Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"Berbagai perubahan yang dialami pada saat bertransisi ke perguruan tinggi dapat memengaruhi afek positif dan negatif subjective well-being, tetapi perceived social support dapat berfungsi sebagai pelindung (stress-buffer). PSS memiliki tiga sumber, yaitu teman, keluarga, dan significant other. Dengan demikian, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh bersama-sama dari setiap dimensi atau sumber PSS terhadap afek positif dan negatif SWB serta sumber manakah yang memiliki pengaruh lebih besar terhadap afek positif dan negatif SWB. Partisipan terdiri dari 361 mahasiswa baru S1 yang berusia 18-21 tahun dan melaksanakan pembelajaran daring sehingga saat ini tinggal bersama keluarga. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik statistika multiple linear regression dengan metode stepwise. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa PSS keluarga dan significant other merupakan sumber yang berpengaruh secara positif dan signifikan terhadap afek positif. PSS keluarga memiliki peran yang lebih besar daripada PSS significant other terhadap afek positif (R2 = 0,215, p< 0,001). Selanjutnya, PSS keluarga merupakan satu-satunya sumber yang secara negatif dan signifikan berpengaruh terhadap afek negatif (R2 = 0,066, p< 0,001). Hasil penelitian dapat dimanfaatkan oleh konselor mahasiswa di perguruan tinggi.

---

Changes experienced by freshmen when transitioning to college influence both their positive and negative affects of SWB, but the existence of perceived social support may act as a protector (stress-buffer). PSS has three sources, namely friends, family, and significant other. Thus, this study aims to determine the joint effect of each dimension or source of PSS towards positive and negative affects of SWB and which sources have a greater influence towards positive and negative affects of SWB. Participants consisted of 361 freshmen college students aged 18-21 years and attended lectures by an online learning system so they currently live with their families. Data analysis is done using multiple linear regression statistical techniques with stepwise method. The results showed that family and significant other PSS are sources that have a positive and significant effect toward positive affect. Family PSS has a greater role than the significant other PSS toward positive affect (R2 = 0.215, p <0.001). Furthermore, family PSS is the only source that has a negative and significant effect toward negative affect (R2 = 0.066, p <0.001). The research results can be used by student counselors in universities"

"Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat besaran kontribusi perceived social support terhadap subjective well-being pada remaja panti asuhan di Jakarta. Remaja panti asuhan dipilih karena mereka menghadapi kondisi kehidupan yang berbeda dengan remaja secara umum. Partisipan dalam penelitian ini adalah 130 remaja berusia 11 ndash; 21 tahun yang berasal dari 11 panti di Jakarta. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan meminta partisipan untuk mengisi kuesioner perceived social support dan subjective well-being. Perceived social support diukur dengan menggunakan alat ukur Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support yang dikembangkan oleh Gregory D. Zimet 1988 . Subjective well-being diukur dengan menggunakan dua alat ukur yang berbeda. Alat ukur Satisfaction With Life Scale yang disusun oleh Ed Diener 1985 digunakan untuk mengukur komponen kognitif kepuasan hidup. Alat ukur Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule PANAS yang dikembangkan oleh Watson, Clark, Tellegan 1988 digunakan untuk mengukur afeksi positif dan negatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perceieved social support berkontribusi secara signifikan terhadap komponen afeksi positif subjective well-being R2 = 0,146, p = 0,000, namun tidak berkontribusi secara signifikan terhadap komponen kognitif kepuasan hidup subjective well-being R2 = 0,019, p = 0,328 dan terhadap komponen afeksi negatif subjective well-being R2 = 0,027, p = 0,478. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi perceived social support yang dimiliki oleh remaja panti asuhan, maka semakin tinggi juga afeksi positif subjective well-being yang dimilikinya.

---

This research paper is conducted to investigate the contribution of perceived social support in subjective well being among the orphanage adolescents in Jakarta. The adolescent orphanages are selected because they have different living conditions with adolescents in general. The research subjects are 130 adolescents between 11 ndash 21 years old who lived in 11 orphanage in Jakarta. The data is collected by asking participants to fill out perceived social support and subjective well being questionnaires. Perceived social support was measured by Multiple Scale of Perceived Social Support constructed by Gregory D. Zimet 1988. Subjective well being was measured using two different instruments. Cognitive component life stastisfaction of subjective well being was measured by Satisfaction With Life Scale constructed by Ed Diener 1985. Affective component positive and negative affection was measured by Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule PANAS constructed by Watson, Clark, Tellegan 1988 . The result of this research showed that perceived social support has significantly contributed to positive affect component of subjective well being R2 0,146, p 0,000 but perceived social support has no significant contribution to cognitive component or life satisfaction R2 0,019, p 0, 0,328 and negative affect component of subjective well being R2 0,027, p 0,478. These results indicate that the higher perceived social support they feel, the higher positive affect of subjective well being they have."

