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"ABSTRAKBeberapa studi sebelumnya yang menelaah dampak inflasi terhadap likuiditas bank mengindikasikan bahwa pengaruh inflasi terhadap likuiditas bank dapat berbeda bergantung pada sumber ataupun sifat dari inflasi tersebut. Penelitian ini bermaksud menelaah lebih lanjut secara empiris dampak inflasi terhadap likuiditas bank ketika inflasi bersumber dari aggregate supply shock seperti kenaikan harga bahan bakar minyak bersubsidi. Data dalam penelitian ini mendukung hipotesis bahwa inflasi yang dipicu oleh kenaikan harga BBM bersubsidi akan berdampak pada penurunan likuiditas bank. Sebaliknya, inflasi yang tidak dipicu oleh kenaikan harga BBM bersubsidi akan mengarah pada peningkatan likuiditas bank.

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ABSTRACTSeveral prior studies that examined the impact of inflation on bank rsquo s liquidity indicate that the effect of inflation on bank rsquo s liquidity may differ depending on the source or nature of the inflation. This study intends to further examine empirically the impact of inflation on bank rsquo s liquidity when inflation is stemmed from aggregate supply shocks such as increasing subsidized fuel price. The data in this study shows that inflation which stems from the rise in subsidized fuel prices will negatively affects bank rsquo s liquidity. On the other hand, inflation which is not stemed from increasing subsidized fuel price will lead to increase in bank rsquo s liquidity. "

"Penelitian ini mencoba untuk melihat dampak harga bahan bakar minyak (BBM) terhadap biaya transportasi di desa-desa di wilayah kepulauan kecil dan wilayah terluar dengan mengambil kasus kebijakan BBM satu harga periode tahun 2017-2019. Kebijakan ini memiliki tujuan untuk memberikan harga jual yang sama terhadap premium dan solar di seluruh Indonesia sehingga masyarakat tidak terbebani dengan biaya transportasi. Menggunakan pendekatan difference-in-differences (DID), penelitian ini menganalisis dampak penerapan kebijakan BBM satu harga terhadap biaya transportasi di 170 desa. Biaya transportasi digambarkan dengan biaya transportasi per kilometer menuju pusat pemerintahan. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan BBM Satu Harga dapat menurunkan biaya transportasi secara signifikan di wilayah terluar, namun belum dapat menurunkan biaya transportasi di wilayah kepulauan kecil. Setelah kebijakan BBM satu harga, biaya transportasi dari kantor kepala desa/kelurahan menuju ke kantor camat di desa dengan SPBU BBM satu harga di wilayah terluar secara signifikan lebih rendah sebesar Rp10.140 per kilometer jika dibandingkan dengan desa tanpa SPBU BBM satu harga, sementara di wilayah kepulauan kecil tidak secara signifikan lebih rendah sebesar Rp11.980 per kilometer. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan berbasis harga dapat menurunkan biaya transportasi di wilayah terluar, namun perlu mempertimbangkan kondisi geografis wilayah dalam penentuan lokasi penyalur BBM Satu Harga.

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This study tries to see the impact of fuel oil (BBM) prices on transportation costs in villages in small islands and outermost regions by taking the case of the one price fuel policy for the 2017-2019 period. This policy aims to provide the same selling price for premium and diesel throughout Indonesia so that people are not burdened with transportation costs. Using the difference-in-differences (DID) approach, this study analyzes the impact of one price fuel policy implementation on transportation costs in 170 villages. Transportation costs are described by transportation costs per kilometer to the center of government. The results show that the one price fuel policy can significantly reduce transportation costs in the outermost regions, but has not been able to reduce transportation costs in small island regions. After the one price fuel policy, the transportation cost from the village head's office to the sub-district head's office in villages with one price fuel gas stations in the outer regions is significantly lower at IDR 10,140 per kilometer compared to villages without one price fuel gas stations, while in the small islands it is not significantly lower at IDR 11,980 per kilometer. The results of this study indicate that price-based policies can reduce transportation costs in the outermost regions, but it is necessary to consider the geographical conditions of the region in determining the location of one price fuel distributors."

