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"Turbulensi ekonomi global atau krisis ekonomi global merupakan satu masalah besar dalam perekonomian yang saling terintegrasi, khususnya pada saat ini. Adanya turbulensi ekonomi global yang tercermin melalui indeks volatilitas global sebagai early warning system terhadap krisis yang berhubungan langsung dengan cadangan devisa, mengingat fungsi cadangan devisa itu sendiri sebagai bentuk recovery atau intervensi terhadap terjadinya turbulensi ekonomi global. Oleh karenanya perlu dilihat bagaimana hubungan turbulensi ekonomi global (yang tercermin melalui indeks volatilitas global) terhadap tren cadangan devisa di negara emerging market, khususnya di enam negara (Brazil, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philipina, Thailand, dan Turki) sebagai negara subjek penelitian, dengan membagi keenam negara tersebut menjadi dua kelompok; Fragile Groups (Brazil, Indonesia, dan Turki) dan Robust Groups (Malaysia, Philipina, dan Thailand). Selain tren cadangan devisa, penelitian ini juga akan melihat perubahan realokasi asset keenam negara tersebut, yang disinyalir banyak pergeseran kearah asset yang dinilai lebih likuid dan konvertibel. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis pengaruh indeks volatilitas global terhadap tren cadangan devisa di negara emerging market dan menganalisis perubahan realokasi asset cadangan devisa mereka. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan menggunakan data panel, data yang digunakan berupa time series (tahun 1990-2014) dan cross section (enam negara kelompok emerging market countries). Jenis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data sekunder yang diperoleh dari International Monetary Fund (IMF), International Financial Statistics (IFS), World Bank Indicators (WDI), World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS), Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) dan World Bank. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah metode analisis panel dengan metode FEM digunakan alat bantu software STATA 12. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa empat dari enam variabel memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan, dimana: FDI, dan Ekspor berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap cadangan devisa, sedangkan untuk Impor, dan M2 berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan. Namun untuk variabel volatility index (VIX) dan short-term debt masing-masing berpengaruh positif, tetapi tidak signifikan. Selain itu perubahan realokasi asset juga sangat terasa perubahannya, mata uang basket special drawing right (SDR) telah bergeser ke mata uang negara maju lainnya (seperti: CHF, AUD, CAD, NZD, DKK, NOK, dan SEK). Tidak hanya mata uang negara maju diluar basket SDR yang menjadi pereferensi baru pasca krisis ekonomi global, tetapi Renminbi (Yuan) dan mata uang EMCs lainnya juga menjadi primadona baru. Saran peneliti ini ditunjukkan untuk masing-masing reserve managers keenam negara subjek penelitian, dimana sebaiknya jangan terlalu bergantung dengan short-term debt. Mengingat indikator kerentanan suatu negara terhadap krisis atau turbulensi ekonomi global berdasarkan rasio short-term debt terhadap cadangan devisa. Selain itu keenam negara harus segera untuk melakukan realokasi assets ke arah yang lebih likuid dan konvertibel , dapat beralih kepada SDR dan foreign exchange reserves dengan mata uang basket SDR, diluar basket SDR, atau negara EMCs lainnya. Selain itu bentuk antisipasi atau pembelajaran pasca krisis yang terjadi adalah dengan meningkatkan cadangan minimum di IMF atau institusi keuangan lainnya, sebagai dana cadangan yang dapat digunakan sewaktu-waktu.

