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"The objective of this work was to study the virulence of 15 Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) isolates collected inthree provinces in Indonesia (North Sumatra, South Sumatra, and South Sulawesi) based on five Indonesian differentialrice genotypes and 10 near isogenic lines (NILs) that have been known to differ in their resistance to bacterial leafblight (BLB), in a greenhouse assessment. In addition, this study also aims to monitor the responses of 31 ricegenotypes (21 NILs, five differentials, five improved cultivars) to BLB disease in a field experiment. The 15 isolatesshowed different virulence patterns on the NILs?genotypes with a single resistance gene indicating the pathogendiversity. Eight different pathotypes were present, as demonstrated by a particular virulence pattern of each isolate onthe genotypes. Determination of Xoo pathotype revealed that Xoo pathotypes responded differently based on theirreaction to NILs and Indonesian differential genotypes. The field assessment demonstrated the incidence and severity ofBLB disease on rice genotypes ranging from 25% to 100% and 5.5% to 72.91%, respectively, while the mean diseaseindex ranged from 1.15% to 72.9%. The disease response varied among rice genotypes. IRBB50 (Xa4+xa5), IRBB51(Xa4+xa13), IRBB52 (Xa4+Xa21), IRBB53 (Xa4+Xa21), IRBB56 (Xa4+xa5+xa13), IRBB57 (Xa4+xa5+Xa21),IRBB59 (Xa4+xa13+Xa21), IRBB64 (Xa4+xa5+Xa7+Xa21), IRBB66 (Xa4+xa5+Xa7+xa13+Xa21), IRBB7(Xa7),Angke (Xa4+xa5) and Code (Xa4+Xa7) were revealed to be highly resistant to the BLB pathogen. These genotypeshave potential as genetic material for the pyramiding of several resistance genes for the development of rice resistanceto BLB disease in Indonesia.Penentuan Patotipe Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae Asal Populasi Indonesia Penyebab Penyakit Hawar DaunBakteri dan Reaksinya pada Padi Diferensial. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari virulensi 15 isolatXanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) yang dikumpulkan dari tiga provinsi di Indonesia (Sumatera Utara, SumateraSelatan, dan Sulawesi Selatan) berdasarkan reaksinya pada lima genotipe padi diferensial Indonesia dan 10 galur padiisogenik (NIL) yang telah diketahui perbedaan ketahanannya terhadap penyakit hawar daun bakteri (HDB) pada uji dirumah kaca. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk memantau tanggap 31 genotipe padi (21 NIL, lima diferensial,lima kultivar unggul) terhadap penyakit HDB pada pengujian di lapangan. Sebanyak 15 isolat menunjukkan pola virulensiyang berbeda pada genotipe NIL dengan gen ketahanan tunggal, yang menunjukkan adanya keragaman patogen. Tercatatdelapan patotipe yang berbeda, seperti ditunjukkan oleh pola virulensi tertentu isolat pada setiap genotipe. Hasilpenentuan patotipe Xoo mengungkapkan bahwa tanggap reaksi patotipe Xoo berdasarkan reaksinya terhadap NIL dangenotipe diferensial Indonesia berbeda-beda. Hasil penilaian di lapangan menunjukkan kejadian dan keparahan penyakitHDB pada genotipe padi masing masing berkisar dari 25-100% dan 5,5-72,91%, sedangkan indeks penyakit berkisarantara 1,15-72,9%. Tanggap penyakit bervariasi antar genotipe padi. IRBB50 (Xa4 + xa5), IRBB51 (Xa4 + xa13), IRBB52(Xa4 + Xa21), IRBB53 (Xa4 + Xa21), IRBB56 (Xa4 + xa5 + xa13), IRBB57 (Xa4 + xa5 + Xa21), IRBB59 (Xa4 + xa13 +Xa21), IRBB64 (Xa4 + xa5 + Xa7 + Xa21), IRBB66 (Xa4 + xa5 + Xa7 + xa13 + Xa21), IRBB7 (Xa7), Angke (Xa4 + xa5)dan Code (Xa4 + Xa7) bereaksi sangat tahan terhadap patogen HDB. Genotipe tersebut memiliki potensi sebagai bahangenetik piramida beberapa gen ketahanan untuk mengembangkan padi tahan terhadap penyakit HDB di Indonesia."