"Penelitian ini menganalisis dampak kenaikan harga bahan bakar minyak (BBM) dan Kompensasi Bantuan Langsung Tunai (BLT) terhadap kemiskinan di Indonesia. menggunakan simulasi kemiskinan dengan metode Modifikasi Garis Kemiskinan dan Modifikasi Pengeluaran dengan memanfaatkan indikator-indikator pendahulu angka kemiskinan/leading indicators. Berdasarkan hasil simulasi, ditemukan bahwa pemberian kompensasi BLT BBM dapat menekan angka kemiskinan dibandingkan tanpa adanya kompensasi. Pada skema tanpa adanya kompensasi, angka kemiskinan yang akan terjadi pada September 2022 diprediksi sebesar 10,36 persen (mengalami kenaikan 0,82 persen dibandingkan Maret 2022). Pada skema yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah (kompensasi diberikan kepada penerima Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) atau penerima program Bantuan Langsung Tunai (BPNT), maka kemiskinan diperkirakan sebesar 9,56 persen (mengalami kenaikan sebesar 0,02 persen dibandingkan Maret 2022). Pemberian kompensasi dapat menjadi solusi jangka pendek untuk mempertahankan daya beli masyarakat miskin dan masyarakat rentan miskin saat terjadinya shock ekonomi. Akan tetapi, ditemukan bahwa masih tingginya persentase rumah tangga yang berada pada kelompok dengan 10 persen pengeluaran per kapita terendah (desil 1) yang tidak tercakup ke dalam sasaran penerima manfaat (exclusion of error), yaitu sebesar 55,35 persen dan hanya 44,65 persen rumah tangga yang menerima manfaat program. Temuan utama dalam penelitian ini adalah bahwa pemberian program bantuan kepada rumah tangga yang lebih tepat sasaran akan jauh lebih efektif dan efisien dalam menekan angka kemiskinan dibandingkan dengan melakukan perluasan cakupan bantuan kepada rumah tangga penerima Program Indonesia Pintar (PIP) ataupun menambah nominal bantuan. Skema pemberian bantuan yang mengarah pada rumah tangga yang lebih tepat tidak hanya menghasilkan angka kemiskinan yang lebih rendah, tetapi juga menghasilkan indeks kedalaman kemiskinan, indeks keparahan kemiskinan, dan gini ratio yang lebih rendah dibandingkan skema lainnya. Exclusion error pada desil 1 dapat dikurangi dengan melakukan perbaikan, pembaruan, dan integrasi basis data terpadu dikombinasikan dengan data pendukung lainnya dengan melihat karakteristik kerawanan sosial yang dimiliki oleh rumah tangga miskin. Basis data penerima bantuan yang lebih akurat akan berperan sangat penting dalam tahap perencanaan program dan keberhasilan pengentasan kemiskinan. Berdasarkan hasil analisis inferensial menggunakan regresi logistik ordinal, kecenderungan rumah tangga yang menerima Kompensasi BLT BBM untuk berada dalam kemiskinan dibandingkan menjadi rentan miskin dan tidak miskin semakin besar seiring dilakukannya minimalisasi exclusion error menjadi 25 persen dan 15 persen. Ini menjadi pembahasan dan temuan yang menarik. Hal ini tidak berarti bahwa pemberian Kompensasi BLT BBM akan membuat rumah tangga menjadi jatuh ke dalam kemiskinan. Akan tetapi justru sebaliknya, kecenderungan yang semakin besar menandakan bahwa kompensasi BLT BBM semakin menjangkau kelompok rumah tangga miskin yang berada pada desil terendah. Adanya pemotongan besaran bantuan sosial juga dapat berdampak buruk bagi pemulihan daya beli masyarakat miskin dan rentan miskin yang membuat angka kemiskinan menjadi lebih tinggi. Terakhir namun tidak kalah penting adalah menjaga stabilitas harga barang dan jasa, khususnya kebutuhan pokok agar tidak terlalu tinggi sehingga daya beli masyarakat tidak semakin menurun.

