?s self-report. Total 81 children, 40 bilingual children and 41 monolingual children, participate in this study. Null hypothesis is rejected (t=-3,499, p < 0.05) for temporal term that refer to the future. This study also find that age is a dominant factor in children to understand the temporal term. The study result can provide information regarding bilingual and monolingual children?s ability to understand the concept of time"

"[Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara perceived social support dan kesehatan mental pada anak jalanan usia remaja. Perceived social support diukur menggunakan Multidimensional Scale of Perceived SocialSupport (MSPSS) yang dikembangkan oleh Zimet, Dahlem, Zimet, dan Farley (1988) sedangkan kesehatan mental diukur menggunakan Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF) yang dikembangkan oleh Keyes (2002). Penelitian ini melibatkan anak jalanan usia remaja sebanyak 60 orang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan positif yang signifikan antara perceived social support dan kesehatan mental pada anak jalanan usia remaja (r= 0,377, n = 60, p < 0,01, two tailed).;This study was conducted to investigate correlation between perceived social support and mental health among adolescent street children. Perceived social support was measured by Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) that developed by Zimet, Dahlem, Zimet, and Farley (1988) and mental health was measured by Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHCSF) that developed by Keyes (2002). A sample 0f 60 adolescent street childrens participated in this study. The result show positive and significant correlation between perceived social support and mental health (r = 0,377, n = 60, p < 0,01, two tailed).;This study was conducted to investigate correlation between perceived socialsupport and mental health among adolescent street children. Perceived socialsupport was measured by Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support(MSPSS) that developed by Zimet, Dahlem, Zimet, and Farley (1988) andmental health was measured by Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHCSF)that developed by Keyes (2002). A sample 0f 60 adolescent street childrensparticipated in this study. The result show positive and significant correlationbetween perceived social support and mental health (r = 0,377, n = 60, p < 0,01,two tailed), This study was conducted to investigate correlation between perceived socialsupport and mental health among adolescent street children. Perceived socialsupport was measured by Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support(MSPSS) that developed by Zimet, Dahlem, Zimet, and Farley (1988) andmental health was measured by Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHCSF)that developed by Keyes (2002). A sample 0f 60 adolescent street childrensparticipated in this study. The result show positive and significant correlationbetween perceived social support and mental health (r = 0,377, n = 60, p < 0,01,two tailed)]"

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat hubungan antara peer attachment dan mental health pada anak jalanan usia remaja. Alat ukur yang digunakan untuk mengukur peer attachment yaitu bagian peer attachment dari Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachmnet Revised (IPPA-R) yang dikembangkan oleh Armsden dan Greenberg (2009), sedangkan mental health diukur dengan Mental Health Continuum Short Form (MHC-SF) yang dikembangkan oleh Keyes (2002). Penelitian ini melibatkan 60 anak jalanan dengan rentang usia 12 hingga 18 tahun yang ditemui peneliti di Jakarta, Depok, dan Bogor. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan positif yang signifikan antara peer attachment dan mental health pada anak jalanan usia remaja (r = +0,423, n = 60, p < 0,01, one tailed). Dengan demikian, semakin tinggi peer attachment yang dimiliki anak jalanan usia remaja, semakin tinggi pula mental health yang dimilikinya.

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ABSTRACTThis research was conducted to investigate the relationship between peer attachment and mental health of adolescent street children. The instrument that was used to measure peer attachment was peer attachment part of Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment Revised (IPPA-R) developed by Armsden and Greenberg (2009), while mental health was measured by Mental Health Continuum Short Form (MHC-SF) developed by Keyes (2002). This study involved 60 street children with age of 12 until 18 years old in Jakarta, Depok, and Bogor area. The result showed that peer attachment and mental health has a significant positive correlation (r = +0,423, n = 60, p < 0,01, one tailed). Therefore, the higher peer attachment a street children has, the higher his mental health."

"Retardasi mental adalah gangguan psikologis yang banyak ditemui di dunia. Penderita retardasi mental mengalami banyak keterbatasan dalam aspek intelektual dan perilaku adaptif. Oleh sebab itu, mereka membutuhkan orang lain untuk membantunya melakukan kegiatan sehari-hari yang disebut caregiver. Dalam merawat anak dengan retardasi mental, seringkali caregiver merasa kesulitan pada aspek fisik, finansial, emosional, dan sosial/personal yang disebut dengan caregiver strain (Thornton &Travis, 2003). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara caregiver strain dan resiliensi pada ibu sebagai caregiver dari anak dengan retardasi mental. Resiliensi adalah daya tahan terhadap emosi pada individu yang memperlihatkan keberanian dan kemampuan menyesuaikan diri terhadap kondisi yang tidak menyenangkan (Wagnild & Young, 1993). Peneliti menggunakan alat ukur Modified Caregiver Strain Index (MCSI) dari Thornton dan Travis (2003) serta alat ukur The Resilience Scale (R- 25) dari Wagnild dan Young (1993). Sampel dari penelitian ini berjumlah 42 orang. Penelitian ini menghasilkan hubungan yang tidak signifikan antara kedua variabel dengan r = 0,110. Saran untuk penelitian selanjutnya sebaiknya dilakukan kontrol terhadap karakteristik care-recipient berdasarkan tingkat keparahan retardasi mental yang dimiliki sehingga hasil yang didapat tidak terlalu beragam.

