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"ABSTRAKProduksi minyak dan gas di Indonesia telah dilakukan lebih dari tiga puluhtahun, lebih dari 70% anjungan lepas pantai di Indonesia telah malampaui umurdesainnya dan akan terus meningkat jumlahnya seiring berjalannya waktu sertabiaya dekomisionig dan membangun platform baru yang relatif mahal. Platformyang mengalami penuaan dan penurunan akibat korosi, kerusakan dan anomalilainnya akan memunculkan masalah terhadap integritas struktur kecuali dikeloladan dirawat dengan baik dengan program inspeksi, perawatan, perbaikan sertametode analisis struktural yang baik. Program inspeksi bawah air rutin telah diaturpemerintah dalam keputusan Ditjen Migas No. 21.K/38/DJM/1999, dan sejaktahun 2013 pemerintah telah mengeluarkan persetujuan penerapan rencanainspeksi bawah air berbasis risiko dalam surat edaran Ditjen Migas no8433/18.01/DMT/2013 yang memberikan kesempatan kepada operator untukmengoptimalkan sumber daya untuk program peningkatan integritas struktural.Salah satu faktor yang menentukan risiko suatu platform adalah kemungkinankegagalan yang selama ini dinilai dengan pendekatan semikuantitatif. Tulisan iniakan membahas pendekatan kuantitatif terhadap penilaian kemungkinankegagalan anjungan lepas pantai berdasarkan tingkat robustness melalui analisakekuatan ultimit yang akan meningkatkan konfidensi dalam penilaiankemungkinan kegagalan sesuai dengan karakter struktur, metocean, serta anomaliplatform di wilayah perairan Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwametode semikuantitatif yang selama ini diterapkan dalam perencanaan inspeksiberbasis risiko untuk menyusun kemungkinan kegagalan platform telah cukupmengidentifikasi sejumlah faktor yang berpotensi memperngaruhi kemunduranstruktur, namun tidak cukup memberikan gambaran pengaruhnya terhadap tingkatkemunduran platform. Pendekatan kuantitaif dapat memberikan gambaranpengaruh anomali terhadap kemunduran platform yang lebih baik.

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ABSTRACTProduction of oil and gas in Indonesia has been performed over thirtyyears, more than 70% of offshore platforms in Indonesia has exceed of design lifeand will continue increase in number over time since decommisioning cost andbuild a new platform is relatively expensive. Agein and deteriorated offshoreplatforms as a result of corrosion, damage and other anomalies would bring up theissue of the structural integrity unless managed by inspection, maintenance, repairprogram and good structural analysis methods. Routine underwater inspectionprogram has been regulated by the government on Keputusan Ditjen Migas No.21.K/3/DJM/1999, since 2013 the government has issued approval of theimplementation risk-based underwater inspection planning on Surat Edaran DitjenMigas No. 8433/18.01/DMT/2013, which provides the opportunity for theoperator to optimize the resources to improve the structural integrity. One of thefactor that determine the risk of an offshore platform is the Likelihood of Failure(LoF) that assessed by semiquantitative approach. This paper will discuss thequantitative approach as a tools to assess the Likelihood of Failure of offshoreplatforms based on the level of robustness through ultimate strength analysis thatwill increase confidence to assess the Likeihood of Failure in accordance with thecharacter of the structure, metocean, as well as anomalies of offshore platforms inthe territorial waters of Indonesia. Result shown that the recent semiquantitativeapproach to identifiy likelihood of failure is enough to capture some potentialfactor affecting platform deterioration, however can not present level of platformdeterioration for each factor. Quantitative approach give better acknowledge aboutthe effect of anomaly to platform deterioration."