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This study analyzes the impact of fuel price raising and Direct Cash Assistance (BLT BBM) compensation on poverty in Indonesia using poverty simulation with the Poverty Line Modification and Expenditure Modification methods by utilizing leading indicators. Based on the simulation results, it was found that the BLT BBM compensation program can reduce the poverty rate compared to without BBM compensation. In the no compensation scheme, the poverty rate in September 2022 is predicted to be 10.36 percent (an increase of 0.82 percent compared to March 2022). In the scheme implemented by the government (compensation is given to recipients of the Family Hope Program (PKH) or recipients of the Direct Cash Transfer (BPNT) program), poverty is estimated at 9.56 percent (an increase of 0.02 percent compared to March 2022). Compensation programs can be a short-term solution to restore the purchasing power of the poor and the vulnerable poor during an economic shock. However, it was found that a high percentage of households in the lowest 10 percent of per capita expenditure (decile 1) were not included in the target beneficiaries (exclusion of error) at 55.35 percent and only 44.65 percent of households received program benefits. The main finding in this study is that providing assistance programs to more targeted households will be much more effective and efficient in reducing poverty than expanding the coverage of assistance to households receiving the Indonesia Smart Program (PIP) or increasing the amount of assistance. Schemes that target more appropriate households not only result in lower poverty rates, but also lower poverty depth index, poverty severity index, and gini ratio compared to other schemes. Exclusion error in decile 1 can be reduced by improving, updating, and integrating the integrated database combined with other supporting data by looking at the social vulnerability characteristics of poor households. A more accurate database of beneficiaries will play a very important role in the program planning stage and the success of poverty alleviation. Based on the results of the inferential analysis using ordinal logistic regression, the tendency of households receiving BLT BBM Compensation to be in poverty compared to being vulnerable to poverty and not being poor increases as the exclusion error is minimized to 25 percent and 15 percent. This is an interesting discussion and finding. This does not mean that the BLT BBM compensation will make households fall into poverty. On the contrary, the increasing trend indicates that BLT BBM compensation is increasingly reaching poor households in the lowest decile. A cut in the amount of social assistance can also have an adverse impact on the recovery of the purchasing power of the poor and vulnerable poor, which makes the poverty rate higher. Last but not least, it is important to maintain the stability of the prices of goods and services, especially basic needs, so that the purchasing power of the community does not decline further."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara profitabilitas, risiko likuiditas, dan risiko kredit perbankan terhadap volatilitas harga saham. Data time-series penelitian ini merupakan triwulanan selama sepuluh tahun (2014-2023), sementara data cross-section yang digunakan terdiri dari 4 emiten bank syariah yang tercatat di Indeks Saham Syariah Indonesia (ISSI), dan 33 emiten bank konvensional yang tercatat di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Metodologi yang digunakan adalah unbalanced panel data. Dari kedua pemodelan baik perbankan syariah maupun konvensional, profitabilitas signifikan berpengaruh positif, risiko likuiditas signifikan positif, dan risiko kredit signifikan berpengaruh positif terhadap volatilitas harga saham.

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This This study aims to analyze the relationship between profitability, liquidity risk, and credit risk of banks on stock price volatility. The time-series data of this study is quarterly for ten years (2014-2023), while the cross-section data used consists of 4 Islamic bank issuers listed on the Indonesia Sharia Stock Index (ISSI), and 33 conventional bank issuers listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The methodology used is an unbalanced panel data. From both Islamic and conventional banking modeling, profitability has a significant positive effect, liquidity risk has a significant positive effect, and credit risk has a significant positive effect on stock price volatility."

"ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji secara empiris seberapa besarPengaruh Kenaikan Harga Bahan Bakar Minyak terhadap Ongkos TransportasiDarat serta seberapa besar Pengaruh moderasi Angkutan Bus Trans-Jakartaterhadap hubungan antara Kenaikan Harga Bahan Bakar Minyak dan OngkosTransportasi Darat. Penelitian ini dalam pengujiannya juga mengukur keeratanhubungan yang terjadi antara Kenaikan Harga Bahan Bakar Minyak dan OngkosTransportasi Darat serta keeratan hubungan yang terjadi antara Angkutan BusTrans-Jakarta dan Ongkos Transportasi Darat. Data dalam penelitian ini diperolehmelalui survei intersep (intersept survey) terhadap pengguna alat transportasiumum yang dilakukan pada lima terminal di daerah DKI Jakarta yakni, TerminalKampung Rambutan, Terminal Senen, Terminal Glodok, Terminal Lebak Bulus,dan Terminal Tanjung Priok dengan mengunakan instrumen pengukurankuesioner melalui metode Purpose Sampling.Total kuesioner yang diberikan untuk diisi oleh para responden di limaterminal tersebut adalah sebanyak 204 kuesioner dan diisi dengan lengkap danbenar. data yang telah terkumpul tersebut dianalisis menggunakan MetodeAnalisis Regresi Sederhana dan Berganda yang dibantu dengan software SPSS2.1.Hasil analisis dalam penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa Kenaikan HargaBahan Bakar Minyak berpengaruh terhadap Ongkos Transportasi Darat danOngkos Transportasi Bus Trans-Jakarta. sedangkan Variabel Angkutan BusTrans-Jakarta hanya sebagai variabel bebas saja dan tidak memoderasi KenaikanHarga Bahan Bakar Minyak terhadap Ongkos Transportasi Darat.

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ABSTRAK The purpose of this study is to test empirically how much the raise of fuel priceaffected the raise of land transportation fare and also how much the moderation ofTrans-Jakarta Bus Transportation affected on the relation between the raise of fuelprice and the raise of land transport fare. This study also designed to measure theclose relation between the raise of fuel price and land transport fare and also tomeasure the close relation between Trans-Jakarta Bus Transportation and landtransportation fare. The data in this study collected by using intercept survey topublic transportation users at five terminals in Central Jakarta, KampungRambutan, Senen Terminal, Grogol Terminal, Lebak Bulus Terminal and TanjungPriok Terminal with questionnaire as measurement instrument through purposesampling.The total questionnaire provided for respondents at those five terminals are 204questionnaire and the respondents should fill it correctly and completely. The datacollected was analyzed by using simple and double regression analysis methodwhich assisted by using SPSS 2.1 software.The result of analysis in this study showed that the raise of fuel price affected landtransportation fare and Trans-Jakarta Bus Transportation fare while Trans-JakartaBus variable was only free variable and it did not moderate the raise of fuel priceto land transportation fare."

"Laporan Praktik Keinsinyuran ini membahas perihal rekomendasi lokasi pembangunan penyalur BBM Satu Harga untuk pemerataan pendistribusian Bahan Bakar Minyak (BBM) di suatu wilayah yang sangat diperlukan untuk menjamin kelangsungan kegiatan yang ada di wilayah tersebut, pada umumnya daerah 3T (tertinggal, terpencil, terdepan). Permasalahan yang ada pada umumnya dapat terjadi di setiap rantai dari penyediaan, penyimpanan dan pendistribusian. Untuk memperoleh rekomendasi pemilihan lokasi yang akan diusulkan kepada Pemerintah diperlukan analisis dan perencanaan wilayah melalui perbandingan keberadaan penyalur di suatu wilayah dengan mencari indeks kepadatan penyalur. Pada Praktik Keinsinyuran ini akan dilakukan analisis dengan mempertimbangkan faktor jumlah penyalur di suatu wilayah dan luasan wilayah administrasi, dalalm hal ini propinsi untuk dicari berapa angka indeks kepadatatan penyalur di propinsi tersebut dibanding dengan indeks kepadatan penyalur nasional. Apabila angka indeks kepadatan wilayah administrasi (propinsi) tersebut lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan angka indeks kepadatan penyalur secara nasional, maka direkomendasikan untuk ditambahkan penyalurnya. Wilayah yang terpilih akan direkomendasikan kepada Pemerintah melalui Direktorat Jenderal Minyak dan Gas Bumi untuk ditetapkan sebagai wilayah penugasan oleh BPH Migas kepada Badan Usaha P3JBT dan P3JBKP sebagai lokasi pembangunan penyalur BBM Satu Harga, sehingga didapatkan pemerataan penyalur di seluruh Indonesia. Praktik Keinsinyuran ini diharapkan dapat bermanfaat lebih luas untuk perkembangan pendistribusian BBM di Indonesia khususnya usulan kepada Pemerintah.