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Global economic turbulence or the global economic crisis is a big problem in an integrated economy, particularly at this time. Their economic turbulence global (economic shock) which is currently reflected through the index of global volatility (VIX) as an early warning system against the economic crisis directly related to the foreign exchange reserves, given the function of foreign exchange reserves itself as a form of recovery or intervention against the potential risks global. Therefore, need to be seen how the relationship between index of global volatility (VIX) to the trend of foreign exchange reserves in emerging market countries, especially in six countries (Brazil, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Turkey) as a state research subject, by dividing the six countries into two groups; Fragile Groups (Brazil, Indonesia, and Turkey) and Robust Groups (Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand). In addition to the trend of foreign reserves, this study will also see changes in asset reallocation of the six countries, which allegedly many shifts towards assets considered more liquid and convertible. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of global volatility index against the trend of foreign exchange reserves in emerging market countries and analyze changes in asset reallocation of their foreign reserves. This research is a quantitative research using panel data, the data used in the form of time series (years 1990-2014) and cross section (the six-nation group of emerging market countries). The data used in this research is secondary data obtained from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), International Financial Statistics (IFS), the World Bank Indicators (WDI), the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) and the World Bank. The analytical method used is the analysis method panel with FEM method used STATA 12 software tools. The results of this study show that four of the six variables have a significant effect, in which: FDI and Export positive and significant impact on foreign exchange reserves, while for Import, and M2 a significant negative effect. But for the variable volatility index (VIX) but not significant positive effect. Besides changes in the reallocation of assets is also deeply felt the changes, the currency basket of special drawing right (SDR) currency has shifted to other developed countries (such as CHF, AUD, CAD, NZD, DKK, NOK and SEK). Not only developed countries outside the currency SDR basket referrers who became the new post-crisis global economy, but the Renminbi (Yuan) and other currencies also be excellent EMCS new. The researchers suggest is shown for each of the six country managers reserve the subject of research, which should not be too dependent on short-term debt. Given the indicators of vulnerability of a country to a crisis or global economic turbulence based on the ratio of short-term debt to foreign exchange reserves. Besides the six nations must be to reallocate assets towards more liquid and convertible, can switch to the SDR and foreign exchange reserves to the SDR basket of currencies, excluding the SDR basket, or state other EMCS. Besides learning a form of anticipation or post-crisis is to increase minimum reserves in the IMF or other financial institutions, as a reserve fund that can be used at any time."

"Tesis ini adalah kajian hukum transnasional, khususnya kajian hukum ekonomi internasional mengenai isu krisis finansial global. Tesis ini berhipotesis bahwa isu krisis finansial adalah bagian dari isu hukum transnasional karena berdampak lintas batas negara, sehingga diperlukan kerjasama antarnegara atau kerjasama internasional untuk menangani krisis finansial yang terjadi di suatu negara. Keberadaan IMF dan G20 merupakan bentuk nyata dari kerjasama internasional tersebut dan mereka sangat memengaruhi pembentukan dan perkembangan tatanan ekonomi dunia (global economic order). Bantuan keuangan IMF untuk mengatasi krisis finansial, telah mengintervensi kedaulatan ekonomi di negara-negara berkembang. Sementara, G20 telah memperhitungkan kekuatan ekonomi negara-negara pasar berkembang (emerging markets), dalam pembahasan ini ditekankan pada negara-negara pasar berkembang Asia (Asian Emerging Market Economies). Posisi tawar dari negara-negara ekonomi pasar berkembang Asia di dalam G20 memiliki pengaruh dalam menjaga stabilitas perekonomian dunia. Di masa depan, keterlibatan negara-negara ekonomi pasar berkembang Asia dalam kerjasama regional dan G20 an sich akan menjadi penting dalam kaitannya dengan reformasi tata kelola ekonomi dunia (global economic governance), khususnya dalam rangka reformasi pembentukan keputusan dan pembuatan norma hukum ekonomi internasional, dan medefinisikan-ulang konsep kedaulatan ekonomi dalam rangka mencegah dan mengatasi fenomena krisis finansial demi kemaslahatan seluruh masyarakat internasional.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis is a study of transnational law, particularly international economic law concerning the global financial crisis. This thesis hypothesizes that the financial crisis is a part of transnational legal issue for its cross-border impact, therefore a cooperation between countries or international cooperation is necessarily needed to deal with financial crisis in a country. The existence of the IMF and the G20 is an obvious manifestation of international cooperation, and they strongly influence the formation and the development of the global economic order. The IMF?s financial assistances have intervened in the economic sovereignty of developing countries. Meanwhile, the G20 has calculated the economic strength of the emerging market economies, emphasized herein, the Asian Emerging Market Economies (the Asian EMEs). The bargaining position of the Asian EMEs within the G20 has a significant influence in order to maintain the stability of the world economy. In the future, the involvement of the Asian EMEs for such regional cooperation and the G20 an sich will be important related to the attempt to reform the global economic governance, particularly to reform the decision-making and the norm-creating of international economic law, and to redefine the concept of economic sovereignty in order to prevent and to resolve the phenomenon of financial crisis for the convenience of the entire international community/society."