"ABSTRAKPlatform Jacket yang telah difabrikasi di darat akan dibawa/ ditransportasi ke site dengan menggunakan kapal tongkang (barge) untuk di-install di lapangan migas. Selama proses transportasi diperlukan suatu pengikatan struktur jacket ke deck barge agar struktur Jacket tetap stabil diatas barge. Sistem pengikatan yang disebut seafastening ini harus di desain kuat untuk menerima beban yang diakibatkan oleh pergerakan (motion) kapal, yakni tiga gerakan translasional (surge, sway, heave) dan tiga gerakan rotasional (pitch, roll dan yawn). Gerakangerakan ini menimbulkan percepatan pada barge yang berakibat timbulnya gaya tambahan pada struktur diatasnya dan hal ini mempengaruhi tegangan pada seafastening. Perangkat lunak Multi Operational Structural Computer System (MOSES) dipergunakan sebagai alat bantu untuk permodelan Barge dan Jacket, serta perhitungan karakteristik Response Amplitude Operator (RAO) yang diakibatkan oleh beban lingkungan.Selanjutnya untuk menghitung tegangan yang terjadi pada seafastening, digunakan perangkat lunak Structural Analysis Computer System (SACS) dengan pembebanan berupa beban mati, beban angin dan beban inersia yang diakibatkan oleh motion kapal tongkang/ Barge. Besarnya tegangan harus memenuhi kriteria Unity Check (UC).

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ABSTRACT

Platform Jacket which fabricated in yard will be transported to the site with barge for installation. During the transport process, strong fastening system from jacket to deck barge is required so that the Jacket Structure remains stable on Barge. Fastening system that called seafastening must be in strong designs to accept the load caused by the movement of the barge, three translational motion (surge, sway, heave) and three rotational movement (pitch, roll and yawn). These movements cause the acceleration of the barge which result in the emergence additional force on the structure above, and this influences the stress at seafastening. Multi Operational Structural Engineering Simulator (MOSES) software is used as a tool for modeling of Barge and Jacket, as well as the calculation of the characteristics Response Amplitude Operator (RAO) caused by environmental.

Furthermore, to calculate the stress that occurs in seafastening, software Structural Analysis Computer System (SACS) is used, with the loads on a construction during seafastening is dead load of the structure, wind load and innertia load caused by the motion of barge / Barge. The magnitude of the stress of seafastening must meet the criteria of Unity Check (UC)."

"[ABSTRAKPemeriksaan struktur anjungan lepas pantai berdasarkan risiko didasarkan dari data operasidan lingkungan untuk menentukan tingkat peluang kegagalan dan konsekuensi kegagalansehingga dapat ditentukan tingkat risiko dari masing-masing anjungan lepas pantai. Tingkatrisiko dari anjungan lepas pantai menentukan jadwal, metode dan lingkup dari pemeriksaanbawah air suatu anjungan lepas pantai. Hasil penelitian dari total 65 anjungan lepas pantaiyang dilakukan studi, terdapat diantaranya memiliki tingkat risiko tinggi sebanyak 19anjungan lepas pantai, dan sisanya 46 anjungan lepas pantai memiliki tingkat risiko sedang.Banyaknya jumlah anjungan yang memiliki tingkat risiko sedang hingga tinggi tersebutdipengaruhi dominan oleh kondisi desain. Penerapan pemeriksaan bawah air berdasarkanrisiko juga memberi manfaat penghematan biaya sebesar 67,5 % dibanding pemeriksaanbawah air berdasarkan jangka waktu.ABSTRACTRisk based inspection determined from risk level of offshore platform, risk level developedfrom probability of failure and consequences of failure. Operational and environmentaldatabase from platform are need to identified probability of failure and consequences offailure. Inspection interval, inspection method and scope of inspection for offshore platformunderwater inspection are defined from risk level. The risk evaluation of the 65 platformsshowed that 19 platforms were in high risk and 46 platforms were in medium risk. Platformbaseline (design condition) is the major contribution for high and medium risk of theplatform. The cost evaluation of the underwater inspection program based on risk compareto underwater inspection program based time interval showed the cost saving into 67,5%.;Risk based inspection determined from risk level of offshore platform, risk level developedfrom probability of failure and consequences of failure. Operational and environmentaldatabase from platform are need to identified probability of failure and consequences offailure. Inspection interval, inspection method and scope of inspection for offshore platformunderwater inspection are defined from risk level. The risk evaluation of the 65 platformsshowed that 19 platforms were in high risk and 46 platforms were in medium risk. Platformbaseline (design condition) is the major contribution for high and medium risk of theplatform. The cost evaluation of the underwater inspection program based on risk compareto underwater inspection program based time interval showed the cost saving into 67,5%.;Risk based inspection determined from risk level of offshore platform, risk level developedfrom probability of failure and consequences of failure. Operational and environmentaldatabase from platform are need to identified probability of failure and consequences offailure. Inspection interval, inspection method and scope of inspection for offshore platformunderwater inspection are defined from risk level. The risk evaluation of the 65 platformsshowed that 19 platforms were in high risk and 46 platforms were in medium risk. Platformbaseline (design condition) is the major contribution for high and medium risk of theplatform. The cost evaluation of the underwater inspection program based on risk compareto underwater inspection program based time interval showed the cost saving into 67,5%., Risk based inspection determined from risk level of offshore platform, risk level developedfrom probability of failure and consequences of failure. Operational and environmentaldatabase from platform are need to identified probability of failure and consequences offailure. Inspection interval, inspection method and scope of inspection for offshore platformunderwater inspection are defined from risk level. The risk evaluation of the 65 platformsshowed that 19 platforms were in high risk and 46 platforms were in medium risk. Platformbaseline (design condition) is the major contribution for high and medium risk of theplatform. The cost evaluation of the underwater inspection program based on risk compareto underwater inspection program based time interval showed the cost saving into 67,5%.]"

