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"Latar Belakang: Infeksi kornea yang disebabkan oleh jamur dapat menyebabkankerusakan yang lebih berat dibandingkan infeksi bakteri dikarenakan kemampuan jamuruntuk menembus kornea hingga ke bilik mata depan atau sklera. Antijamur tetes yangtersedia secara komersil hanya natamisin yang memiliki penetrasi rendah. Vorikonazolsebagai alternatif anti jamur dapat digunakan secara intrastromal untuk mempertahankankadar pada kornea. Penggunaan injeksi intrastromal vorikonazol secara tunggal maupunserial banyak dilaporkan dalam bentuk laporan kasus dan terdapat variasi dalam hal dosisdan frekuensi serta teknik pemberian.Tujuan: Mengetahui perbandingan efektivitas pemberian kombinasi vorikonazol topikal1% dan intrastromal 0.05% secara tunggal dan serial dibandingkan dengan natamisintopikal 5% sebagai terapi keratitis jamur yang disebabkan oleh jamur Fusarium sp padakelinci.Metodologi: Penelitian ini merupakan uji eksperimental tersamar dengan randomisasiterhadap kelompok hewan coba kelinci New Zealand White (NZW) dengan desain empatkelompok. Masing-masing kelompok terdiri dari 3 kelinci. Kelompok pertama mendapatterapi kombinasi tetes vorikonazol 1% tiap jam dan injeksi intrastromal vorikonazol0.05% yang diberikan 1 kali pada hari 1. Kelompok ke-dua mendapatkan terapikombinasi tetes vorikonazol 1% tiap jam dan injeksi intrastromal vorikonazol 0.05%yang diberikan 2 kali pada hari 1 dan 7. Kelompok ke-tiga mendapatkan terapikombinasi tetes vorikonazol 1% tiap jam dan injeksi intrastromal vorikonazol 0.05%yang diberikan 3 kali pada hari 1, 7 dan 14. Kelompok ke-empat mendapatkanmonoterapi tetes natamisin 5% tiap jam.Hasil: Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan perbaikan secara klinis berdasarkan luas defek,luas infiltrat, kedalaman keratitis dan tinggi hipopion pada semua kelompok yangmendapatkan terapi injeksi vorikonazol maupun natamisin. Pada akhir terapi masihdidapatkan hifa jamur positif secara kualitatif pada 1 kelinci yang mendapatkan injeksiintrastromal 1 kali dan 1 kelinci dengan terapi natamisin.Kesimpulan: Kombinasi vorikonazol topikal dan injeksi vorikonazol intrastromal secaraserial menunjukan perbaikan klinis setara dengan natamisin topikal. Dalam hal dayaeliminasi jamur kombinasi vorikonazol topikal dan injeksi vorikonazol intrastromalsecara serial menunjukan hasil lebih baik dibandingkan terapi natamisin topikal daninjeksi tunggal.

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Background: Fungal corneal infections can cause more damage than bacterial infectionsdue to the fungus's ability to penetrate the cornea to the anterior chamber or sclera.Natamycin is the only commercially available antifungal drops which has lowpenetration. Voriconazole as an antifungal alternative can be used intrastromally tomaintain corneal concentration. The use of single or serial intrastromal voriconazoleinjections is widely reported in the form of case reports and there are variations in termsof dosage and frequency and administration techniques.Objective: Comparing the effectiveness of topical voriconazole 1% combined withintrastromal 0.05% single and serial compared to 5% topical natamycin as fungal keratitistherapy caused by Fusarium sp in rabbits.Methods: This research is an experimental test by randomizing a group of New ZealandWhite (NZW) rabbit animals with a four-group design. Each group consists of 3 rabbits.The first group received combination therapy of voriconazole drops 1% every hour andintrastromal injection of 0.05% voriconazole given once on day 1. The second groupreceived combination therapy of voriconazole drops 1% per hour and intrastromalinjection of voriconazole 0.05% given 2 times on day 1 and 7. The third group receivedcombination therapy of voriconazole drops 1% every hour and intrastromal injection of0.05% voriconazole given 3 times on days 1, 7 and 14. The fourth group receivedmonotherapy with 5% natamycin drops hourly.Results: The results of this study showed clinical improvement based on corneal defectsize, infiltrate size, keratitis depth and height of hypopyon in all groups receivingvoriconazole and natamycin injection therapy. At the end of the therapy, fungal hyphaewere found in 1 rabbit who received 1 times intrastromal injection and 1 rabbit withnatamycin therapy.Conclusion: The combination of topical voriconazole and serial intrastromal injectionshows clinical improvement equivalent to topical natamycin. In terms of the fungalelimination, topical voriconazole and serial intrastromal injection is superior than topicalnatamisin therapy and single injection."