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This Report deals with the recommendation of a One-Price fuel retailer area to equalize the distribution of Fuel (BBM) in an area that is indispensable to ensure the continuity of existing activities in the region, generally 3T areas (tertinggal, terpencil, terdepan). Existing problems can generally occur in any chain of supply, storage and distribution. In order to obtain recommendations for the selection of the area to be proposed to the Government, analysis and planning of the territory is necessary through the comparison of quantity of retailers in an area by looking for the index of the density of retailer. In this report, an analysis will be carried out by calculation of number of distributors in a region and the extent of the administrative area, to find out what is the number of the index of the density of retailers in the province compared to the national retailer density index. If the density index of the administrative region (province) is lower than the national retailer density index, it is recommended to add the new one-price retailer in that area. The selected area/region will be recommended to the Government through the Directorate General of Oil and Gas to be appointed as the area of assignment by BPH Migas to P3JBT and P3JBKP Business Entities as the site for the new Single-Price fuel distributor, so as to achieve an equal distribution of retailer throughout Indonesia. This Report is expected to benefit more widely for the development of fuel distribution in Indonesia, especially as a proposal to the Government."

"Sejak pemerintah memberlakukan kebijakan subsidi tetap untuk bahan bakar minyak (BBM) jenis solar, harga eceran solar bergerak secara cepat dan fluktuatif. Peraturan Presiden No.191 tahun 2014 tentang Penyediaan, Pendistribusian dan Harga Jual Eceran BBM telah memberi kewenangan kepada Menteri ESDM untuk menetapkan harga dasar dan harga jual eceran BBM, sehingga hampir sebulan sekali terjadi perubahan harga eceran solar. Tujuan tesis ini adalah untuk menganalisis dampak kebijakan subsidi tetap harga BBM jenis solar terhadap perubahan harga sembako di Indonesia, dan menganalisis terjadinya transmisi harga antara harga solar dan harga sembako. Berdasarkan pengujian dengan pendekatan teori Asymmetric Vertical Price Transmission dan model Error Correction (ECM), didapatkan bahwa hubungan antara harga solar dan harga sembako bersifat tidak simetris, yaitu ketika harga solar naik, maka harga telur, beras dan daging ayam naik, namun ketika harga solar turun, harga telur, beras dan daging ayam tidak ikut turun. Harga telur, beras dan daging ayam terkoreksi kembali kepada keseimbangan jangka panjangnya dalam jangka waktu 2 sampai 4 bulan. Sedangkan untuk komoditi jenis gula, susu, minyak goreng dan daging sapi, pergerakan harga keempat komoditi tersebut tidak memiliki hubungan kointegrasi dengan harga solar. Faktor yang menyebabkan transmisi harga tidak simetris ini adalah kekakuan harga jasa transportasi dan perilaku spekulan yang memiliki market power dalam struktur pasar oligopoli, baik dalam rantai supply telur, beras dan daging ayam, dimana pedagang besar memiliki bargaining yang kuat dalam penentuan harga.

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Ever since the government formally issued fixed subsidy policy for diesel fuel, the price of diesel fuel has been very dynamic and volatile. Presidential Decree No.191/2014 has given authority to the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources for setting a basic price and selling price of diesel fuel. By the policy, the retail price of diesel fuel changes every month.

The purposes of this study are (1) to analyze the impact of fixed subsidy policy for diesel fuel on basic commodities price in Indonesia, and (2) to analyze price transmission between diesel fuel price and basic commodities price.

By using theory of asymmetric vertical price transmission and Error Correction Model (ECM), it can be shown that relations between diesel fuel price and basic commodities price is asymmetrical. It means when diesel fuel price increased, the price of eggs, rice and chicken meat increased accordingly, however, when diesel fuel price decreased, the price of egg, rice and chicken meat did not decrease. The price of egg, rice and chicken meat will be corrected to its long-term equilibrium with the diesel price for 2 to 4 months. Meanwhile, the price of other basic commodities such as sugar, milk, cooking oil and beef have not cointegrated with the diesel fuel price.

The asymmetric price transmission between diesel price and some of basic commodities is caused by price rigidity of transportation, and behavior of speculators which have market power in an oligopoly market structure in the supply chain of eggs, rice and chicken meat. In this case, big traders have a strong bargaining power for pricing."

