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"ABSTRAKInfeksi saluran pernafasan akut ISPA merupakan infeksi yang paling sering terjadi pada manusia dengan angka morbiditas dan mortalitas yang tinggi, terutama di negara-negara Asia Tenggara dan Afrika. Sudah diketahui bahwa sebagian besar ISPA disebabkan oleh virus, namun data mengenai etiologi virus di negara berkembang, terutama Indonesia masih terbatas. Studi ini menggunakan metode molekuler berupa PCR dan sekuensing untuk deteksi serta karakterisasi virus saluran nafas umum, termasuk virus zoonosis pada sampel swab orofaring. Subjek studi sebanyak 100 pasien anak dan dewasa dengan gejala infeksi saluran nafas yang datang ke RSU Tabanan. Dari 100 pasien didapatkan angka deteksi virus positif sebesar 40 dan angka ko-deteksi 7 . Pada anak-anak angka deteksi positif mencapai 46 28/61 , sedangkan pada dewasa sebesar 31 12/39 . Virus utama yang terdeteksi adalah influenza 15 , enterovirus 14 dan herpesvirus 11 . Subtipe virus yang mendominasi hasil deteksi yaitu H3N2, human rhinovirus A dan human betaherpesvirus 5. Sebagai kesimpulan, diantara pasien-pasien dengan ISPA di Tabanan, sebagian besar virus yang terdeteksi adalah virus influenza dengan subtipe H3N2.

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ABSTRACT

Acute respiratory tract infection ARTI is the most common infection in human being. The morbidity and mortality rate is high, especially in Southeast Asia and Africa. While it is known that ARTIs are most commonly caused by virus, there are limited data about viral etiology of ARTI in developing countries, especially Indonesia. This study used molecular method to detect 10 common respiratory viral pathogens and zoonotic respiratory viruses. We collected oropharyngeal swabs from 100 patients in Tabanan Regency Hospital suspected with respiratory illness from all age groups. Among 100 patients tested, 40 tested positive for virus, with co detection rate 7 . In addition, positive detection rate in children was 46 28 61 and in adult 31 12 39 . Viruses that were most commonly detected include influenza 15 , enterovirus 14 and herpesvirus 11 . Among them, influenza virus subtype H3N2, human rhinovirus A and human betaherpesvirus 5 was the most frequently detected. In conclusion, among patients with ARTI in Tabanan Regency Hospital, influenza virus subtype H3N2 was the most predominant virus detected. "

"HIV exposure among health workers is still quite rare, including in Indonesia. Nevertheless, with the increase in new HIV cases due to intravenous drug abuse, there should be more health workers caring for HIV cases. To avoid exposure, universal precaution has to be implemented. If exposure occurs, the HIV stale of the patient, as the source of body fluid should be determined, while the exposed health care worker needs to undergo counseling. Anti retroviral agents should be administered prior to 36 hours following exposure. Sero-conversion monitoring must be performed during exposure, also 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months following exposure- There have been 9 cases of HIV exposure due to accidents among health workers reported to the Working Group on AIDS (Kelompok Studi Khusus - Pokdiksus AIDS) Faculty of Medicine of the University of Indonesia - Cipto Mangunkusumo General Central National Hospital. Six of them received AZT prophylactic treatment, while the remaining 3 chose not to use any prophylactic treatment. After six months following exposure, all anti HIV test were negativeThe number of HIV cases in the last two years has shown a tremendous increase. AT the end of February 2002, the Department of Health recorded 2/50 cases of HIV/AIDS in Indonesia.1 As new cases increase among intravenous drug abuse, the number of HIV cases is estimated to increase further in the future, bearing in mind that experts have estimated that number of drug abusers in Indonesia have reached 2 million people. Those infected with HIV, especially those already in the AIDS stage, often require hospitalization for treatment of opportunistic infections. Thus, health workers have to prepare themselves to face the increasing problem of HIV infection.To avoid contagion of HIV, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C thai may reside in the patient's body fluids to another person, the Center for Disease Control (CDC> recommends universal precaution. This guideline from C DC should be continuously distributed to allow health workers to continue to work with a feeling of security.Nevertheless, there is still the possbility of accidents among health workers at work in the form of needle prick or direct exposure to body fluids from an HIV-infected individual."