"ABSTRAKTesis ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi waktu respon terapi vorikonazol topikal yang dikombinasikan dengan injeksi vorikonazol intrastromal, dan natamisin topikal pada keratitis Fusarium kelinci. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian uji klinis terandomisasi dengan dua kelompok terapi yaitu injeksi tunggal vorikonazol intrastroma dikombinasi dengan vorikonazol topikal dibandingkan dengan natamisin topikal terapi tunggal. Terapi berlangsung selama 21 hari dengan evaluasi klinis pada minggu pertama, kedua, ketiga serta pemeriksaan mikologi awal dan akhir terapi.Hasil penelitian menggambarkan tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara natamisin dan vorikonazol dalam waktu memperbaiki gambaran klinis ataupun pada hasil pemeriksaan mikologi. Peneliti menyarankan untuk penelitian lanjutan dengan menambahkan jumlah injeksi vorikonazol intrastroma.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis aims to evaluate the response time topical and intrastromal injection of voriconazole versus topical natamycin Fusarium keratitis in rabbit. This study has two treatment groups, single intrastroma voriconazole injection combined with topical voriconazole compared with a single topical natamycin therapy. The therapy lasted for 21 days with clinical evaluation in the first, second, third week along with pre and post therapy mycological examination. There are no significant differences between natamycin and voriconazole in time to improve the clinical picture or on mycological examination. The authors suggest for follow up studies by adding the number of intrastromal voriconazole injection, keratitis Fusarium, voriconazole, natamycinintrastroma voriconazole injections"

"Five kinds of endophytic fungi i.e pastalotiopsis sp. isola GNC fusarium sp, GNC -A fusarium sp..GNC-B.Pastalotiopsis sp, GUC and fusarium sp

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"Kebakaran lahan gambut terjadi secara berulang di Indonesia. Berbagai penelitian telah dilakukan untuk menemukan metode pemadaman kebakaran membara gambut yang paling efisien. Penelitian ini berfokus pada supresi gambut yang mengalami kebakaran membara dengan metode injeksi busa dalam skala laboratorium. Eksperimen dilakukan untuk mengetahui efektivitas supresi dengan metode injeksi busa pada hotspot gambut dengan variasi sampel yang berbeda, antara lain sampel dari daerah Palangkaraya, Kalimantan Tengah, pada koordinat 2°17'21.9"S 114°01'57.3"E dan Kabupaten Tanjung Timur, Jambi pada koordinat 01°14'11.227"S 103°35'4.851"E. Sementara busa yang digunakan adalah busa dengan konsentrasi larutan 1 %. Pada proses eksperimen, sampel gambut akan dituangkan ke dalam reaktor dengan ukuran 200 mm x 200 mm x 100 mm yang dindingnya dilapisi isolator calcium silicate board dan dilengkapi coil heater yang dipanaskan selama 60 menit dengan daya 100 W. Temperatur kedalaman, massa, dan temperatur permukaan sampel masing-masing diukur dengan termokopel, load cell, dan kamera termal. Proses injeksi busa dilakukan saat termokopel pada kedalaman terbawah mengalami mencapai temperatur minimal 215°C atau mengalami kebakaran membara. Busa diinjeksi menggunakan jarum injeksi yang ditancapkan di tengah reaktor dengan kedalaman 100 mm dari permukaan reaktor. Jarum terhubung dengan alat injeksi terintegrasi dengan kecepatan aliran busa 100 ml/min. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan busa secara efektif dapat mensupresi gambut pada variasi sampel yang berbeda.

