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"Lalainya debitur mempunyai akibat-akibat penting seperti ganti rugi dan pembatalan perjanjian, sehingga harus ditetapkan lebih dahulu apakah si debitur benar telah lalai, dan apabila hal tersebut disangkal olehnya maka harus dibuktikan di muka Hakim. Pernyataan lalai somasi merupakan upaya hukum dengan mana kreditur memperingatkan debitur saat selambat-lambatnya ia wajib memenuhi prestasi, yang apabila dilampaui maka debitur benar telah lalai. Pada umumnya apabila tidak ditentukan lain dalam kontrak atau undang-undang, wanprestasinya si debitur resmi terjadi setelah debitur dinyatakan lalai oleh kreditur, sebagaimana dalam Pasal 1243 KUHPerdata. Pasal 1238 KUHPerdata juga mengatur mengenai pernyataan lalai ini, namun lebih kepada bentuk pengajuannya. Dalam praktik, ternyata tidak semua wanprestasi memerlukan pernyataan lalai. Ada beberapa keadaan tertentu yang membuat pernyataan lalai tidak perlu diajukan kreditur, namun tetap menjadikan si debitur lalai dan kepadanya dapat diajukan tuntutan. Metode penelitian yang dilakukan adalah penelitian yuridis normative dengan cara meneliti bahan pustaka yakni Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata Burgerlijk Wetboek serta berbagai putusan-putusan Hakim.

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Debtor rsquo s negligence has many important consequences such us indemnity and nullification, so it must be determined if the debtor actually been negligent, and if it rsquo s denied, then it must be proven. Legal notice as the legal effort which the creditor warn debtor to performs in a certain term and if the debtor failed to fulfill, we can conclude that the debtor is negligent. In general, if the contract or other regulations not determined otherwise, the debtor rsquo s negligence officially set after the creditor gave the debtor such legal notice as set on clause 1243 Burgerlijk Wetboek. Clause 1238 Burgerlijk Wetboek also defines about this legal notice but only its formal form. In practice, it turns out that not all of a breach of contract needs legal notice. There rsquo re some specific circumstances where it doesn rsquo t need a legal notice to initiate the debtor rsquo s negligence and the debtor has to comply indemnity he be demanded for. The research method used is juridical normative research which into studies such materials like Burgerlijk Wetboek and various court decisions."

"Pada prakteknya perjanjian leasing mencantumkan benda-benda yang dijadikan jaminan oleh lessee guna menjaga kelancaran pembayaran uang sewa. Akibatnya ketika lessee wanprestasi, maka lessor dalam praktek langsung melakukan eksekusi terhadap benda jaminan tersebut melalui penjualan kepada pihak ketiga. Akan tetapi timbul masalah ketika eksekusi tersebut dinyatakan tidak sah karena pengembalian objek leasing ditangan lessor dianggap sebagai bentuk pembayaran hutang milik lessee sehingga tidak diperlukan lagi eksekusi benda jaminan milik lessee. Permasalahan lainnya yang dapat muncul adalah ketika pembeli sebagai pihak ketiga merasa dirugikan akibat penjualan benda jaminan tersebut sebagai bentuk eksekusi yang telah dinyatakan tidak sah. Dalam skripsi ini, dibahas mengenai perkara wanprestasi yang menghasilkan Putusan Peninjauan Kembali Mahkamah Agung No. 216 PK/Pdt/2004 jo Putusan Peninjauan Kembali Mahkamah Agung No. 610 PK/Pdt./2008 .

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Practically, leasing agreement usually listed things which used as guarantee by lessee to keep the payment of the rent. In excess, when the lessee default the agreement, the lessor will execute the guarantee goods with a selling to the third parties. But in the other hand, there is a problem occured when the execution stated not right because the leasing object in the lessor hand is considered as debt payment by the lessee, which means the execution of the lessee’s guarantee goods was no need to be executed anymore. The other problem will occurred when the buyer as the third party feels disadvantage in order the execution of the guarantee goods was stated not right. This Thesis will discuss about the default case in the decision of Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia No. 216 PK/Pdt/2004 jo. Decision of Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia No. 610 PK/Pdt/2008."