"[ABSTRAKFenomena yang dihadapi masyarakat Indonesia pada akhir tahun 2014adalah kenaikan harga bahan bakar minyak jenis Premium akibat pemotongansubsidi.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti adanya pengaruh tingkat hargaPremium terhadap perilaku berpindah merek dari produk subsidi ke produk Nonsubsidi.Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan menggunakan 142responden yang merupakan konsumen bahan bakar minyak jenis Premium dalamkurun waktu tiga bulan terakhir dari pengambilan data.Instrumen penelitian inimenggunakan kuesioner.Metode pengolahan data menggunakan analisisdiskriminan dengan menggunakan SPSS 20.0.Hasil penelitian menunjukanterdapat pengaruh tingkat harga bahan bakar minyak jenisPremium terhadapperilaku berpindah merek konsumen Premium.Penelitian ini juga mengungkapkanpengaruh etnosentrisme terhadap keputusan berpindah ke Pertamax atau pindahke Non-Pertamina.Hasil penelitian menyarankan kepada Pertamina untuksenantiasa mengevaluasi kebijakan harga bahan bakar minyak jenis Premium danmemberikan pendekatan pesan yang berbeda bagi konsumen dengan tingkatkecenderungan etnosentrisme yang berbeda;

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ABSTRACTDuring the end of 2014, Indonesian consumer is facing an increase in thesubsidized fuel ("Premium") price due to the government policy to cut fuelsubsidy. This research will focus on the effect of subsidized fuel price leveltowards the respondent's switching behaviour to non-subsidized fuel ("Pertamax"or "Non-Pertamina").This research is a descriptive research with 142respondentwhom has been using "Premium" fuel in the last three months (february-may).The instrument used is a questionnaire and the data is analyzed usingdiscriminant analysis in SPSS 20.0. Result shows that there is an effect ofsubsidized fuel pricelevel and ethnocentrism toward consumer's switchingbehaviour and decision. This findings suggest that Pertamina should evaluate the"Premium"'s pricepolicy and to give a different approach in messaging theconsumer based on their ethnocentricism tendency.;During the end of 2014, Indonesian consumer is facing an increase in thesubsidized fuel ("Premium") price due to the government policy to cut fuelsubsidy. This research will focus on the effect of subsidized fuel price leveltowards the respondent's switching behaviour to non-subsidized fuel ("Pertamax"or "Non-Pertamina").This research is a descriptive research with 142respondentwhom has been using "Premium" fuel in the last three months (february-may).The instrument used is a questionnaire and the data is analyzed usingdiscriminant analysis in SPSS 20.0. Result shows that there is an effect ofsubsidized fuel pricelevel and ethnocentrism toward consumer's switchingbehaviour and decision. This findings suggest that Pertamina should evaluate the"Premium"'s pricepolicy and to give a different approach in messaging theconsumer based on their ethnocentricism tendency.;During the end of 2014, Indonesian consumer is facing an increase in thesubsidized fuel ("Premium") price due to the government policy to cut fuelsubsidy. This research will focus on the effect of subsidized fuel price leveltowards the respondent's switching behaviour to non-subsidized fuel ("Pertamax"or "Non-Pertamina").This research is a descriptive research with 142respondentwhom has been using "Premium" fuel in the last three months (february-may).The instrument used is a questionnaire and the data is analyzed usingdiscriminant analysis in SPSS 20.0. Result shows that there is an effect ofsubsidized fuel pricelevel and ethnocentrism toward consumer's switchingbehaviour and decision. This findings suggest that Pertamina should evaluate the"Premium"'s pricepolicy and to give a different approach in messaging theconsumer based on their ethnocentricism tendency.;During the end of 2014, Indonesian consumer is facing an increase in thesubsidized fuel ("Premium") price due to the government policy to cut fuelsubsidy. This research will focus on the effect of subsidized fuel price leveltowards the respondent's switching behaviour to non-subsidized fuel ("Pertamax"or "Non-Pertamina").This research is a descriptive research with 142respondentwhom has been using "Premium" fuel in the last three months (february-may).The instrument used is a questionnaire and the data is analyzed usingdiscriminant analysis in SPSS 20.0. Result shows that there is an effect ofsubsidized fuel pricelevel and ethnocentrism toward consumer's switchingbehaviour and decision. This findings suggest that Pertamina should evaluate the"Premium"'s pricepolicy and to give a different approach in messaging theconsumer based on their ethnocentricism tendency., During the end of 2014, Indonesian consumer is facing an increase in thesubsidized fuel ("Premium") price due to the government policy to cut fuelsubsidy. This research will focus on the effect of subsidized fuel price leveltowards the respondent's switching behaviour to non-subsidized fuel ("Pertamax"or "Non-Pertamina").This research is a descriptive research with 142respondentwhom has been using "Premium" fuel in the last three months (february-may).The instrument used is a questionnaire and the data is analyzed usingdiscriminant analysis in SPSS 20.0. Result shows that there is an effect ofsubsidized fuel pricelevel and ethnocentrism toward consumer's switchingbehaviour and decision. This findings suggest that Pertamina should evaluate the"Premium"'s pricepolicy and to give a different approach in messaging theconsumer based on their ethnocentricism tendency.]"