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Peatland fires occur repeatedly in Indonesia. Various studies have been conducted to find the most efficient method of extinguishing peat smoldering fires. This research focuses on extinguishing peat smoldering fires by foam injection method on a laboratory scale. Experiments were conducted to determine the effectiveness of suppression by the foam injection method on peat hotspots with different sample variations, including samples from the Palangkaraya area, Central Kalimantan, at coordinates 2°17'21.9"S 114°01'57.3"E and Tanjung Timur Regency, Jambi at coordinates 01°14'11.227"S 103°35'4.851"E. While the foam used was foam with a solution concentration of 1%. In the experimental process, peat samples will be poured into a reactor with a size of 200 mm x 200 mm x 100 mm whose walls are covered with a calcium silicate board insulator and equipped with a coil heater heated for 60 minutes with a power of 100 W. Depth temperature, mass, and surface temperature of the sample are each measured by a thermocouple, load cell, and thermal camera. The foam injection process is carried out when the thermocouple at the bottom depth reaches a temperature of at least 215 °C or undergoes smouldering. The foam is injected using an injection needle stuck in the center of the reactor with a depth of 100 mm from the surface of the reactor. The needle is connected with an integrated injection device with a foam flow speed of 100 ml / min. The results showed that foam can effectively suppress peat at different sample variations."

"Penyakit Panama pada tanaman pisang disebabkan oleh kapang patogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk karakterisasi penghambatan Aktinomisetes terhadap Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense secara in vitro menggunakan sel hidup dan filtrat kultur bebas sel. Isolat Aktinomisetes LAI-I dan L31 diketahui menghasilkan enzim kitinase, protease, dan antibiotik yang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan, menyebabkan perubahan morfologi hifa berupa penebalan pada ujung-ujung hifa, serta menghambat germinasi spora Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. Perhitungan statistik menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang nyata antara kelompok kontrol, perlakuan LAI-I, dan perlakuan L31. Hasil tersebut memperlihatkan adanya kemampuan isolat LAI-I dan L31 menghambat Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense.

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The Panama disease in banana plants is caused by the pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. Research has been conducted to characterize the inhibition mechanism of Actinomycetes towards Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense in vitro by using living cell and cell-free culture filtrate. Actinomycetes isolates LAI-I and L31 produce chitinase enzyme, protease enzyme, and secondary metabolites that can inhibit the growth, lead morphological changes of hyphae as swollen at the end of the hypha, and inhibit spore germination of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. The statistic reveals the significant differences between control, LAI-I treatment, and L31 treatment. The result shows the ability of isolate LAI-I and L31 to inhibit Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense."

"Kendala yang sering dihadapi pada pertanian adalah hama tanaman yang dapat mengganggu produktivitas tanaman pangan. Pemberantasan hama sering menggunakan pestisida kimiawi yang dapat berdampak buruk pada lingkungan dan tanaman. Salah satu alternatif mengatasi permasalahan tersebut adalah dengan menggunakan mikroorganisme sebagai biokontrol bagi hama tanaman. Mikroorganisme diketahui berpotensi sebagai agen biokontrol, dan aktivitas tersebut dapat diuji dengan  Antibiosis. Aktivitas antibiosis terlihat sebagai kemampuan menghambat pertumbuhan suatu mikroorganisme terhadap mikroorganisme lain. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan uji antibiosis dan aktivitas enzim dari empat isolat basil Gram negatif yaitu TTM, TTO, TKL, TTH, terhadap fungi Fusarium oxysporum dan Ganoderma boninense. Keempat isolat bakteri difermentasikan dalam medium Nutrient broth (NB) selama 6, 9, dan 12 hari, pada suhu inkubasi 39oC. Uji antibiosis dilakukan secara kualitatif dengan menggunakan cylinder diffusion method. Hasil uji antibiosis menunjukkan bahwa hanya isolat TTH dan TTM yang memiliki potensi untuk menghambat fungi Ganoderma boninense  dalam fermentasi hari ke 6,9, dan 12. Hasil uji aktivitas enzim menunjukkan bahwa hanya isolat TTO yang memiliki aktivitas kitinolitik.