"This book presents a comprehensive overview of the recently developed L1 adaptive control theory, including detailed proofs of the main results. The key feature of the L1 adaptive control theory is the decoupling of adaptation from robustness. The architectures of L1 adaptive control theory have guaranteed transient performance and robustness in the presence of fast adaptation, without enforcing persistent excitation, applying gain-scheduling, or resorting to high-gain feedback."

"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai sejauh apa negara pantai dapat menerapakan yurisdiksinya terhadap anjungan minyak lepas pantai yang terpancang di landas kontinennya. Penelitian ini berbentuk yuridis-normatif dengan desain deskriptif analitis, yang bertujuan untuk pemahaman lebih lanjut mengenai konsep yurisdiksi negara pantai terhadap anjungan minyak lepas pantai secara komprehensif baik dalam the 1958 Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf, the 1982 United Convention on the Law of the Sea, dan hukum nasional negara pantai. Berdasarkan analisis yang telah dilakukan dalam kasus Arctic Sunrise (Kingdom of the Netherlands v. Russian Federation), negara pantai dalam menerapkan yurisdiksi pada anjungan minyak lepas pantai di landas kontinennya, tidak dapat diberlakukan sepenuhnya karena sudah berbatasan dengan rezim hukum laut lain yaitu rezim hukum laut lepas.

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The focus of this study is about the extent to which a coastal state may exercise its jurisdiction to offshore oil platforms which fixed on its continental shelf. This normative juridical with analytical descriptive, is aim for the further understanding of the concept of jurisdiction of coastal states to offshore oil platforms comprehensively which regulated in the 1958 Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf, the 1982 United Convention on the Law of the Sea and the national law of the coastal State. Based on the analysis that has been done in the case of the Arctic Sunrise (the Kingdom of the Netherlands v. Russian Federation), a coastal state in the exercise of its jurisdiction to offshore oil platforms on the continental shelf, can not be fully enforced because it is bordered by the other legal regime of the sea, which is high sea."

"Salah satu hal yang menjadi hambatan utama dalam meningkatkan produksi minyak mentah di Indonesia ialah minimnya ketersediaan alat eksplorasi minyak yang dapat mengakomodasi beberapa titik kawasan berpotensi. Semi-submersible platform menjadi salah satu solusi untuk menanggulangi permasalahan tersebut dengan kemampuannya yang dapat berpindah-pindah tempat dibandingkan dengan fixed platform. Dalam perancangannya, diperlukan suatu pengujian stabilitas pada rancangan desain untuk mengetahui kelayakan platform agar dapat bekerja secara optimal.

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One of the things that became an obstacle in increasing the production of crude oil in Indonesia is the lack of availability of oil exploration tool that can potentially accommodate some point region. Semi-submersible platform is a solution to overcome these problems with its ability to move where compared to fixed platforms. In the design process, it is needed to do a stability test to determine the feasibility of the platform in order to work optimally."

