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"ABSTRAKIklan merupakan salah satu cara bagi pemasar untuk memasarkan produk atau jasanya. Namun, terlepas dari sisi kreatif dan inovatif, sebuah iklan seringkali mengandung isu stereotip gender, terutama iklan yang menyasar anak-anak sebagai target khalayak. Tujuan penulisan jurnal ini adalah untuk memaparkan berbagai literatur yang memperlihatkan peran media, dalam hal ini TVC, yang mengandung isu stereotip gender dalam pembentukan persepsi gender anak. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam jurnal ini adalah studi literatur dari berbagai jurnal, artikel dan buku yang terkait dengan topik penelitian. Stereotip gender yang disosialisasikan pada anak akan masuk pada proses kognisi anak dan akan mempengaruhi pengetahuan dan pemahaman anak mengenai gender. Dampak stereotip gender pada proses sosialisasi anak juga dapat melekat hingga anak menjadi seorang dewasa dan dapat membatasi seseorang dalam berbagai hal, mulai dari pilihan karir, kehidupan sosial hingga cara berpakaian yang sesuai dengan konstruksi gender.ABSTRACT

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Advertising is one of many ways for marketers to market their products. Nevertheless, apart from creative and innovative aspects, an advertising often contains gender stereotype issues, especially advertising that targeting children as the target audiences. The purpose of this study is to explain various of literatures that shows role of the media, spesifically TVC, that contains gender stereotype issues which can affect formation of children gender preception. The methodology of this journal is literature study from different kinds of journals, articles and books that relevant to the research topic. Gender stereotype that socialized to children will be internalized in their cognitive process and it will influence children rsquo s understanding and knowledge about gender. The gender stereotype socialization will influence children behaviour in the future and may restrict a person in many cases career preference, social life and also how to dress based on gender."

"Iklan memiliki peran sentral dalam merefleksikan dan mengonstruksi realitas masyarakat. Di Indonesia, iklan seringkali menampilkan bias gender yang berimplikasi negatif pada langgengnya kultur patriarki di masyarakat. Meskipun telah ada upaya hukum dan etika periklanan, permasalahan ini masih berlanjut karena budaya patriarki terus diproduksi dan direproduksi melalui iklan, media, dan masyarakat. Penulis melihat pentingnya sarana untuk meminimalisasi bias gender yang terjadi, salah satunya melalui penerapan pedagogi feminis bagi calon pengiklan. Sejumlah studi di negara-negara maju menunjukkan bahwa pedagogi feminis dapat menjadi instrumen kunci untuk mewujudkan kesetaraan gender dalam praktik periklanan, terutama sebagai sarana sosialisasi preventif.

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Advertising plays a central role in reflecting and constructing societal reality. In Indonesia, advertisements often portray gender bias, negatively impacting the perpetuation of patriarchal culture. Despite legal and ethical efforts in advertising, the issue persists as patriarchal culture continues to be produced and reproduced through advertisements, media, and society. The author recognizes the importance of tools to minimize gender bias, including the application of feminist pedagogy for prospective advertisers. Numerous studies in developed countries indicate that feminist pedagogy can be a key instrument in achieving gender equality in advertising practices, particularly as a preventive socialization tool."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini membahas tentang ketidakadilan gender terhadap perempuan dalam novel karya Nawal El Saadawi yang berjudul رحلاتي في العالم / Rihlati Fi Alam (Perjalananku Mengelilingi Dunia). Novel ini bercerita tentang perjalanan tokoh Saya ke 21 negara. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori ketidakadilan gender dari Faqih yang membaginya dalam lima bentuk yaitu subordinasi, marginalisasi, stereotip, kekerasan dan beban kerja. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menjelaskan bentuk ketidakadilan gender apa saja yang terdapat di negara-negara yang disebutkan dalam novel, negara mana saja yang memiliki ketidakadilan gender terbanyak dan bentuk ketidakadilan gender yang mana yang dominan. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif dan studi kepustakaan yang menggunakan sumber literatur. Hasil penelitian ini adalah bahwa dari 21 negara, terdapat delapan negara yang menggambarkan ketidakadilan gender yaitu India, Mesir, Amerika, Thailand, Yordan, Tanzania, Pantai Gading dan Iran. Di antara negara-negara tersebutyang memiliki ketidakadilan gender terbanyak adalah India. Bentuk ketidakadilan gender yang dominan yang disebutkan di negara-negara tersebut adalah bentuk stereotip. Novel ini dapat dianggap sebagai tanggapan Nawal dan perasaannya terhadap kasus-kasus ketidakadilan gender yang masih terjadi di negara-negara tersebut.

