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"Penyakit kardiovaskuler merupakan penyebab utama kematian yaitu sebesar 30 kematian di dunia. Tahun 2013 prevalensi penyakit jantung koroner di Indonesia berdasarkan wawancara terdiagnosis dokter adalah sebesar 0,5 , dan berdasarkan terdiagnosis dokter atau gejala sebesar 1,5 . Sebanyak 68 orang yang menderita penyakit diabetes melitus meninggal karena komplikasi penyakit jantung koroner. Prevalensi orang dengan DM di Indonesia pada tahun 2013 sebanyak 6,9 dan pada tahun 2015. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan penyakit diabetes melitus DM dengan prevalensi penyakit jantung koroner PJK di Indonesia. Penelitian ini merupakan analisis lanjut Riskesdas 2013 dengan desain studi Cross Sectional. Responden dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh penduduk di Indonesia usia ge;15 tahun yang memiliki data variabel penelitian lengkap. Berdasarkan penelitian ini diperoleh bahwa responden yang menderita diabetes melitus memiliki risiko 3,07 kali lebih besar untuk menderita penyakit jantung koroner dibandingkan dengan responden yang tidak menderita diabetes melitus setelah dikontrol variabel usia, hipertensi, obesitas sentral, obesitas, stress, variabel interaksi diabetes melitus dengan usia, dan variabel interaksi diabetes melitus dengan obesitas sentral.

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Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death which contributes to about 30 of deaths in the world. In 2013, the prevalence of coronary heart disease in Indonesia, based on medical diagnosis was 0.5 and based on medical diagnosis or symptoms was 1,5 . There were 68 of people who suffered from diabetes mellitus died from complications of coronary heart disease. The prevalence of people with diabetes in Indonesia in 2013 was about 6.9 and in 2015. The aim of this study to determine the relationship between diabetes mellitus DM and the prevalence of coronary heart disease CHD in Indonesia. This study is a further analysis of Riskesdas Indonesia Basic Health Research 2013 designed with a cross sectional study. The respondents of this research were all residents in Indonesia at age ge 15 years, those who had completed research variable data. Based on the survey results revealed that respondents with diabetes mellitus are at 3.07 times higher risk of suffering coronary heart disease compared to respondents without diabetes mellitus after controlled by age, hypertension, central obesity, obesity, stress, interaction variable between diabetes mellitus and age, and interaction variable between diabetes mellitus and central obesity."

"ABSTRAKHingga saat ini diabetes melitus tipe 2 masih merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat, karena prevalensinya masih tinggi di beberapa negara termasuk Indonesia. Tingginya prevalensi diabetes melitus tipe 2 disebabkan oleh pola hidup masyarakat saat ini yang cenderung tidak sehat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara pola perilaku dengan kejadian diabetes melitus tipe 2 pada penduduk umur ≥15 tahun di Indonesia tahun 2013. Penelitian ini menggunakan data Riskesdas 2013. Variabel perilaku yang diteliti dalam penelitian ini adalah aktivitas fisik, perilaku merokok, konsumsi buah dan/atau sayur, konsumsi makanan/minuman manis, konsumsi makanan berlemak, konsumsi minuman kopi, dan konsumsi minuman berkafein buatan bukan kopi. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa faktor perilaku yang berhubungan dengan diabetes melitus tipe 2 adalah aktivitas fisik, perilaku merokok, konsumsi makanan/minuman manis, dan konsumsi minuman kopi. Sedangkan secara multivariat, ditemukan bahwa aktivitas fisik, perilaku merokok, dan konsumsi makanan/minuman manis berhubungan dengan diabetes melitus tipe 2.

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ABSTRACTUntil these days type 2 diabetes melitus still become a problem in society, because of high degree prevalence in many countries including Indonesia. This is because unhealthy life style. The objects of this research is to know the correlation between behaviour and type 2 diabetes melitus cases for 15 years old or older Indonesian people in 2013, furthermore this research is use data Riskesdas 2013. The variable observes in this research are physical activity, smoking behaviour, consumption of fruit and/or vegetables, consumption of food or beverages contain sweetener, consumption of fatty food, consumption of coffe, and consumption of non-coffe artificial caffeinated. This research finds that behaviour factor related to type 2 diabetes melitus are physical activity, smoking behaviour, consumption of food or beverages contain sweetener, and consumption of coffe. Furthermore, in multivariate model found that physical activity, smoking behaviour, and consumption of food or beverages contain sweetener related to type 2 diabetes melitus. "

"Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan beberapa faktor dengan Diabetes Melitus di Indonesia. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain studi cross-sectional, menggunakan data sekunder Survei Aspek Kehidupan Rumah Tangga Indonesia 2007.Hasil penelitian menyatakan prevalensi Diabetes Melitus mencapai 2,9%. Faktor yang berhubungan dengan diabetes adalah umur, riwayat keluarga, konsumsi protein dan lemak, sayur dan buah,aktivitas fisik, pekerjaan, pendidikan, indeks massa tubuh, hipertensi dan kondisi psikologis. Sedangkan secara multivariat, faktoryang berhubungan dengan diabetes adalah umur, status pekerjaan, pendidikan, konsumsi sayur dan buah, aktivitas fisik, indeks massa tubuh, hipertensi, dan kondisi psikologis, serta interaksi indeks massa tubuh dengan aktivitas fisik.

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The purpose of this thesis is to find out relationship of factors related to diabetes mellitus in Indonesia. This is a quantitative research with cross-sectional study design, using secondary data from IFLS 2007.

The result finds that diabetes mellitus prevalence is 2,9%. Factors that have significant relationship with diabetes are age, family history, protein and fat consumption, vegetable and fruit consumption, physical activity, occupation, education, body mass index, hypertension, and psychological condition. Multivariate analysis finds that factors that have significant relationship with diabetes are age, occupation, vegetable and fruit consumption, physical activity, BMI, hypertension, and psychological condition, and interaction between BMI and physical activity."

"ABSTRAKBackground: diabetes mellitus is a silent-killer. Its prevalence and impact on health expenses increase from year to year. This study aims to investigate the characteristics and the risk factors that affect diabetes mellitus in Indonesia.Methods: this is a cross sectional study. Data were obtained from the Basic Health Research (RISKESDAS) in 2013. The samples were individuals aged ≥15 years, whose fasting blood glucose and 2 hours blood glucose after the imposition have been measured. 38.052 individuals were selected for this study. The variables of age, sex, marital status, level of education, employment status, living area, regional status, hypertension, obesity, smoking habit, and dyslipidemia are analyzed as risk factors for diabetes mellitus. Bivariate analysis was using chi-square test with significance level of p<0.05 and confidence interval (CI) of 95%, and multivariate analysis using multiple logistic regression test.Results: our study showed that 13% have diabetes mellitus in 2013. Factors affecting diabetes mellitus were age>55 years (OR=5.10; 95%CI 4.42 to 5.89; p<0.001), female (OR=1.37; 95%CI 1.26 to 1.49; p<0.001), rural (OR=1.16; 95%CI 1.08 to 1.26; p<0.001), married (OR=1.31; 95%CI 1.07 to 1.58; p<0.05), unemployed (OR=1.14; 96%CI 1.05 to 1.23; p<0.05), obesity (OR=1.46; 95%CI 1.35 to 1.58; p<0.001), hypertension (OR=1.68; 95%CI 1.55 to 1.81; p<0.001) and dyslipidemia (OR=1.53; 95%CI 1.39- 1.68; P<0.001).Conclusion: as many as 13% of individuals have diabetes mellitus in 2013. Age, gender, living area, employment status, obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia are the contributing factors to diabetes mellitus."

"ABSTRAKDiabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in Indonesia. Reportedly that DM is associated with various risk factors. Notably, it seems that the rising prevalence rates reflect changes in urban lifestyle. This study aimed to examine risk differences in the prevalence of DM among men and women aged 15 years and older that lived in urban areas in Indonesia. Analysis used secondary data of 2013 National Basic Health Research, which applied a cross sectional study design. The total of sample was 333,731 respondents. Data processing and analysis used multiple logistic regression method. In general, findings showed that doctor diagnosed diabetes mellitus (DDDM) among urban men and women aged 15 to 39 years did not differ. However, the odds ratio of DDDM among older women aged 50 to 64 years was 30 times higher than women aged 15 to 39 years, while among the same age men was 21 times higher than younger men aged 15 to 39 years (p value < 0.001). In conclusion, entering the age of 50 years, women show a much higher risk of contracting DDDM than women with younger age, also much higher than older men towards younger men."