"Korosi terjadi tanpa mengenal waktu di segala aspek kehidupan manusia dan dapat mengakibatkan banyak kerugian. Di industri minyak dan gas, kerugian yang terjadi akibat korosi berdampak pada penurunan kualitas material yang digunakan. Dan hal ini berarti berhubungan dengan lamanya operasional alat berfungsi atau kemampuan jangka panjang dari suatu alat dan kemungkinan terjadinya kegagalan pada peralatan yang digunakan. Sehingga jika korosi menyerang, maka selain kerugian finansial yang dialami, kerugian berupa dampak terhadap lingkungan sekitar dan juga safety dari pekerja dan masyarakat sekitar juga bisa terjadi. Oleh karena itu inspeksi terhadap peralatan yang ada penting untuk dilakukan. Indonesia yang masih mengacu pada inspeksi berdasarkan jangka waktu (timebased inspection) masih memberikan peluang untuk terjadinya kegagalan pada peralatan yang digunakan. Oleh karena itu penting untuk menggunakan acuan lain seperti inspeksi berdasarkan tingkat resiko (Risk-Based Inspection)/RBI. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari 8 pipa yang dianalisa, 5 pipa (6" dan 4 pipa 16") memiliki nilai 2D yang berarti berstatus resiko medium dan mendapatkan respon corrective maintenance dan 3 pipa (8", 12", dan 18") memiliki nilai 2E yang berarti berstatus resiko medium-high dan mendapatkan respon preventive maintenance. Usulan inspeksi yang dapat dilakukan adalah pemeriksaan visual, ultrasonic straight beam, eddy current, flux leakage, radiography, dan pengukuran dimensi. Usulan waktu inspeksi yang dapat dilakukan kembali adalah 7 tahun kemudian untuk pipa-pipa yang memiliki nilai 2D dan 5 tahun kemudian untuk pipa-pipa yang bernilai 2E dari inspeksi terakhir. Nilai rendah yang diperoleh melalui penelitian ini dikarenakan pipa memiliki sistem inspeksi yang baik terhadap mix point/injection yang ada dan juga karena sistem pipa yang ada tidak mengenal adanya deadleg, sehingga nilai TMSF tidak mengalami pertambahan yang signifikan.

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Corrosion happen everytime in all human-life aspects and can caused lot of losses. In oil and gas industry, losses caused by corrosion affect directly to material quality that used in the industry. And it means relate to how long an equipment can perform or long-term compability of an equipment and probability of a failure occured in an equipment. So, if corrosion attacks, beside financial loss, another loss that can happen are environtmental loss and also human safety which is include the worker and also community around the industry. Therefore, it is very important to hold an inspection to every equipments in oil and gas industry. Indonesia still hold time based inspection to all equipment in oil and gas industry, and that methode still open for a failure occured. So that, it is very important to use another inspection management methode like Risk-Based inspection (RBI).

Result of this paper are, from 8 pipes that checked, 5 pipes (a 6" pipe and 4 pipes of 16") got 2D rank, which mean have medium status and got corrective maintenance respon. And 3 pipes (8", 12" and 18") got 2E rank which mean have medium-high status and got preventive maintenance response. Inspection methode that proposed are visual examination, ultrasonic straight beam, eddy current, flux leakage, radiography, and dimensional measurement. Inspection time interval from last inspection activity that proposed are 7 years for pipes that got 2D rank and 5 years for pipes that got 2E rank. Low rank that several pipes received because those pipes have good inspection system on mix point/injection area and also the overall piping system do not have the deadleg system, so the TMSF value not multiplied by a value factor."

"Sebagai salah satu negara anggota OPEC, di Indonesia banyak dilaksanakan proyek-proyek pembangunan fasilitas penunjang terhadap kegiatanpertambangan minyak dan gas bumi. Pengembangan fasilitas tersebut dimulai dari tahap perancangan engineering, fabrikasi & pengadaan, dan konstruksi & instalasi. Sebagai tahapan yang paling akhir dari sebuah pembangunan fasilitas,tahap konstruksi & instalasi memiliki resiko keterlambatan paling tinggi dalampelaksanaannya. Hal ini dipengaruhi oleh besarnya keterkaitan pekerjaan denganpihak diluar perusahaan. Kondisi ini mendorong penulis untuk dapatmengidentifikasi faktor-faktor dominan yang berpengaruh. Dengan teridentifikasinya faktor-faktor dominan tersebut dan dilakukannya langkahlangkah antisipasinya, diharapkan dapat mencegah keterlambatan pelaksanaan proyek konstruksi & instalasi tersebut

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As one of OPEC’s member, there are so many facilities development projects to support oil & gas mining activities in Indonesia. The development project is started from engineering design phase, to procurement and fabrication

phase, and ended by construction and installation phase. As the last phase, construction & installation, has more risks related to time performance during the execution. These things affected by big corelation between the contractor and other outside parties. Such condition motivate writer to identify the dominant factors. By identifying these factors and take responses

on them, delays on construction and installation performance will be avoided."