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ABSTRACTThis research discusses gender injustice towards women in the work of Nawal El Saadawi entitled رحلاتي في العالم/Rihlati Fi Alam (My Travels Around The World). This novel tells the story of the first person character's journey to 21 countries. This research uses the teory of gender injustice from Faqih which devides five forms, namely subordination, marginalization, stereotypes, violence and workload. The purpose of this study is to explain what forms of gender injustice are found in the countries mentioned in the novel, which countries have the ost gender injustice and which forms of gender injustice are dominant. The method used is qualitative and literature study which using literature sources. The results of this study are that of 21 countries, there are eight countries describing gender injustice, namely India, Egypt, America, Thailand, Jordan, Tanzania, Ivory Coast and Iran. Among those countries that have the most gender injustice is India. The dominant forms of gender injustice mentioned in these countries are stereotype forms. This novel can be considered as Nawal s response and his feelings were overcome by cases of gender injustice that still occur in these countries."

"Lyudmila Petrushevskaya adalah salah seorang penulis perempuan yang mengangkat ketidakadilan gender di Uni Soviet pada karyanya. Permasalahan yang akan dibahas dalam penelitian ini adalah ketidakadilan gender yang terjadi di kehidupan di Uni Soviet dalam salah satu karyanya yaitu Novela yang berjudul Конфеты С Ликером/konfety s likerom/Permen dengan Alkohol yang dianalisis melalui kehidupan tokoh utamanya yaitu Lelya. Metode yang digunakan dalam penulisan ini adalah deskriptif-analitis. Teori yang digunakan dalam penulisan ini adalah tokoh dan penokohan, sosiologi sastra dan ketidakadilan gender. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan ditemukannya dua bentuk ketidakadilan gender dalam novela ini yaitu kekerasan dalam rumah tangga dan beban kerja yang dialami oleh tokoh Lelya sebagai tokoh utama.

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Lyudmila Petrushevskaya is one of the women writers who brought up gender inequality in the Soviet Union in her work. The problem that will be discussed in this research is the gender inequality that occurs in life in the Soviet Union in one of his works, Novela, entitled онфеты Ликером/konfety s likerom/Candy with Alcohol which is analyzed through the life of the main character, Lelya. The method used in this paper is descriptive-analytical. Theories used in this paper are characters and characterizations, sociology of literature and gender inequality. The results of this study indicate that there are two forms of gender inequality in this novel, namely domestic violence and the workload experienced by Lelya as the main character."

"This essay explores gender issues in the contemporary application of Islamic law in the Muslim majority-states of northern Nigeria. Brief political background helps to explain the shari‘a codes enacted by the legislatures of the states, drawing largely from the classical formulations of Maliki school of Islamic law. Women were among the first to be prosecuted and sentenced to death by stoning for the offence of zinā. To provide effective legal defense for the accused women, their lawyers and activists for women human rights had to argue in Islamic law before they could convince Shari‘a Courts of Appeal to overturn the sentences of death by stoning and set the women free. In the process, women activists learned a lot about the classical formulations of Maliki school of Islamic law, where they discovered the rich flexibility of Islamic thought, and that has empowered them to articulate Islamic criticisms against gender bias in the recently enacted shari‘a codes."

"ABSTRAKSalah satu negara yang menganut budaya patriarki adalah Indonesia. Dalam budaya patriarki, perempuan sering dianggap bergantung pada laki-laki dan memiliki kelas lebih rendah dalam status sosial budaya. Adat dan nilai-nilai budaya mengharuskan perempuan berada di wilayah domestik. Budaya patriarki dalam masyarakat Jawa membuat perempuan mengalami ketidakadilan gender berupa subordinasi dan stereotipe. Novel Kartini karya Abidah El Khalieqy merupakan salah satu novel yang menyoroti perjuangan perempuan demi hak dan kesetaraan perempuan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menunjukkan subordinasi dan stereotipe yang dialami oleh perempuan dan upaya perempuan untuk mendapatkan posisi yang setara dengan laki-laki.

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ABSTRACTOne of the countries that adopted a patriarchal culture is Indonesia. In patriarchal culture, women are often being represented as the ones who always depend themselves on men and somehow, has a lower class in social and cultural status than men. The tradition and norms of Indonesian cultures requires women to take a role on domestic sector only. Patriarchal culture, specifically in Java, caused gender inequality towards women. Those type of gender inequality, often to be called gender bias, are subordination and stereotype. The novel called Kartini by Abidah El Khalieqy is one of the novel that focused on women rsquo s struggle and battles to achieve a more equal position, the same as men. This research is going to point out types of gender inequality gender bias that can be found in this novel such as subordination and stereotype that happened to women, also their efforts to achive an equal position, the same position as men."