"Emerging markets and the global economy investigates analytical techniques suited to emerging market economies, which are typically prone to policy shocks. Despite the large body of emerging market finance literature, their underlying dynamics and interactions with other economies remain challenging and mysterious because standard financial models measure them imprecisely.Describing the linkages between emerging and developed markets, this collection systematically explores several crucial issues in asset valuation and risk management. Contributors present new theoretical constructions and empirical methods for handling cross-country volatility and sudden regime shifts. Usually attractive for investors because of the superior growth they can deliver, emerging markets can have a low correlation with developed markets. "

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti faktor determinan (driver) dari consumer-based halal brand equity yang diartikan sebagai preferensi terhadap salah satu merek dibanding dengan merek lain yang sejenis hanya dikarenakan atribut halal yang ditawarkan oleh sebuah merek. Penelitian ini menggunakan aspek religiusitas sebagai faktor kunci dalam menentukan faktor determinan dari consumer based halal brand equity, yang pada penelitian ini ditentukan oleh keterlibatan masa lalu mereka terhadap konsumsi halal serta keinginan konsumen dalam mencari manfaat spiritual dengan mengonsumsi produk produk bermerek halal. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Structural Equation Modelling dimana pengambilan data menggunakan teknik single cross-sectional melalui bantuan kuesioner dengan sampel konsumen muslim di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa religiusitas (khususnya religiusitas intrinsik) adalah faktor kunci dalam menentukan perilaku konsumsi halal konsumen (consumer halal choice behavior) dan manfaat spiritual (self expressive religious benefit) yang merupakan pendorong ekuitas merek halal berbasis konsumen (consumer based halal brand equity). Studi ini menemukan consumer based halal brand equity lebih dipengaruhi oleh perilaku konsumsi halal konsumen (consumer halal choice behavior) daripada manfaat spiritual yang diperoleh dari mengonsumsi produk bermerek halal (self-expressive religious benefit). Studi ini juga menemukan bahwa logo halal sebagai variabel moderasi dapat memberikan kepercayaan tambahan atau bahkan menciptakan keraguan dalam konsumsi halal konsumen. Temuan ini penting bagi perusahaan multinasional yang beroperasi di negara dengan mayoritas populasi Muslim untuk menyediakan produk yang memenuhi kebutuhan konsumen Muslim yang dipengaruhi oleh aspek religiusitas.

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ABSTRACT

This study aims to examine the drivers of halal consumer-based halal brand equity which are interpreted as preferences for one brand compared to other similar brands only due to the halal attributes offered by a brand. This study uses aspects of religiosity as a key factor in determining the drivers of consumer-based halal brand equity, which in this study are determined by their past involvement in halal consumption and the desire of consumers to seek spiritual benefits by consuming halal-branded products. Furthermore, this study also uses halal logo as a moderating variable. This study uses the Structural Equation Modeling method. The samples are gathered by using single cross-sectional technique through online questionnaire with samples are muslim consumers in Indonesia. The results of this study indicate that religiosity (specifically intrinsic religiosity) is a key factor in determining consumer halal choice behavior and self-expressive religious benefit which are the driver of consumer based halal brand equity. This study found that consumer based halal brand equity largely depends on consumer halal choice behavior (their past involvement in halal consumption) rather than self expressive religious benefit (seeking for spiritual benefit). This study also found that halal logo as moderating can give additional confidence or even create doubt in consumers halal consumption. These findings are important for multinational companies which operating in a country with a majority of the Muslim population to provide products that meet the needs of Muslim consumers that can be influenced by aspects of religiosity."