"Pasal 1266 Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata menentukan bahwa wanprestasinya salah satu pihak tidak otomatis mengakhiri perjanjian, melainkan pengakhiran perjanjian harus dimintakan kepada hakim. Namun, pada praktiknya para pihak lazim mengesampingkan Pasal 1266 KUH Perdata sehingga dalam hal terjadi wanprestasi perjanjian bisa diakhiri secara sepihak. Permasalahan yang akan dibahas dalam artikel ini meliputi pandangan ahli hukum terhadap pengesampingan Pasal 1266 KUH Perdata dan implementasi klausul pengesampingan 1266 KUH Perdata berdasarkan putusan-putusan pengadilan dengan menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif. Artikel ini menjawab bahwa terdapat perbedaan pandangan di kalangan ahli hukum mengenai dapat atau tidaknya para pihak mengesampingkan Pasal 1266 KUH Perdata yang dilihat dari sifat kaidah hukumnya, kasus demi kasus, dan para pihak yang membuat perjanjian. Berdasarkan putusan-putusan pengadilan yang Penulis analisis, sebagian besar hakim menerima implementasi klausul pengesampingan Pasal 1266 KUH Perdata dengan menggunakan dasar hukum Pasal 1338 ayat (1) KUH Perdata. Sehingga kesepakatan para pihak mengenai pengesampingan Pasal 1266 KUH Perdata di dalam perjanjian harus ditaati oleh para pihak yang bersangkutan. Hakim yang menolak implementasi klausul pengesampingan Pasal 1266 KUH Perdata berpendapat bahwa pengesampingan Pasal 1266 KUH Perdata melanggar ketentuan Pasal 1266 KUH Perdata itu sendiri

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Article 1266 of the Indonesian Civil Code stipulates that the event of default does not automatically terminate the contract, but termination of a contract shall be requested to the Judge. However, in practice, the parties usually set aside Article 1266 of the Indonesian Civil Code so one party entitles to terminate the contract unilaterally. The main issues discussed in this article are the opinion of legal experts about the waiver of Article 1266 of the Indonesian Civil Code and the implementation of the waiver clause of Article 1266 of the Indonesian Civil Code based on court decisions using a normative juridical research method. This article explains that there are different opinions from legal experts regarding whether or not the parties can waive Article 1266 of the Indonesian Civil Code, judging from the nature of the legal rule, the cases, and the parties of the contract. Based on the court decisions that have been analyzed, most of the judges accepted the implementation of such waiver clause using Article 1338 paragraph (1) of the Indonesian Civil Code as the legal basis. Judges who do not accept the implementation of such waiver clause considered it a violation of Article 1266 of the Indonesian Civil Code itself."