"ABSTRACTThis study aims to reveal the gender inequality between male and female in the novel entitled sold. It is the representation of Nepalese culture in social life. The data source is the novel of sold. The data in this study take the form of words, phrases, and sentences found in the sold, which contain ender inequality. Critical discourse analysis proposed by Van Dijk's theory is applied in this study. The results of this study shows that males tend to dominate over females. Male spor tray their irresponsibility to their own family. Moreover, women have limited decision powers. They are burdened by their husbands and they do not have the rights to choose due to cultural or religious factors"

"[ABSTRAKPenelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui perbedaan kekerasan dalam pacaran antara perempuan remaja akhir yang memiliki stereotip gender dan tidak memiliki stereotip gender di JABODETABEK. Kekerasan dalam pacaran adalah penyerangan fisik atau perilaku melukai tubuh, termasuk kekerasan psikologis dan emosional, verbal atau tersirat, yang terjadi di situasi tertutup maupun umum, dimana perbedaan utama dengan kekerasan dalam rumah tangga adalah pada pasangan berpacaran tersebut tidak adanya ikatan darah atau hukum (Ely, Dulmus, & Wodarski; Burgess & Robert, dalam Schnurr & Lohman, 2008). Sementara itu, stereotip gender merupakan kumpulan keyakinan dan budaya mengenai karakteristik, perilaku, dan kepribadian perempuan dan laki-laki (Archer & Llyod, 2002; Hyde, 2007). Pengukuran kekerasan dalam pacaran menggunakan alat ukur The Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationships Inventory (CADRI) (Wolfe, 2001) dan pengukuran stereotip gender menggunakanalat ukur Bem Sex Role Inventory Short-form (BSRI) (Bem, 1981) yang telah diadaptasi oleh peneliti. Partisipan berjumlah 194 perempuan remaja akhir yang berusia 15-22 tahun di JABODETABEK. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan kekerasan dalam pacaran yang signifikan antara perempuan remaja akhir yang memiliki stereotip gender dan tidak memiliki stereotip gender. Namun, ditemukan adanya rata-rata nilai kekerasan tertinggi pada responden yang memiliki stereotip gender (feminine). Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, perlu diadakan program-program intervensi dan edukasi kepada remaja agar mengenali dan dapat terhindar dari kekerasan dalam pacaran.

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ABSTRACTThis research conducted to find the differences of dating violence between females in late adolescent with feminine, masculine, androgyny, and undifferentiated gender stereotype in JABODETABEK. Dating violence defined as physical assault or acts of bodily harm, including psychological and emotional abuse, verbal or implied, that take place in private or in social situations, which primarily differs from domestic violence in that the datingcouple is not bound by blood or law (Ely, Dulmus, & Wodarski; Burgess & Robert in Schnurr & Lohman, 2008) and gender stereotype defined as a set of beliefs and cultural characteristics, behavior, and personality in females and males (Archer & Llyod, 2002; Hyde, 2007). Dating violence measured using an adaptation instrument, The Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationships Inventory (CADRI) (Wolfe, 2001) and gender stereotype measured using Bem Sex Role Inventory Short-form (BSRI) (Bem, 1981). 194 females in lateadolescent in JABODETABEK aged 15-22 were assessed. The result shows that dating violence and gender stereotype has no significant difference between females with gender stereotype and without gender stereotype. But the highest means score for dating violence found in females with stereotype gender (feminine). Based on these result, an intervention and education program for adolescent is necessary for any prevention against dating violence., This research conducted to find the differences of dating violence betweenfemales in late adolescent with feminine, masculine, androgyny, andundifferentiated gender stereotype in JABODETABEK. Dating violencedefined as physical assault or acts of bodily harm, including psychological andemotional abuse, verbal or implied, that take place in private or in socialsituations, which primarily differs from domestic violence in that the datingcouple is not bound by blood or law (Ely, Dulmus, & Wodarski; Burgess &Robert in Schnurr & Lohman, 2008) and gender stereotype defined as a set ofbeliefs and cultural characteristics, behavior, and personality in females andmales (Archer & Llyod, 2002; Hyde, 2007). Dating violence measured using anadaptation instrument, The Conflict in Adolescent Dating RelationshipsInventory (CADRI) (Wolfe, 2001) and gender stereotype measured using BemSex Role Inventory Short-form (BSRI) (Bem, 1981). 194 females in lateadolescent in JABODETABEK aged 15-22 were assessed. The result showsthat dating violence and gender stereotype has no significant difference betweenfemales with gender stereotype and without gender stereotype. But the highestmeans score for dating violence found in females with stereotype gender(feminine). Based on these result, an intervention and education program foradolescent is necessary for any prevention against dating violence.]"