"Indonesia merupakan negara terbanyak keempat kematian akibat diabetes Mellitus dan penyakit jantung diantara negara-negara Asia Tenggara. Penelitian dengan desain studi cross sectional ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran biaya akibat sakit serta kualitas hidup pasien diabetes mellitus tipe 2 dengan penyakit jantung dengan sampel 110 orang di RSUD Dr.M.Yunus Bengkulu. Rata-rata biaya pasien akibat sakit diabetes mellitus tipe 2 dengan penyakit jantung selama setahun adalah Rp. 6.081.572 dimana komposisi biaya langsung adalah (81,54%) dan biaya tidak langsung (18,46%). Proporsi terbesar adalah biaya obat (37,05%). Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi biaya akibat penyakit tersebut adalah Lama Hari Rawat (LHR) dan jenis pekerjaan sedangkan faktor yang mempengaruhi kualitas hidup pasien adalah Lama/durasi sakit. Disarankan agar RSUD.dr.M.Yunus Bengkulu menyusun clinical pathway dan formularium rumah sakit. Pemerintah perlu merevisi formularium nasional dengan memperhatikan kondisi lokal dan mengembangkan program peningkatan kualitas hidup pasien.

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Indonesia is the fourth most deaths due diabetes mellitus and heart disease among south Asia countries. This study with cross-sectional design is aiming to describing the cost of illness and quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with heart disease in dr.M.Yunus public hospital. Number of samples was110 patients. The annual cost of illness due to type 2 diabetes mellitus with heart disease perpatient was Rp. 6,081,572, with direct cost is reached (81.54%) and indirect cost (18.46%). The largest proportion of the cost was drug (37.05%). Factors that affect COI were Length of Stay (LOS) and the type of work, and factor affect quality of life was duration of illness. It is recommended that dr.M.Yunus Public Hospital Bengkulu should prepare clinical pathways and hospital formulary. The central government needs to revise national formulary with considering variability of country situation and develop program to improve quality of DM patient."

"Kriteria utama obesitas menurut WHO adalah IMT namun obesitas sentral lebih berhubungan dengan risiko kesehatan dibanding obesitas umum Tujuan penelitian untuk mendapatkan cut off point dari ketiga indikator dalam mendeteksi terjadinya DMT2. Juga untuk mengetahui hubungan obesitas dengan indikator IMT, LP dan rasio LP-TB dengan terjadinya DMT2 dan menentukan indikator mana yang lebih baik dari ketiganya. Desain Cross Sectional. menggunakan data sekunder. Analisis menggunakan regresi logistic dan metode ROC. Hasil : prevalensi DMT2 9,1% dan prevalensi obesitas berkisar 38,37 % - 41,98 % Nilai cut off obesitas umum IMT ≥ 25,72 kg/m2, LP laki-laki ≥ 80,65 cm perempuan ≥ 80,85 cm dan LP-TB laki-laki ≥ 0,51 perempuan ≥ 0,55. Kesimpulan : orang dengan obesitas meningkatkan risiko terjadinya DMT2 setelah dikontrol faktor umur. Karena hasil ketiga indikator tidak jauh berbeda, maka penggunaanya tergantung keputusan praktisi kesehatan itu sendiri.

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The WHO's major obesity criteria is BMI but central obesity is more associated to health risks than general obesity. The objective of the research is to define the cut off points of the three measurements in detecting the occurrence of T2DM. It is also aimed to examine the relationship of obesity indicators (BMI, WC, and WHtR) with T2DM and determine the best indicator of them. Design of Cross Sectional employs secondary data. Analysis apply logistic model and ROC method.

The result: prevalence of type 2 DM is about 9.1%, and obesity prevalence is about 38.37 % to 41.98 %. The cut off values of BMI general obesity, male WC, female WC, male WHtR, and female WHtR are ≥ 25.72 kg/m2, ≥ 80.65 cm, ≥ 80.85 cm, ≥ 0.5, and ≥ 0,55 respectively.

Conclusion: adjusted by age, obesity increases the risk of type 2 DM occurrence. Since there is no significantly different result, the use of obesity indicators depends on the health practitioner decisions."