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One of the common challenges in agriculture is the presence of plant pests that can disrupt the productivity of food crops. Pest control often relies on the use of chemical pesticides, which can have negative impacts on the environment and plants. One alternative to address this issue is the utilization of microorganisms as biocontrol agents for plant pests. Microorganisms are known to have the potential as biocontrol agents, and this activity can be tested through antibiosis. Antibiosis activity is observed as the ability to inhibit the growth of one microorganism by another. In this study, antibiosis and enzyme activity tests were conducted on four isolates of Gram-negative bacteria, namely TTM, TTO, TKL, and TTH, against the fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Ganoderma boninense. The four bacterial isolates were fermented in Nutrient Broth (NB) medium for 6, 9, and 12 days at an incubation temperature of 39°C. The antibiosis test was qualitatively performed using the cylinder diffusion method. The results of the antibiosis test showed that only the TTH and TTM isolates had the potential to inhibit the Ganoderma boninense fungi during the 6th, 9th, and 12th days of fermentation. The enzyme activity test results indicated that only the TTO isolate exhibited chitinolytic activity."

"Fusarium verticillioides is the causal agent of ear, stalk and root rot of maize that results in the severe reduction in yields and quality of infected products. Endophytic fungi have been purported as potential candidates in controlling pathogens since they are considered strong plant mutualists that confer disease resilience to their host. The present study was carried out to determine the in vitro antagonistic activity and biocontrol potential of endophytic Aspergillus spp. associated with P. amboinicus leaves against F. verticillioides. Three fungal endophytes from the genus Aspergillus were isolated and identified from the leaves of P. amboinicus, namely A. flavus, A. terreus and A. niger. The fungal isolates were tested for antagonism against F. verticillioides in dual culture plates. Results indicate that the Aspergillus endophytes can restrict growth of F. verticillioides and employ varying mechanisms of antagonism. A. niger inhibited F. verticillioides by 47.37%, followed by A. flavus (41.02%) and A. terreus (27.91%) respectively. Observations of dual culture plates revealed that A. flavus and A. niger antagonized the pathogen via overgrowth mechanism while A. terreus employed antibiosis to restrict the growth of F. verticillioides. The varying degrees of antagonism exhibited by the Aspergillus endophytes show their potential as biocontrol agents and source of bioactive compounds"

"Candida sp. Berbagai spesies Candida seperti; C.albicans, C.glabrata, C,parapsilosis, C.tropicalis, C.keyfr, C.lusitaniae dan C.krusei. Saat ini, kandidiasis meningkat akibat tingginya individu dengan defisiensi imun, penyakit kronik, transplantasi dan faktor lainnya. Beberapa obat dilaporkan mengalami resistensi. Fluconazole merupakan salahsatu lini pertama pada kandidiasis. Beberapa studi melaporkan fluconazole mengalami resistensi terhadap C. krusei. Voriconazole merupakan golongan azole terbaru yang mempunyai sensitifitas lebih tinggi terhadap C.krusei. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sensitifitas fluconazole dan voriconazole terhadap C.krusei Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder dari rekam medik pasien kandidiasis di RSCM tahun 2013-2018 yang sudah diuji difusi cakram untuk pengujian sensitifitas dengan total sampel adalah 249. Hasil: Uji sensitifitas menunjukkan perbedaan yang bermakna antara fluconazole dengan voriconazole dengan rincian 191 isolat diuji dengan fluconazole 50.26% sensitif, 2.09% Susceptible Dose Dependent (SDD), dan 47.64% resisten sementara dengan voriconazole menunjukkan 100% sensitif dari 58 sampel (p< 0.05). Hasil dari penelitian, voriconazolelebih sensitif dari fluconazole terhadap Candida krusei. Kesimpulan: C.krusei lebih sensitif terhadap voriconazole karena memiliki kemampuanresistensi secara intrinsik terhadap fluconazole.Candida sp. Various species of Candida such as; C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalalis, C. keyfr, C. lusitaniae and C. krusei. Currently, candidiasis is increasing due to the high number of individuals with immunodeficiency, chronic disease, transplantation and other factors. Several drugs have been reported to be resistant. Fluconazole is one of the the first line of treatment for candidiasis. Several studies reported that fluconazole was resistant to C. krusei. Voriconazole is the newest azole group that has a higher sensitivity to C. krusei. Objective: This study aims to determine the sensitivity of fluconazole and voriconazole to C.krusei Methods: This study used secondary data from the medical records of candidiasis patients at the RSCM in 2013-2018 which had been tested for disc diffusion for sensitivity testing with a total sample of 249. Results: Test sensitivity showed a significant difference between fluconazole and voriconazole with details of 191 isolates tested with fluconazole 50.26% sensitive, 2.09% Susceptible Dose Dependent (SDD), and 47.64% resistant while with voriconazole showed 100% sensitivity from 58 samples (p < 0.05). The results of the study, voriconazole more sensitive than fluconazole to Candida krusei. Conclusion: C. krusei is more sensitive to voriconazole because it has the ability tointrinsic resistance to fluconazole."