"ABSTRAKPenyakit Dengue adalah penyakit infeksi akibat virus dengue yang memilikimanifestasi klinis mulai dari demam ringan hingga berat seperti demam berdarahdan sindrom renjatan dengue. Patogenesis dengue sampai saat ini belumsepenuhnya diketahui. Ada dua faktor utama yang mempengaruhi manifestasiklinis, yaitu adanya variasi serotipe virus dengue (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, danDEN-4) dan faktor pejamu, yaitu peranan imunitas yang diantaranya diperantaraioleh sel fagosit mononuklear. Pada penelitian ini kemampuan empat serotipe virusdengue untuk menginduksi respon imun dilihat dengan memaparkan ke empatserotipe virus dengue dengan sel imun yang berasal dari manusia sehat berupamakrofag yang berasal dari monosit (monocyte derived macrophages atau MDM)dan peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) dan kemudian diukur ekspresidelapan macam sitokin/kemokin. Penelitian diawali dengan isolasi PBMC daridarah vena dengan menggunakan metode sentrifugasi gradien menggunakanFicoll. MDM dideferensiasi dari monosit menggunakan faktor pertumbuhan MCSF.MDM dan PBMC yang diperoleh kemudian dipaparkan berbagai serotipevirus dengue. Replikasi virus diukur dengan metode plaque assay dan pengukurankadar NS1 dengan cara ELISA. Ekspresi sitokin/kemokin dianalisa menggunakanLuminexTM microbead assay. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya perbedaanpola ekspresi sitokin/kemokin akibat paparan ke empat serotipe virus pada MDM,di mana DEN-1 menunjukkan kecenderungan untuk menginduksi ekspresisitokin/kemokin lebih cepat dan lebih tinggi dibandingakan serotipe lain. Analisastatistik pada PBMC menunjukkan adanya perbedaan kinetika ekspresi yangsignifikan pada sitokin IL-10 pada 24 jam pasca infeksi dan kemokin IP-10 pada36 dan 60 jam pasca infeksi. Sebagai kesimpulan, pada penelitian inidiperlihatkan adanya perbedaan pola kinetik ekspresi sitokin/kemokin keempatserotipe virus dengue baik pada MDM dan PBMC.

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ABSTRACTDengue is a disease caused by dengue virus infection, which has clinicalmanifestations ranging from mild fever to severe forms such as the denguehaemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. The pathogenesis of dengueinfection is not fully known. There are two main factors that influence clinicalmanifestations. The first is the virus factor which represented by the variation ofdengue virus serotypes (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4) and the secondfactor is the host factors, which mainly involved the host’s immunity mediated byimmune cells such as the mononuclear phagocytic cells. In this study, the abilityof the four serotypes of dengue virus to induce immune response was studied byinfecting the four serotypes of dengue virus into healthy human macrophagesderived from monocytes (monocyte-derived macrophages or MDM ) andperipheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The expressions of eightcytokines/chemokines were measured. Isolation of PBMCs was performed usingFicoll gradient centrifugation. MDMs were differentiated from monocytes usingthe growth factor M-CSF. MDM and PBMCs obtained were infected with variousserotypes of dengue virus. Viral replication was measured by plaque assaymethods and NS1 ELISA. Expressions of cytokines/chemokines were analyzedusing LuminexTM microbead assay. The results showed differences in theexpression patterns of cytokines/chemokines into four serotypes of the virus inMDM, in which DEN-1 induced the expression of cytokine/chemokines faster andat higher levels compared to other serotypes. While virus infection in PBMCsshowed significant differences in the kinetics of expression of cytokines IL-10 at24 hours post-infection and the chemokine IP-10 at 36 and 60 hours postinfection. In conclusion, this study observed different patterns ofcytokine/chemokines expression in response to four serotypes of dengue virusboth in MDM and PBMCs."

"Transmisi seksual adalah faktor utama pertumbuhan epidemi HIV/AIDS di dunia. Kasus HIV/AIDS paling banyak adalah pada pria dan kelompok umur 20-39 tahun. Upaya untuk menekan pertumbuhan epidemi tercepat adalah menurunkan insiden HIV dengan mengubah perilaku berisiko menjadi aman dan mengurangi stigma/diskriminasi terhadap ODHA. Penelitian terdahulu menunjukkan ada hubungan antara pengetahuan HIV/AIDS dengan sikap dan perilaku berisiko HIV. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui pengaruh tingkat pengetahuan HIV/AIDS terhadap sikap positif dan perilaku aman HIV/AIDS. Desain studi cross-sectional menggunakan data SDKI 2012. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pria kawin dan pria belum kawin dengan tingkat pengetahuan tinggi berpeluang lebih besar untuk memiliki sikap positif dan perilaku aman HIV/AIDS dibanding pria dengan tingkat pengetahuan rendah.

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The major factor of HIV spreading is sexual transmission. Most cases happened on men and people in 20-39 years old range. One of HIV-growth suppressing effort is to reduce HIV incidence. It can be done by switching the risk behaviour into safe behaviour and decreasing the stigma towards PLWHA. The earlier studies showed that there are association between knowledge of HIV/AIDS attitudes and risk behavior related to HIV/AIDS. The objective of study is to investigate the effects of HIV/AIDS knowledge toward attitudes and HIV/AIDS risk behavior on men. This cross-sectional study using DHS Indonesian Year 2012 and inform us that either married men and unmarriedmen who have highly knowledge have more chance to gain possitive attitude and HIV/AIDS safe behavior rather than low HIV/AIDS knowledge men."