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Mental retardation is a psychological disorder which is commonly found in the world. People with mental retardation had many limitations in intellectual aspects and adaptive behavior. Therefore, they need others people who can help them to carry out daily activities that called caregiver. In caring for children with mental retardation, caregiver often find difficulties on physical, financial, emotional, and social/personal called caregiver strain.

This study aims to determine the relationship between caregiver strain and resilience among mothers as caregiver of children with mental retardation. Resilience is emotional stamina and has been used to describe persons who displays courage and adaptability in the wake of misfortunes.

Researcher used Modified Caregiver Strain Index (MCSI) that compiled by Thornton and Travis (2003) as well as the Resilience Scale (R-25) that compiled by Wagnild and Young (1993). Sample of this study were 42 mothers as caregiver of mental retarded children.

This study yielded no significant relationship between the two variables with r = 0.110. Suggestion for further research should be conducted to control care-recipient characteristics based on the severity of mental retardation so the results are not too diverse."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi hubungan antara kesehatan mental orang tua terhadap gaya pengasuhan pada anak usia sekolah di Kabupaten Tangerang pada tahun 2024. Metodologi menggunakan pendekatan cross-sectional survey yang melibatkan 110 orang tua anak usia sekolah di Kabupaten Tangerang yang berperan sebagai pengasuh utama anak sebagai syarat untuk penelitian ini. Mereka dipilih dengan menggunakan metode clustur random sampling dan purposive sampling. Data dikumpulkan melalui kuesioner yang telah divalidasi dan diuji menggunakan Self-Reporting Quisioner 29 (SRQ-29) untuk kesehatan mental dan Parenting Styles And Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) untuk gaya pengasuhan. Data dianalisis menggunakan IBM SPSS versi 25. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan hubungan yang signifikan antara kesehatan mental orang tua dengan gaya pengasuhan pada anak usia sekolah dengan p-value 0.025 melalui uji Chi-Square dan korelasi positif sebesar 0.213 sehingga hubungan kedua variabel bersifat searah, dengan demikian dapat diartikan bahwa semakin baik kualitas kesehatan mental orang tua maka gaya pengasuhan kepada anak akan lebih baik.

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This research aims to explore the relationship between parents' mental health and parenting styles in school-aged children in Tangerang Regency in 2024. The methodology employs a cross-sectional survey approach involving 110 parents of school-aged children in Tangerang Regency who act as the primary caregivers for their children as a requirement for this research. They were selected using a combination of cluster random sampling and purposive sampling methods. Data were collected through validated questionnaires and tested using the Self Reporting Questionnaire 29 (SRQ-29) for mental health and the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) for parenting styles. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 25. The research results indicate a significant relationship between parental mental health and parenting styles in school-aged children, with a p-value of 0.025 through the Chi-Square test and a positive correlation of 0.213. This suggests that the relationship between the two variables is direct, meaning that the better the quality of the parents' mental health, the better their parenting style will be."

"Pandemi COVID-19 memberikan dampak psikologis pada individu di seluruh level usia termasuk remaja. Di masa ini remaja rentan mengalami distres psikologi yang kemudian dapat berdampak buruk pada kondisi kesehatan mentalnya. Dengan sumber distres yang tidak terhindarkan di masa pandemi ini, kajian untuk melihat faktor protektif yang dapat bertindak sebagai buffer hubungan distres psikologi dengan kesehatan mental remaja dirasa perlu untuk dilakukan. Salah satu faktor yang diduga berperan dalam hal ini adalah resiliensi. Penelitian ini melihat peran resiliensi terhadap hubungan antara distres psikologi dan kesehatan mental pada remaja. Penelitian ini merupakan menggunakan desain korelasional dan kuantitatif dengan teknik non probability sampling dengan target partisipan adalah remaja berusia 11-19 tahun. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menyebarkan kuesioner untuk mengukur kesehatan mental (Mental Health Continuum - Short Form), distres psikologi (K10), dan resiliensi (Resilience Scale – 14) secara onlinemelalui google form dengan jumlah sampel yang didapatkan sebanyak 390 orang. Hasil analisis multiple regression menunjukkan bahwa distres psikologi dan resiliensi memiliki sumbangan sebesar 40,5 persen terhadap kesehatan mental remaja setelah mengontrol jenis kelamin, usia, dan domisili. Analisis moderasi menggunakan PROCESS menemukan bahwa resiliensi secara signifikan memoderasi hubungan antara distres psikologi dengan kesehatan mental pada remaja (t = 2,038 dan p = < 0,05).

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The COVID-19 outbreak has psychological impact on individuals at all ages including adolescents. At this very time, adolescents are prone to experiencing psychological distress which has a negative impact on their mental health. With a potential source of stress that cannot be avoided during this pandemic, a study to look at protective factors that can act as a buffer for the relationship between psychological distress and adolescent mental health during this pandemic is deemed necessary. One factor presumed to play a role is resilience. The aim of this study is to look at the role of resilience in the relationship between psychological distress and mental health in adolescents. This research uses correlational and quantitative design with non-probability sampling techniques, the target participants are adolescents aged 11-19 years. The research was conducted by distributing questionnaires to assess mental health (Mental Health Continuum - Short Form), psychological distress (K10), and resilience (Resilience Scale - 14) via google form and obtained 390 samples. Multiple regression analysis showed that psychological distress and resilience contributed 40,5 percent to adolescent mental health after controlling for gender, age, and domicile. Moderation analysis using PROCESS found that resilience significantly moderated the relationship between psychological distress and mental health in adolescents (t = 2.038 and p = <0.05)."