"ABSTRAKTesis ini bertujuan menilai perbandingan efektivitas terapi adjuvan injeksi kombinasi intrastromal IS dan intrakameral IK vorikonazol VCZ dengan intrastromal IS VCZ pada ulkus kornea jamur derajat sedang akibat Aspergillus fumigatus. Uji eksperimental tersamar acak dilakukan pada 11 kelinci albino New Zealand white yang terbagi menjadi 3 kelompok, yaitu kontrol, injeksi intrastromal, serta intrastromal dan intrakameral. Parameter yang dinilai adalah perubahan klinis, mikologis, dan histopatologik kornea. Sebagian besar subjek pada grup kombinasi memperlihatkan kecendrungan perbaikan klinis dibandingkan kelompok kontrol namun tidak bermakna secara statistik p>0,05 . Pemeriksaan histopatologik memperlihatkan kecenderungan peningkatan jumlah sel radang pada kelinci yang dilakukan inokulasi pada kedua matanya.

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ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of intrastromal IS and combined with intracameral IK voriconazole VCZ therapy in moderate keratomycosis caused by Aspergillus fumigatus in rabbits. A randomized, masked, controlled experimental study was administered on 11 albino New Zealand white rabbits, which latter allocated into three different treatment groups of control, intrastromal VCZ and combinations. Clinical grading was performed at multiple times, while mycology analysis and histopathological examination were performed after treatment. All subjects in combination groups demonstrated a tendency of better clinical response with decreasing size of epithelial defect and infiltrate but statistically not significant p 0,05 . "

"pisang raja bulu is one of the most important bananas in Indonesia. However,, this plant low tolerance to wilt disease, caused by fusarium oxysporum f. cubense. Its mass cultivation is inhibited by the absence of variety tolerant to the disease. A wide range of genetic variability will be needed if selection for novel characters is to be conducted, especially when there is no source of resistance gene available for breeding materials. This research consisted of callus induction from primary explant, induction of somaclonal variation using gamma iradiation, and in vitro selection using fusaric acid, followed by regeneration and acclimatization of selected plantlets. The media applied for callus induction was MS (Murashige and skoog. 1962) +2,4-D 1 and 3 mg/l + NAA 0 and 0,1 mg/l and 2,4-D 5 mg/l + BA 0,5 mg/l + casein hidrolysate (CH) 500 mg/l. The applied gamma irradiation dosage were 0, and 0,1 mg/l and 2,4-D 5 mg/l + BA 0,5 mg/l + casein hidrolysate (CH) 500 mg/l. The applied gamma irradiation dosage were 0, 5.0, 7.5, 10 and 15 Gy. The irradiated cali was subsequently subcultures on selection media i.e., MS containing fusaric acid at 30 and 45 mg/l. The living calli was then regenerated on media containing BA, TDZ, eith or without proline and arginine. In addition, MS + kinetin 5 mg/l + 1AA 0,2 mg/l was applied for shoot development. The result showed that the most suitable callus induction media for pisang raja bulu was MS +2,4-D 5 mg/l +BA 0,5 mg/l +CH 500 mg/l. The gamma irradiation of 10 Gy produced somaclone lines which were able to proliferate bud nodules on selection media containing fusaric acid at 30 and 45 mg/l. The media for shoot development was MS + kinetin 5 mg/l + 1AA 0,2 mg/l. Plantlet obtained form the in vitro were then successfully acclimatized in the green house."