"[Notaris merupakan pejabat umum yang berwenang membuat akta otentik. Akta otentik yang dibuat oleh Notaris wajib memenuhi syarat formil dan syarat materiil untuk memenuhi sifat otentiknya, agar dapat mempunyai kekuatan pembuktian yang kuat dan sempurna. Pokok permasalahan dari tesis ini adalah bagaimana implikasi akta pencabutan keterangan saksi yang dibuat oleh Notaris terhadapketerangan saksi yang sebelumnya telah diberikan di dalam persidangan, dan bagaimanakah tanggung jawab seorang Notaris bilamana akta yang dibuatnya tidak mempunyai nilai kekuatan pembuktian.Untuk menjawab permasalahan tersebut, penelitian dilakukan secara Yuridis Normatif dan menyatukan denganpola pikir deduktif analisis yang bersumber pada kebenaran koheren. Data yang digunakan adalah Data Sekunder yang terdiri dari Bahan Hukum Primer dan Bahan Hukum Sekunder. Hasil Penelitian ini adalah akta pencabutan keterangan saksi tidak dapat digunakan untuk mencabut keterangan yang telah diberikan sebelumnya di dalam persidangan di bawah sumpah dan atas akta yang tidak mempunyai nilai pembuktian karena kehilangan otentisitasnya, Notaris dapatdimintakan ganti kerugian, peringatan tertulis, sampai dengan pemberhentian secara tidak hormat.;Notary is a public official who authorized to make an authentic deed. An authentic deed of Notary must fulfill both formal and material requirements to meet itsauthentic nature, in order to have the strength of evidence which is strong and perfect. The subject matter of this thesis are about how the implication of the deed of revocation of witness testimony by Notaries deed affect the witness testimony that had previously been given in court and how is the notary responsibilities for the deed that does not have the evidentiary value. To answer these problems, research conducted in Normative method and unite it with deductive analysiswhich is based on coherent truth. The writer using Secondary Data consist of Primary Legal Materials and Secondary Legal Materials. For the result, this research shows that The Deed of Revocation of Witness Testimony can not be used to revoke the previous given testimony which is given under the vow and for the deed that has no evidentiary value because it loses its authenticity, a Notary may be charged to compensate , be given of a written warning, up to dismissal indisgrace;Notary is a public official who authorized to make an authentic deed. An authentic deed of Notary must fulfill both formal and material requirements to meet its authentic nature, in order to have the strength of evidence which is strong and perfect. The subject matter of this thesis are about how the implication of the deed of revocation of witness testimony by Notaries deed affect the witness testimonythat had previously been given in court and how is the notary responsibilities for the deed that does not have the evidentiary value. To answer these problems, research conducted in Normative method and unite it with deductive analysis which is based on coherent truth. The writer using Secondary Data consist of Primary Legal Materials and Secondary Legal Materials. For the result, this research shows that The Deed of Revocation of Witness Testimony can not be used to revoke the previous given testimony which is given under the vow and forthe deed that has no evidentiary value because it loses its authenticity, a Notary may be charged to compensate , be given of a written warning, up to dismissal in disgrace;Notary is a public official who authorized to make an authentic deed. An authenticdeed of Notary must fulfill both formal and material requirements to meet itsauthentic nature, in order to have the strength of evidence which is strong andperfect. The subject matter of this thesis are about how the implication of the deedof revocation of witness testimony by Notaries deed affect the witness testimonythat had previously been given in court and how is the notary responsibilities forthe deed that does not have the evidentiary value. To answer these problems,research conducted in Normative method and unite it with deductive analysiswhich is based on coherent truth. The writer using Secondary Data consist ofPrimary Legal Materials and Secondary Legal Materials. For the result, thisresearch shows that The Deed of Revocation of Witness Testimony can not beused to revoke the previous given testimony which is given under the vow and forthe deed that has no evidentiary value because it loses its authenticity, a Notarymay be charged to compensate , be given of a written warning, up to dismissal indisgrace, Notary is a public official who authorized to make an authentic deed. An authenticdeed of Notary must fulfill both formal and material requirements to meet itsauthentic nature, in order to have the strength of evidence which is strong andperfect. The subject matter of this thesis are about how the implication of the deedof revocation of witness testimony by Notaries deed affect the witness testimonythat had previously been given in court and how is the notary responsibilities forthe deed that does not have the evidentiary value. To answer these problems,research conducted in Normative method and unite it with deductive analysiswhich is based on coherent truth. The writer using Secondary Data consist ofPrimary Legal Materials and Secondary Legal Materials. For the result, thisresearch shows that The Deed of Revocation of Witness Testimony can not beused to revoke the previous given testimony which is given under the vow and forthe deed that has no evidentiary value because it loses its authenticity, a Notarymay be charged to compensate , be given of a written warning, up to dismissal indisgrace]"

"The protection of intellectual property rughts in developing countries has been problematic since the genesis of the international system in the nineteenth century. From the moment a select group of European countries concluded a multilateral agreement for the protection of industrial property in 1883, non- Western societies, principally in Africa and Asia, were swept under the aegis of the international intellectual property system through the agency of colonial rule. "