"Hubungan antara peningkatan kadar interleukin-6 dan protein C reaktif dengan kebocoran plasma pada penderita infeksi dengue dewasa masih belum jelas. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui perbedaan kadar IL-6 dan protein C reaktif antara kelompok infeksi dengue dengan dan tanpa kebocoran plasma. Penelitian dilakukan secara potong lintang terhadap data sekunder dari penderita infeksi dengue dewasa yang dirawat di RSCM dan RSUP Persahabatan antara 1 Maret 2014 - 1 April 2015. Jumlah total sampel adalah 44 orang, terdiri dari 24 orang dengan kebocoran plasma dan 20 orang tanpa kebocoran plasma. Kadar IL-6 pada kelompok dengan dan tanpa kebocoran plasma masing-masing pada hari ke-3 dan ke-5 demam adalah 8,56 vs 3,80 (p = 0,069) pg/mL dan 4,30 vs 2,76 pg/mL (p = 0,025), sedangkan untuk protein C reaktif adalah 10,1 vs 6,8 mg/L (p = 0,014) dan 5,0 vs 2,9 mg/L (p = 0,048). Kadar IL-6 hari ke-3 dan ke-5 demam pada kelompok dengan kebocoran plasma adalah 8,56 vs 4,30 pg/mL (p = 0,037) dan pada kelompok tanpa kebocoran plasma adalah 3,80 vs 2,76 pg/mL (p = 0,005). Kadar protein C reaktif hari ke-3 dan ke-5 demam pada kelompok dengan kebocoran plasma adalah 10,1 vs 5,0 mg/L (p = 0,0001) dan pada kelompok tanpa kebocoran plasma adalah 6,8 vs 2,9 mg/L (p = 0,0001). Tidak ada perbedaan kadar IL-6 pada hari ke-3 demam di antara kedua kelom-pok, sedangkan pada hari ke-5 demam kadarnya lebih tinggi pada kelompok dengan kebocoran plasma. Kadar protein C reaktif hari ke-3 dan ke-5 demam lebih tinggi pada kelompok dengan kebocoran plasma. Kadar IL-6 dan protein C reaktif hari ke-3 lebih tinggi dibandingkan hari ke-5 demam pada kedua kelompok.

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There is stiil unclear association between the elevation of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein levels with plasma leakage in adult dengue infection patients. The study aims to determine differences in the levels of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein among groups of dengue infection with and without plasma leakage. This is a cross-sectional study of secondary data from adult patients with dengue infection were treated at Cipto Mangunkusumo and Persahabatan Hospital between March 1, 2014 until April 1, 2015. The total number of samples were 44 people, consisting of 24 people with plasma leakage and 20 people without plasma leakage. Median levels of interleukin-6 for groups with and without plasma leakage each for the 3rd and the 5th day of fever were 8.56 vs 3.80 pg/mL(p = 0.069) and 4.30 vs 2.76 pg/mL (p = 0.025), whereas for C-reactive protein were 10.1 vs 6.8 mg/L ( p = 0.014) and 5.0 vs 2.9 mg/L (p = 0.048).

Median levels of interleukin-6 on the 3rd and the 5th day of fever in the group with plasma leakage were 8.56 vs 4.30 pg/mL (p = 0.037) and in the group without plasma leakage were 3.80 vs 2.76 pg/mL (p = 0.005). Median level of C-reactive protein on the 3rd and 5th day of fever in the group with plasma leakage were 10.1 vs 5.0 mg/L (p = 0.0001) and in the group without plasma leakage were 6.8 vs 2.9 mg/L (p = 0.0001). There was no differences in levels of interleukin-6 on the 3rd day of fever between the two groups, while on the 5th day of fever interleukin-6 levels was higher in the group with plasma leakage. The levels of C-reactive protein on the 3rd and the 5th day of fever were higher in the group with plasma leakage. The level of Interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein on the 3rd day of fever were higher than the 5th day of fever in both groups."

"ABSTRAKBackground: Childhood is a crucial period for the formation of cognitive functions, because at this time the child gets basic knowledge to gain in life sociable. Congenital HIV infection is starting to become a global problem affecting 3.2 million children under 15 years. HIV and system development research, whereas children with HIV are at high risk of therapy antiretroviral (ART) has been proven to reduce the amount of virus and to prevent AIDS.The relationship between HIV-related immunodeficiency is determined by CD4 cell count and cognitive aspects ask for evaluation to further discuss pathophysiological diseases Objective: To determine the relationship between baseline CD4 level (HIV diagnosis status) and verbal function in children with HIV at the Children's Health Science Department, CIpto General Hospital Mangunkusumo (RSCM). Knowing confounding factors (confounders) of children with HIVaffect verbal function Method: This study uses a cross-sectional study method with subjects children aged 5- 18 years with congenital HIV. Patient background data is collected from Home medical recordsCipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital. The most recent data is retrieved using the forn case record given to the subject's parents. Verbal CCID test is used to measure cognitive functionoral. Verbal CCID consists of a verbal fluency test and the Hopkins Verbal Test. Parametric test T The unpaired test is used to compare and associate relationships between HIV-related immune deficiencies are determined by baseline CD4 levels and verbal test resultsResults: Children with congenital HIV at the Ciptomangunkusumo General Hospital a big consideration by women (58.3%), with an average (SK) age of 10.07 (3.08). Most of the subjects were born spontaneously (81.9%) and consumed breast milk (84.7%). Most subjects (77.7%) Produced from low income families (