"Keragaman Genetik Core Collection Isolat Bacterial Leaf Blight (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae) Indonesia berdasarkan Marka Molekular VNTR dan avrXa7. Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) adalah salah satu penyakit utama padi yang disebabkan oleh bakteri pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis keragaman genetik 18 isolat isolates yang terdiri dari 7 ras dan 11 haplotipe yang berasal dari beberapa lokasi koleksi di Indonesia. Analisis keragaman genetik dilakukan menggunakan marka VNTR (Variable Number of Tandem Repeat) dan marka gen avrxa7. Pola pita DNA hasil amplifikasi digunakan sebagai data input biner untuk membuat dendogram keragaman. Berdasarkan dendogram tersebut, terdapat tiga kelompok genotipe X. oryzae pv. oryzae dengan tingkat virulensi yang berbeda. Ras VII (IXO80_021) yang termasuk dalam kelompok I dan Ras VIII-A (IXO 80_024) yang termasuk dalam kelompok II merupakan ras BLB yang tidak virulen. Sedangkan kelompok III merupakan kelompok ras dan haplotipe yang bersifat virulen.

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Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) is one of the major diseases in rice caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. This study aimed to identify and analyze the genetic diversity of 18 BLB isolates that consist of 7 races and 11 haplotypes from various locations in Indonesia. The genetic diversity analysis was conducted on the basis of the VNTR (Variable Number of Tandem Repeat) markers and the avrxa7 gene marker. The banding pattern of the amplification product was made into binary data as input for the construction of a dendogram. Based on the dendogram, three X. oryzae pv. oryzae genotype groups with different virulence levels were formed. The VII (IXO80_021) race of X. oryzae pv. oryzae genotype group I and the VIII-A (IXO 80_024) race of genotype group II were avirulent, whereas the races and haplotypes of genotype group III were virulent."

"ABSTRAKXanthomonas oryzaepv. oryzae (Xoo) menyebabkan hawar daun bakteri (HDB) pada padi (Oryza sativaL.), yangmerupakan penyakit utama dan menjadi pembatas bagi produksi tanaman pokok di banyak negara di dunia. IsolasiXoodilakukan dari daun padi yang terserang hawar daun bakteri. Identifikasi X. oryzae pv. oryzae dilakukan berdasarkanpada gejala yang ditimbulkannya, patogenisitas, karaktermorfologi, fisiologi, dan genetik biakan bakteri yang diisolasidari tanaman padi yang terinfeksi Xoo. Sebanyak 50 isolat yang didugaXoo telah berhasil diisolasi. Bakteri tersebutbersifat aerobik, berbentuk batang, dan tergolong Gram negatif. Isolat-isolat tersebut diuji hipersensitivitasnya padatanaman tembakau dan patogenisitasnya pada padi. Kelima puluh isolat bakteri tersebut mampu menginduksi reaksihipersensitif pada tanaman tembakau dan menyebabkan gejala sakit pada tanaman padi dengan perkembangan gejalayang berbeda. Hasil uji fisiologi, reaksi hipersensitivitasdan patogenisitas, tiga isolat bakteri yang diduga kuat Xooyaitu STG21, STG42, dan STG46 menunjukkan bahwa bakteri tersebut tidak membentuk indol, tidak menghasilkanpigmen flouresens, menghidrolisis kasein, memiliki aktivitas enzim katalase, tetapi tidak memiliki aktivitas enzimoksidase. Hasil parsial sekuensing gen penyandi 16S rRNA dari STG21 dan STG42 menunjukkan homologi dengan X.oryzae pv oryzae masing-masing sebesar 80% dan 82%,sedangkan STG46 menunjukkan homologi dengan X.campestris sebesar 84%. Mutagenesis dengan transposon Mini-Tn5 pada STG21 menghasilkan salah mutan (M5) yangtidak dapat menginduksi reaksi hipersensitif pada tanaman tembakau dan berkurang patogenisitasnya pada padi.Panjang gejala HDB pada padi yang ditimbulkan mutan M5 berkurang sebesar 80%.

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AbstractX. oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) causes bacterial leaf blight (BLB) of rice (Oryza sativa L.), a major disease that constrains production of the staple crop in many countries of the world. Identification of X.oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) was conducted based on the disease symptoms, pathogenicity, morphological, physiological,and genetic characteristics of bacterial cultures isolated from the infected plants. Fifty bacterial isolates predicted as Xoohave been successfully isolated. They are aerobic, rod shaped, and Gram negative bacteria. The isolates were evaluatedfor their hypersensitivity in tobacco andpathogenicity in rice plant. Fifty isolates induced hypersensitive reaction intobacco and showed pathogenicity symptom in rice in different length. Based on physiological test, hypersensitivity andpathogenicity reactions, three bacterial isolates strongly predicted asXoo, i.e. STG21, STG42, and STG46, were nonindole formation, non pigment fluorescent, hydrolyzed casein, catalase activity positive, but negative oxidase. Partialsequencing of 16S rRNA genes of STG21 and STG42 showed 80% and 82% homology with X. oryzae, respectively,while STG46 showed 84% homology withX. campestris. Mini-Tn5 transposon mutagenesis of STG21 generated one ofthe mutants (M5) lossed it?s ability to induce hypersensitive reaction in tobacco plant and deficient in pathogenicity onrice. The lesion length of rice leaf causedby the mutant M5 decreased up to 80%. "

"Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) is one of the major diseases in rice caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. This studyaimed to identify and analyze the genetic diversity of 18 BLB isolates that consist of 7 races and 11 haplotypes fromvarious locations in Indonesia. The genetic diversity analysis was conducted on the basis of the VNTR (VariableNumber of Tandem Repeat) markers and the avrxa7 gene marker. The banding pattern of the amplification product wasmade into binary data as input for the construction of a dendogram. Based on the dendogram, three X. oryzae pv. oryzaegenotype groups with different virulence levels were formed. The VII (IXO80_021) race of X. oryzae pv. oryzaegenotype group I and the VIII-A (IXO 80_024) race of genotype group II were avirulent, whereas the races andhaplotypes of genotype group III were virulent.Keragaman Genetik Core Collection Isolat Bacterial Leaf Blight (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae) Indonesiaberdasarkan Marka Molekular VNTR dan avrXa7. Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) adalah salah satu penyakit utama padiyang disebabkan oleh bakteri pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasidan menganalisis keragaman genetik 18 isolat isolates yang terdiri dari 7 ras dan 11 haplotipe yang berasal daribeberapa lokasi koleksi di Indonesia. Analisis keragaman genetik dilakukan menggunakan marka VNTR (VariableNumber of Tandem Repeat) dan marka gen avrxa7. Pola pita DNA hasil amplifikasi digunakan sebagai data input bineruntuk membuat dendogram keragaman. Berdasarkan dendogram tersebut, terdapat tiga kelompok genotipe X. oryzaepv. oryzae dengan tingkat virulensi yang berbeda. Ras VII (IXO80_021) yang termasuk dalam kelompok I dan RasVIII-A (IXO 80_024) yang termasuk dalam kelompok II merupakan ras BLB yang tidak virulen. Sedangkan kelompokIII merupakan kelompok ras dan haplotipe yang bersifat virulen."

"Reformation in Indonesian government offices leads to many substantial changes, and demandsimproved job performances while arguably loading employees with more work. This research aimsto understand factors that potentially influence job performance in Indonesian government officesthat carries on such reformation. Using adapted scales from previous studies, this researchinvestigates the role of workload, responsibility for others (level of responsibility to care for otherpeople) and need for achievement on employee?s performance. A survey to all full-time workers inan Indonesian government office is conducted. Contrary to expectation, workload does not influenceemployee?s performance. Instead, regression analysis demonstrates that, employee?s need forachievement and responsibility for others are significant factors affecting individual performance.These results are important because they highlight the significance of need for achievement for thesuccess of reformation in this office, and by extension for reformation in Indonesia. The results arealso interesting because this is the first study that points out to the role of responsibility for others ininfluencing individual performance in Indonesia which is characterized by collectivistic culture. Thispaper discusses the contributions of these results for theory and practice."

"The purpose of this paper is to examine the strategic orientation in terms of Miles and Snow typologiesof the firms in emerging country and investigate their implications on performance. Unlikeprevious research, this paper focuses the importance of strategy implementation to the performanceimplications of Miles and Snow typology. Data was collected from 111 key informants from firms inThailand?s chemical industry using probability sampling. The one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)results showed that prospectors performed better than the other three strategic types, whereas reactorsexhibited the lowest performance scores. While the success in strategy implementation is foundto be a significant predictor of firm performance, the two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) resultsrevealed that the success in strategy implementation did not alter the relationship between Miles andSnow strategic type and a firm?s performance. This finding suggests that the relationship betweenMiles and Snow strategic type and a firm?s performance may be universal, regardless of the locationwhere the study is conducted. However, additional studies in other contexts are required before theconclusion can be made whether the strategic type ? performance relationship will be contingent onstrategy implementation."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini mengkaji hubungan antara internasionalisasi dan kinerja dengan menggunakan data panel 100 perusahaan manufaktur dan agrikultur terbuka di Indonesia selama kurun waktu 2008?2013. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hubungan antara internasionalisasi dan kinerja adalah berbentuk-S. Penelitian ini juga membuktikan bahwa slack perusahaan (dalam bentuk likuiditas dan lever-age), menimbulkan efek moderasi yang positif terhadap hubungan antara inter-nasionalisasi dan kinerja

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ABSTRACTUsing panel data of 100 listed manufacturing and agriculture firms in Indonesia throughout the period 2008?2013, this study explores the relationship between internationalization and performance. Results indicate that the relationship between internationalization and performance is an S-shaped one. Furthermore, this study finds that organizational slack (operationalized by liquidity and lever-age) positively moderates the internationalization?performance relationship."