"Perkembangan usaha asuransi di Indonesia dirasakan semakin membaik seiring dengan perkembangan perekonomian Indonesia. Kebutuhan akan hadirnya usaha perasuransian dirasakan sangat penting oleh dunia usaha mengingat adanya risiko, oleh karena itu asuransi penting untuk menjamin keberlangsungan usaha. Namun, perkembangan asuransi di Indonesia diiringi pula dengan peningkatan sengketa klaim asuransi. Wajar apabila klaim asuransi tidak selamanya diterima karena asuransi sendiri adalah suatu perjanjian antara tertanggung dengan penanggung yang memiliki hak dan kewajiban serta adanya perlindungan hukum bagi masing-masing pihak. Oleh karena itu, perlu adanya tinjauan dari prinsip-prinsip hukum perjanjian untuk melihat masalah dalam perjanjian asuransi. Penelitian ini menjelaskan tentang keabsahaan perjanjian asuransi berdasarkan hukum perjanjian, menjabarkan permasalahan hukum yang muncul dari perjanjian asuransi serta upaya hukumnya, dan analisis yuridis Putusan MA No. 1987 K/Pdt/2011 tentang kasus penolakan klaim asuransi.

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The growth of insurance business in Indonesia perceived improved along with the development of Indonesian economy. The presence of insurance is very important to businesses because there is risk in every activity, therefore insurance is important to ensure business continuity. Unfortunately, the development of insurance in Indonesia is followed by an increase in disputes of insurance claims. It is normal if the insurance claim is not always accepted because insurance is an agreement between the insured and the insurer wich has the protection of the rights and obligations of each party. Therefore, we need to review the insurance agreement problems from agreement law principle point of view. This study is to explain the validity of the insurance agreement under the law of agreement, describes the possibility of problems arising from the insurance agreement along the legal efforts, and the juridical analysis of court decisions from Mahkamah Agung No. 1987 K/Pdt/2011."

"Citizen Lawsuit merupakan salah satu bentuk gugatan perwakilan yang keberadaannya sebagai hak gugat (Legal Standing) telah lama diakui di dalam praktek beracara di Indonesia. Namun meskipun demikian, belum ada hukum positif yang mengatur mengenai hak gugat ini di dalam sistem hukum Indonesia. Kekosongan hukum ini kemudian menimbulkan perbedaan penafsiran hukum di kalangan hakim dan berakibat pada ketidakpastian hukum. Sampai pada tahun 2013, Mahkamah Agung menerbitkan Keputusan Ketua Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia Nomor: 36/KMA/SK/II/2013 tentang Pemberlakuan Pedoman Penanganan Perkara Lingkungan Hidup. Keputusan yang dimaksudkan untuk mengisi kekosongan hukum ini salah satunya mengatur mengenai Citizen Lawsuit dan syarat formil yang diwajibkan dalam pengajuannya.

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Citizen Lawsuit as one of the Representation Lawsuit?s Models has been known and approved as a Legal Standing in Indonesia. However, there is none of the Indonesia?s positive laws have contains the provision about Citizen Lawsuit in Indonesia?s legal system. This condition brings a legal vacuum on the practice of the court. And it makes so many differences in law interpretation among the judges. This differences brings an uncertainty for everyone about what is a Citizen Lawsuit and what are the procedural requirements needed to file one. Up until 2013, The Supreme Court had released Keputusan Ketua Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia Nomor: 36/KMA/SK/II/2013 tentang Pemberlakuan Pedoman Penanganan Perkara Lingkungan Hidup. This regulation has been intended to fill the legal vacuum in the Indonesia Rules of Civil Procedure about Citizen Lawsuit and its procedural requirements."