"This book provides a brief overview of passive, semi-active and active control schemes to deal with vibration of offshore platforms. It then comprehensively and systematically discusses the recent advances in active systems with optimal, sliding model, delayed feedback and network-based control. Intended for readers interested in vibration control and ocean engineering, it is particularly useful for researchers, engineers, and graduate students in the fields of system and control community, vibration control, ocean engineering, as well as electrical and electronic engineering."

"Fokus pada penelitian ini adalah melakukan kajian tekno-ekonomi sistem purifikasi minyaktransformer untuk industri migas lepas pantai. Tantangan yang dihadapi adalah merancangsebuah desain sistem purifikasi yang cocok untuk area operasi yang terbatas, tidakmengganggu operasi (secara online), dan dilakukan tanpa keluar dari pipa / sistemtransformer sesuai dengan regulasi yang berlaku (closed loop). Metodologi yang digunakanpada penelitian ini adalah menggunakan studi literatur penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya,penelusuran pasar, dan data kontrak yang berlaku di industri migas Indonesia. Kajiandiawali dengan melakukan review metode purifikasi yang dapat dilakukan secara onlinedan closed loop terhadap lima (5) metode antara lain: sedimentasi alami, filtrasi, adsorpsi,degassing & dehydration¸dan penambahan zat aditif. Metode-metode purifikasi yangmemenuhi syarat online dan closed loop (yaitu filtrasi, adsorpsi, dan degassing &dehydration) kemudian dikombinasikan menjadi tiga (3) sistem purifikasi dan dievaluasikesesuaiannya terhadap kontaminan. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa sistem purifikasiyang cocok untuk industri hulu migas lepas pantai Indonesia adalah kombinasi metodefiltrasi (pre-filter dan filter primer) – degassing & dehydration – filtrasi sekunder denganflow rate 10 liter per menit. Sistem yang paling sesuai adalah yang terdiri dari proses prefilterdan filtrasi primer yang memiliki kemampuan penyaringan partikel hinnga 50 mikrondan penurunan tekanan 0,01 MPa, dilanjutkan proses degassing & dehydration beroperasipada tekanan vakum -0,08 MPa gauge dan suhu 65 0C, dan diakhiri dengan filtrasi sekunderdengan spesifikasi filter sama dengan filtrasi pertama. Investasi sistem purifikasi ini cukupmurah dan ekonomis dengan biaya kapital Rp107.305.658,50, nilai IRR 43,33%, NPVRp340.315.914,00, dan payback period selama 2,47 tahun.

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The focus of this research is to conduct techno-economic analysis for investment on

purification system of transformer oil in offshore oil and gas industry. The challenges of the

purification system are the design shall be appropriate for limited space area, no production

disruption (works online), and conducted without discharging from the pipe / transformer

system in accordance with regulations (closed loop). The methodology of this research is

conducting literature study and review to previous researches, market assessment, and

existing contract data which applied in oil & gas industri of Indonesia. The study begins

with a review to purification methods which can be conducted online and closed looply into

five (5) methods which are: natural sedimentation, filtration, adsorption, degassing &

dehydration¸ and the additives. Purification methods that meet the online and closed loop

requirements (which are filtration, adsorption, and degassing & dehydration) are then

combined into three (3) purification systems and evaluated for their contaminant suitability.

This research conclude that the most appropriate purification system is the combination of

filtration (pre-filter & primary filter) – degassing & dehydration – filtration methods with

flow rate 10 liters per minute. The most appropriate system is consisting of pre-filter and

primary filtration process which can filter the partikel up to 50 microns with drop pressure

0.01 MPa, followed by degassing & dehydration process which operated at pressure -0.08

MPa gauge and temperature 65 0C, and finalized by secondary filtration process with the

same specification with primary filter. The purification system investment is quite cheap

and economical with capital expenditure Rp107.305.658,50, IRR value 43,33%, NPV

Rp340.315.914,00, and payback period 2,47 years."