"Pandemi COVID-19 tidak hanya berdampak pada kesehatan fisik namun juga pada SWB remaja. Remaja merupakan kelompok paling rentan terhadap dampak tersebut berkaitan dengan karakteristik perkembangannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kontribusi kesepian, traits kepribadian (extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness to experience), dan persepsi terhadap dukungan sosial (keluarga, teman, figur yang signifikan) terhadap SWB (LS, PA, NA) remaja pada masa pandemi COVID-19 di Indonesia. Partisipan penelitian ini adalah 313 orang remaja yang tinggal di Indonesia usia 13-18 tahun (M= 15.72; SD=1) dengan tingkat pendidikan sekolah menengah (sederajat SMP dan SMA). Partisipan dipilih menggunakan metode convenience sampling, pengumpulan data dilakukan secara daring. Alat ukur dalam penelitian ini adalah Satisfaction with Life Scale, Scale of Positive and Negative Experience, R-UCLA Loneliness Scale Version 3, dan Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Analisis data menggunakan teknik regresi hirarki berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kesepian, traits kepribadian, dan persepsi terhadap dukungan sosial berkontribusi terhadap SWB (LS, PA, NA) remaja secara signifikan. Kontributor yang signifikan adalah kesepian, neuroticism dan openness to experience, serta persepsi terhadap dukungan sosial dari keluarga. Hasil penelitian ini dapat dimanfaatkan untuk menyusun intervensi psikologis bagi remaja dan psikoedukasi bagi orangtua dalam meningkatkan SWB remaja pada masa pandemi.

---

The COVID-19 pandemic not only has an impact on physical health but also on adolescents’ subjective well-being (SWB). Adolescent is the most vulnerable group affected by the negative consequences of COVID-19 pandemic. This research investigated the contribution of loneliness, personality trait (extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness to experience), and perceived social support (family, friend, and significant figure) to adolescents’ SWB during COVID-19 pandemic. The participants were 313 of Indonesian adolescents aged 13- 18 years (M= 15.72; SD=1. 517), with junior and senior high education. Participants were selected using the convenience sampling method and data were collected online. The measuring instruments used in this study are Satisfaction with Life Scale, Scale of Positive and Negative Experience, R-UCLA Loneliness Scale Version 3, and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Data were analyzed using hierarchical multiple regression technique. The results showed that loneliness, personality traits, and perceived social support contributed to adolescent SWB (LS, PA, NA). Loneliness, neuroticism and openness to experience, and perceived social support from family were significant contributors to SWB (LS, PA, NA). This study can be implemented to develop psychological interventions for adolescents and psychoeducation for parents in increasing adolescent SWB during the pandemic."

"Seorang ibu bekerja mempunyai beragam peran, yaitu sebagai seorang istri, ibu, dan pekerja. Ia bisa mendapat keuntungan dari perannya yang beragam, seperti meningkatkan self-esteem dan kepercayaan diri, sehingga subjective well-being (SWB)-nya meningkat. Di sisi lain, adapula masalah yang dapat mengurangi SWB-nya dari keberagaman peran tersebut, seperti kelebihan beban pada perannya (role overload) dan konflik peran. Adanya dampak yang berlawanan dari keberagaman peran tersebut membuat peneliti merasa perlu mengidentifikasi ciri-ciri SWB yang tinggi pada ibu bekerja. Di antara faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi SWB, adanya dukungan sosial adalah faktor yang menarik untuk mengidentifikasi ibu bekerja dengan SWB yang tinggi. Ketertarikan tersebut antara lain datang dari pernyataan bahwa keuntungan fisik dan psikologis dari pekerjaan seorang ibu dapat menjadi tidak berguna apabila dukungan yang diberikan kurang. Untuk mengetahui apakah memang ibu bekerja dengan SWB yang tinggi memiliki dukungan sosial yang tinggi, peneliti mengangkat permasalahan tersebut di dalam penelitian ini. Penelitian ini menggunakan perceived social support (PSS) untuk menjelaskan konsep dukungan sosialnya, menganalisis hubungan antara komponen-komponen SWB (kepuasan hidup secara global, afek positif, dan afek negatif) dengan PSS selain SWB secara keseluruhan. Sampel penelitian ini adalah 82 ibu bekerja berusia 25 ? 40 tahun yang berdomisili di Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, atau Bekasi, bekerja minimal 35 jam dan tidak memiliki bawahan dalam pekerjaan tersebut, mempunyai anak di bawah umur 15 tahun, mempunyai suami yang bekerja fulltime, dan mempunyai orang (selain kerabat dan suami) yang membantu pekerjaannya di rumah. Data yang didapatkan kemudian dianalisis korelasinya dengan menggunakan SPSS 11.0. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan yang signifikan antara PSS dengan SWB dan komponen-komponennya.