"Dalam penyelesaian suatu sengketa diperlukan suatu perjanjian yang dapat mengikat antara kedua belah pihak sehingga menimbulkan kesepakatan antara penjual dan pembeli. Maka perjanjian diperlukan sebagai identitas adanya suatu kesepakatan dalam jual beli. Untuk itu dimata hukum perjanjian sangat lah penting sebagai identitas dari suatu kontrak sehingga beberapa orang membuat perjanjian Proforma (pura-pura) dengan tujuan bahwa adanya suatu kesepakatan yang mengikat antara penjual dan pembeli serta sebagai syarat terhadap perjanjian jual beli agar perjanjian jual beli tersebut terlihat sah dimata hukum. Walaupun dengan adanya perjanjian yang dibuat agar terdapat adanya suatu bukti kesepakatan tetapi perjanjian tersebut hanyalah formalitas sehingga dengan adanya perjanjian proforma (pura-pura) itu dapat mengakibatkan batalnya perjanjian demi hukum. Oleh sebab itu, dengan perlu adanya perjanjian yang sebenarnya dalam kesepakatan jual beli serta perjanjian tersebut dibuat di hadapan pejabat yang berwenang dalam hal ini Notaris/PPAT.

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In resolving a dispute, an agreement is needed that can bind between the two parties so as to create an agreement between the seller and the buyer. So, Agreement is needed as as an identity of an agreement in buying and selling. For this reason, in the eyes of law, the agreement is very important as the identity of a contact so that some people make a Proforma Agreement (pretend) with the aim that there is a binding agreement between the seller and the buyer as a condition for the sale and purchase agreement so that the sale and purchase agreement looks valid in the eyes of law. Even though the agreement is made so that there is evidence of an agreement, there is only a formality so that the existence if a Proforma Agreement (pretend) can be resukt in the cancellation of the agreement by law. Therefore, with the need for an actual agreement in the sale and purchase agreement and the agreement is made before an authorized official in this case Notary/PPAT."

"Dengan majunya perkembangan hukum dan liberalisasi sektor perbankan, pinjaman dapat dapat dilakukan dengan suatu mekasime kredit sindikasi yang dilatarbelakangi besarnya fasilitas yang diberikan. Dalam kredit sindikasi, bank-bank peserta dapat mengalihkan atau menjual partisipasinya. Mengenai hal tersebut, penelitian ini akan menjawab apakah alasan-alasan dan metode-metode dari pengalihan partisipasi dalan kredit sindikasi, dan apakah akibat hukumnya terhadap jaminan kebendaan. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan tersebut, penelitian ini akan menggunakan metodologi normatif yuridis. Pengalihan partisipasi dalam prakteknya merupakan cara until menjaga keberlangsungan ekonomi serta upaya untuk mematuhi peraturan yang berlaku. Pengalihan tersebut dapat berupa cessie, subrogation, novation, and sub-participation. Akibat hukum terhadap jaminan kebendaan diantaranya adalah terhapusnya perjanjian jaminan atau keharusan untuk pendaftaran ulang oleh agen jaminan ataupun bank peserta baru sebagai creditor.

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With the rapid development of law and the liberalization of banking sector, loan can be achieved through syndicated loan mechanism due to the great size of facility granted. In syndicated loan, participating banks may assign or sell their participation. As such, this research will answer what are reasons and methods behind the assignment of participation of syndicated loan and what are its legal implications toward collaterals. To answer these questions, this research will use a juridical normative methodology. The assignment of loan participation in its practice is deemed by practitioner as way to to maintain economic sustainability as well as an effort to comply with prevailing regulations. Such assignment could be in a form of cessie, subrogation, novation, and sub-participation. The legal implications towards collaterals are, amongst other the termination of collateral agreement and the necessity for re-registration by security agent or new participating bank as creditor."