"Penelitian ini ingin mengetahui dampak jangka pendek program BBM Satu Harga yang diterapkan tahun 2017 terhadap biaya transportasi di daerah tertinggal Indonesia. Penelitian ini mengobservasi 585 desa penerapan program BBM Satu Harga selama 3 tahun yaitu 2006, 2014 dan 2018 dengan total unit observasi sebanyak 1.755 desa. Dengan metode analisis Difference in Difference (DID), penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa hingga 2018, program BBM Satu Harga berdampak signifikan pada penurunan biaya transportasi di daerah tertinggal khususnya desa-desa yang berjarak 15 km dari Stasiun Pengisian BBM Umum (SPBU) penyalur program. Terdapat dua saluran (channeling) efek program BBM Satu Harga terhadap biaya transportasi yaitu meningkatnya pasokan dan turunnya harga BBM dibandingkan sebelum program diterapkan. Penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa desa-desa yang berjarak lebih dari 15 km dari SPBU program cukup banyak dan tidak mengalami dampak signifikan dari program. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa banyak warga yang belum mendapatkan manfaat signifikan dari program ini.

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This research wants to know the short-term impact of the One Price Fuel program implemented in 2017 on transportation costs in underdeveloped areas of Indonesia. This study observed 585 villages implementing the One Price Fuel program for 3 years, namely 2006, 2014 and 2018 with a total observation unit of 1,755 villages. With the Difference in Difference (DID) analysis method, this study shows that until 2018, the One Price Fuel program has a significant impact on reducing transportation costs in underdeveloped areas, especially villages that are 15 km from the public fuel stations (SPBU) program distributors. There are two channels of the effect of the One Price Fuel program on transportation costs, i.e the increasing in supply and decreasing in the price of fuel compared to before the program was implemented. This study also found that there were quite a lot of villages that were more than 15 km from the SPBU program and did not experience a significant impact from the program. It shows that many residents have not significant benefited from this program."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh dari risiko kredit dan risiko likuiditas terhadap profitabilitas perbankan pada masa pandemi COVID-19 pada periode penelitian tahun 2018-2021 dengan sampel penelitian 35 bank yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis linier berganda dan uji parsial (uji-t) dengan rasio ROA, ROE, dan NIM sebagai variabel dependen, kemudian risiko kredit (NPL) dan risiko likuiditas (LDR) sebagai variabel independen dan rasio Equity to Asset, dan Diversification sebagai variabel kontrol. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada saat sebelum dan selama pandemi, risiko kredit (NPL) berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap profitabilitas perbankan, kemudian risiko likuiditas (LDR) berpengaruh positif dan tidak signifikan terhadap profitabilitas perbankan.

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This study aims to see the effect of credit risk and liquidity risk on banking profitability during the COVID-19 pandemic in the 2018-2021 research period with a research sample of 35 banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. This research uses multiple linear analysis methods and a partial test (t-test) with ROA, ROE, and NIM ratios as dependent variables, credit risk (NPL) and liquidity risk (LDR) as independent variables, and Equity to Asset, and Diversification ratios as control variables. The results showed that before and during the pandemic, credit risk (NPL) had a negative and significant effect on banking profitability, then liquidity risk (LDR) had a positive and insignificant effect on banking profitability."