"ABSTRAKLatar belakang Pada pasien diabetes melitus (DM) dengan penyakit jantung koroner 3 pembuluh darah (PJK 3PD) hasil revaskularisasi akan lebih baik dengan bedah pintas koroner (BPK) dibanding intervensi koroner perkutan (IKP) atau medikamentosa. BPK tidak selalu menjadi prosedur yang dikerjakan meskipun sudah direkomendasikan sesuai Skor Syntax, dan tidak semua pasien bersedia menjalani BPK atau IKP. Perlu diketahui apakah pilihan revaskularisasi tersebut mempengaruhi kesintasan 5 tahun. Tujuan Mengetahui perbedaan kesintasan 5 tahun pasien PJK 3PD DM yang menjalani bedah pintas koroner (BPK), intervensi koroner perkutan (IKP), dan medikamentosa di RSCM. Metode Penelitian ini merupakan studi kohort retrospektif dengan pendekatan analisis kesintasan untuk meneliti kesintasan 5 tahun pasien PJK 3PD DM yang menjalani tindakan BPK, IKP, atau medikamentosa. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan data sekunder 126 pasien PJK 3PD DM yang menjalani BPK, IKP, maupun medikamentosa di RS Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM) pada tahun 2006-2007 dan diikuti sampai dengan tahun 2011-2012 dengan dilihat adakah kejadian meninggal. Hasil Kesintasan terbaik pada kelompok BPK (93.5%). Proporsi kematian terbesar pada kelompok medikamentosa (36.1%). Kesintasan BPK paling baik secara bermakna dibandingkan IKP dan Medikamentosa. Kelompok IKP memiliki kesintasan yang lebih baik dibanding medikamentosa (69.5% vs 63.9%). Meskipun tidak bermakna secara statistik, namun pada kelompok IKP proporsi keluhan yang ditemukan setelah tindakan lebih sedikit dibanding kelompok medikamentosa (52% vs 38%). Skor Syntax yang berperan menilai kompleksitas stenosis ikut menentukan kesintasan (p 0,039). Kesimpulan Kesintasan 5 tahun pasien PJK 3PD dengan DM yang paling baik didapatkan pada kelompok yang menjalani Bedah Pintas Koroner. Kesintasan 5 tahun pasien PJK 3PD dengan DM yang menjalani IKP lebih baik dibanding Medikamentosa namun secara statistik tidak bermakna. Faktor yang berpengaruh pada kesintasan 5 tahun pasien PJK 3PD adalah kompleksitas stenosis yang dilihat dengan menggunakan skor Syntax.

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ABSTRACTBackground In patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) with coronary artery disease involving 3 vessels (CAD 3VD) revascularization results will be better with coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) compared with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or medical therapy. CABG is not always done despite being recommended in accordance with Syntax Score, and some patients prefer not to go through CABG or PCI . This trial determined whether the choice of revascularization affect 5-years survival. Objectives Knowing the difference in 5-years survival of CAD 3VD DM patients who underwent coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG), percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or medical therapy at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Methods This study was a retrospective cohort study with survival analysis approach to examine the 5-years survival rate of CAD 3VD DM patients undergoing CABG, PCI, or medical therapy. The study was conducted using secondary data of 126 CAD 3VD DM patients who underwent CABG, PCI, or medical therapy at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital in 2006-2007 and followed up to 2011-2012 if there any incident died. Results Best survival in the CABG group (93.5%). The largest proportion of deaths in the medical therapy group (36.1%). The CABG survival was significantly better than the IKP (p=0.01) and medical therapy (p=0.001). PCI group had better survival than medical therapy (69.5% vs. 63.9%). Although not statistically significant, but the proportion of complaints after revascularization in PCI group were found less than medical therapy group (52% vs. 38%). Syntax score that assesses the complexity of stenosis had a significant association with survival (p 0.039). Conclusion 5-years survival of CAD 3VD DM patients is best obtained in the group that underwent CABG. 5-year survival of CAD 3VD DM patients who underwent PCI better than medical therapy but was not statistically significant. Factor that affect the 5-years survival is the complexity stenosis viewed by the Syntax score."