"Dalam jual beli tanah terdapat beberapa pihak yang terikat dalam Perjanjian Jual Beli tersebut, yaitu penjual, pembeli, notaris atau Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah (PPAT). Dalam jual beli tanah tentunya harus terdapat objek tanah yang akan diperjual belikan, entah tanah tersebut hasil warisan ataupun hasil beli dari orang lain, dalam jual beli harus ada kesepakatan antara penjual dan pembeli untuk melakukan jual beli dengan syarat syarat dan harga yang telah disepakati bersama. Dalam jual beli terlebih lagi dalam jual beli tanah terdapat akta akta yang dapat dipergunakan untuk menjalankan jual beli tersebut, adapun akta akta tersebut ialah akta yang bersifat dibawah dan akta otentik, ada beberapa akta otentik yang dipergunakan dalam jual beli, yaitu Akta Perjanjian Pengikatan Jual Beli dan Akta Jual Beli. Dalam hal jual beli tanah kerap terjadi pembatalan jual beli tersebut dikarenakan wanprestasi,Perbuatan Melawan Hukum, ataupun dalam hal tanah warisan tidak semua ahli waris setuju untuk dilaksanakannya jual beli tersebut, seperti yang terjadi dalam  Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Bekasi Nomor 316/Pdt.G/2013/PN.Bks Jo. Putusan Pengadilan Tinggi Bandung Nomor 381/Pdt/2014/PT Bdg dan dalam Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Pontianak Nomor 60/Pdt.G/2018/PN.Ptk Jo. Putusan Pengadilan Tinggi Pontianak Nomor 7/Pdt/2019/PT.Ptk Jo. Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 3074 L/PDT/2019. Oleh sebab itu penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Bagaimana ketentuan hukum mengatur pembatalan PPJB sepihak oleh ahli waris yang sah, Bagaimana penentuan tindakan Perbuatan Melawan Hukum  dalam suatu sengketa pembatalan jual beli harta warisan, dan Bagaimana perlindungan hukum bagi pembeli dalam perjanjian jual-beli tanah yang dibatalkan sepihak oleh para ahli waris penjual. Penelitian ini berbentuk yuridis normatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan studi hukum kepustakaan. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa dibolehkan terhadap ahli waris untuk membatalkan jual beli jika ahli waris tersebut tidak setuju dengan jual beli tersebut, keputusan hakimlah yang dapat menentukan suatu perbuatan melawan hukum dalam suatu sengketa jual beli tanah harta warisan, dan pembeli yang beritikad baik berhak memperoleh perlindungan hukum berupa menggugat kerugian dan/atau menuntut pengembalian dana yang sudah dibayarkan beserta kerugian yang dialami.

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In buying and selling land, there are several parties who are bound by the sale and purchase agreement, namely the seller, buyer, notary or Land Deed Making Officer (PPAT). In buying and selling land, of course, there must be land objects to be traded, whether the land is inherited or purchased from other people. In buying and selling, especially in buying and selling land, there are deed that can be used to carry out the sale and purchase, while the deed is a deed that is below and an authentic deed, there are several authentic deed that are used in buying and selling, namely the Deed of Sale and Purchase Binding Agreement and Deed of Sale and Purchase. In the case of buying and selling land, the cancellation of the sale and purchase often occurs due to default, unlawful acts, or in the case of inherited land, not all heirs agree to carry out the sale and purchase, as happened in the Bekasi District Court Decision Number 316/Pdt.G/2013 /PN. Bks Jo. Decision of the Bandung High Court Number 381/Pdt/2014/PT Bdg and in the Decision of the Pontianak District Court Number 60/Pdt.G/2018/PN.Ptk Jo. Pontianak High Court Decision Number 7/Pdt/2019/PT.Ptk Jo. Supreme Court Decision Number 3074 L/PDT/2019. Therefore this study aims to find out how the legal provisions regulate the unilateral cancellation of PPJB by legal heirs, how to determine unlawful acts in a dispute over the cancellation of the sale and purchase of inherited assets, and how the legal protection for buyers in land sale agreements that are canceled unilaterally by the heirs of the seller. This research is in the form of a normative juridical study using a library law study approach. The results of the study concluded that it is permissible for the heirs to cancel the sale and purchase if the heirs do not agree with the sale and purchase, it is the judge's decision that can determine an unlawful act in a dispute over the sale and purchase of inherited land, and a buyer with good intentions has the right to obtain legal protection in the form of suing for losses and/or demanding a refund of the funds that have been paid along with the losses suffered."