"Latar belakang: Gangguan fungsi ginjal pada tahap awal sangat jarang diketahui karena belum memunculkan tanda dan gejala. Saat gangguan fungsi ginjal berkembang progresif dan muncul penyakit ginjal terminal hingga hemodialisis akan menyebabkan status kesehatan jemaah haji menjadi risiko tinggi dan dapat menjadi tidak memenuhi syarat istithaah. Perlu dilakukan evaluasi lebih awal dengan mengetahui faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan gangguan fungsi ginjal seperti obesitas sentral untuk mendapatkan upaya pencegahan dan intervensi yang lebih menguntungkan. Tujuan: Mengetahui prevalensi gangguan fungsi ginjal dan hubungan obesitas sentral dengan gangguan gangguan fungsi ginjal pada jemaah haji penderita DM tipe 2. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional terhadap 2.106 jemaah haji yang menderita DM tipe 2. Subyek diperoleh dari data sekunder Siskohatkes Shar'i Puskeshaji Kemenkes RI tahun 1438 H / 2017 M. Semua subyek dilakukan pemeriksaan kesehatan di puskesmas atau rumah sakit rujukan. Estimasi nilai LFG menggunakan persamaan CKD EPI untuk menentukan fungsi ginjal. Obesitas sentral ditentukan menggunakan indeks lemak visceral. Analisis menggunakan regresi logistik multivariat. Hasil: Nilai rata-rata estimasi LFG 78,63 ml/menit/1,72 m2. Prevalensi gangguan fungsi ginjal pada jemaah haji yang menderita DM tipe 2 sebesar 39,55%. Prevalensi gangguan fungsi ginjal pada Jemaah haji penderita DM tipe 2 dengan obesitas sentral adalah 29,17%. Obesitas sentral berhubungan signifikan secara statistik dengan gangguan fungsi ginjal pada jemaah haji penderita DM tipe 2. Nilai adjusted OR sebesar 1,45 (95% CI 1,19-1,77). Kesimpulan: Prevalensi gangguan fungsi ginjal pada jemaah haji yang menderita DM tipe 2 sebesar 39,55%. Obesitas sentral berhubungan secara signifikan dengan gangguan fungsi ginjal pada jemaah haji yang menderita DM tipe 2.

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Background: Impaired renal function in the early stages often not raised signs and symptoms. End-stage renal disease with hemodialysis will cause Indonesian pilgrims in high risk health status and does not meet istithaah requirements. Early detection of risk factors such as central obesity might be directed to benefit prevention dan intervention.

Objective: to estimate the prevalence of renal function impairment in type 2 DM and the association of central obesity with renal function impairment among Indonesian pilgrim with type 2 DM based on Siskohatkes shar'i 1438 H / 2017 M.

Methods: This cross sectional studi consisted of 2.106 Indonesian pilgrims with type 2 DM. The data was obtained from Siskohatkes 2017 of Pilgrimage Health Center, Ministry of Health. The variable data analyzed were creatinin serum, anthropometric, age, gender, smoking, family history of end-stage renal disease, blood pressure, HDL, LDL, trigliserida and uric acid. Renal function impairment was defined according to Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation to estimate Glomerulus Filtration Rate (eGFR). Central obesity was determined using visceral adiposity index (VAI). Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze the association of central obesity and renal function impairment.

Result: The prevalence of renal function impairment in Indonesia pilgrim with type 2 DM was 39,55%. The mean of eGFR was 78,63 ml/min/1,72 m2. Central obesity was associated with renal function impairment (adjusted OR = 1,45; 95% CI 1,19-1,77).

Conclusion: The prevalence of renal function impairment in Indonesia pilgrim with type 2 DM was 39,55%. Central obesity was associated with renal function impairment."

"Kemampuan self-care merupakan hal penting dalam meningkatkan kualitas hidup pasien DM. Penelitian bertujuan mengidentifikasi hubungan self-care dengan kualitas hidup pasien DM. Rancangan penelitian cross sectional, melibatkan 125 anggota PERSADIA cabang Cimahi. Alat ukur self-care adalah Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA), Diabetes Quality Of Life (DQOL) dan Beck Depression Inventory II. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan hubungan self-care dengan kualitas hidup menjadi tidak bermakna (p value 0.164) setelah dipengaruhi oleh jenis kelamin (p value 0.006) dan depresi (p value 0.001). Peningkatan satu satuan self-care, akan meningkatkan kualitas hidup sebesar 6.1% setelah dikontrol oleh jenis kelamin dan depresi. Peningkatan self-care dapat dilakukan melalui pengembangan program edukasi yang terstruktur, meningkatkan kompetensi perawat dalam memberikan asuhan keperawatan pada pasien DM terkait aktivitas self-care, dan melakukan screening depresi terhadap pasien DM.

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Self care ability is important in improving patient?s quality of life (QOL). Using cross sectional method, this research is designed to identify the relationship between self care and patient?s QOL in PERSADIA Cimahi, West Java. A hundred twenty five PERSADIA members were recruited and examined using Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA), Diabetes Quality Of Life (DQOL) and Beck Depression Inventory II. The results showed no significant correlation between self care activity and QOL (p=0,164) as influenced by gender (p=0,006), depression (p=0,001). Increase of one unit self-care was likely to increase 6,1% QOL after controlling by gender and depression. Self care improvement can be performed through developing structured education, improving nurse's competency in diabetes care and need diabetes screening program for DM patients."