---

An employed mother have multiple roles, that is, as a wife, mother, and worker. She could have benefits from her multiple roles, such as increasing self-esteem and self-confidence, so her subjective well-being (SWB) could improve. On the other hand, there are problems from multiple roles that could lower her SWB, such as role overload and role conflict. The conflicting effects from multiple roles mentioned above make the researcher feel there is a need to identify the characteristics of employed mothers with high SWB. Among other factors that influence SWB, social support was an interesting factor to be researched for employed mothers with high SWB identification. That interest came from the statement that pyshical and psychological benefits coming from an employed mothers' job could be less useful if there are only little support given to her. To know whether or not employed mothers' with high SWB has high social support, the researcher raises that problem in this research.

This research used perceived social support (PSS) to conceptualize social support, and analyze the relationship between SWB components (global life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect) with PSS aside from SWB as a whole. The sample in this research are 82 employed mothers with the age between 25 - 40 years old, living in Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, or Bekasi, worked 35 hours a week at minimum and didn't have any staff under her, had a child under 15 years old, had a husband that worked full-time, and had someone (aside from her husband and child) that helped her doing houseworks. Acquired data was analyzed using Pearson Product Moment correlation with SPSS 11.0. The results show that there are significant relationships between perceived social support with SWB and its components."

"Pandemi COVID-19 menyebabkan munculnya konsekuensi negatif bagi Subjective well-being (SWB) remaja, yang merupakan kelompok paling rentan karena karakteristik perkembangannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kontribusi respons terhadap stres (primary control engagement coping, secondary control engagement coping, disengagement coping, involuntary engagement dan involuntary disengagement), traits kepribadian (extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness to experience) dan persepsi terhadap dukungan sosial (keluarga, teman, figur yang signifikan) pada SWB remaja selama masa pandemi COVID-19. Partisipan adalah 313 orang remaja Indonesia (13-18 tahun) yang dipilih menggunakan metode convenience sampling. Alat ukur yang digunakan adalah Satisfaction with Life Scale, Scale of Positive and Negative Experience, Child Self Report Responses to Stress Questionnaire-COVID-19 dan Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Data dianalisis dengan regresi hierarki berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa respons terhadap stres, traits kepribadian, dan persepsi terhadap dukungan sosial berkontribusi terhadap SWB (LS, PA dan NA) remaja. Secara khusus, involuntary disengagement response, extraversion, neuroticism dan persepsi terhadap dukungan sosial dari keluarga secara signifikan berkontribusi pada SWB remaja. Hasil penelitian ini memberikan implikasi praktis bagi para praktisi untuk menyusun intervensi bagi remaja agar dapat mengembangkan respon terhadap stres yang adaptif dan untuk orang tua agar memberikan dukungan kepada remaja sehingga dapat mengoptimalkan SWB remaja Indonesia pada masa pandemi COVID-19 dan seterusnya.

---

COVID-19 pandemic causes negative consequence for adolescents’ subjective well- being (SWB) as they are the most vulnerable group due to their developmental characteristic. This research investigated contribution response to stress (primary control engagement coping, secondary control engagement coping, disengagement coping, involuntary engagement dan involuntary disengagement), personality traits (extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness to experience), and perceived social support (family, friends, significant figure) of adolescent SWB during COVID-19 pandemic period. The participants were 313 Indonesian adolescents (13-18 years old), selected using convenience sampling method. The measurements were Satisfaction with Life Scale, Scale of Positive and Negative Experience, Child Self Report Responses to Stress Questionnaire-COVID-19 dan Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Data were analyzed using hierarchical multiple regression. Results showed that response to stress, personality traits, and perceived social support together contributed to adolescents’ SWB (LS, PA & NA) significantly. Specifically, involuntary disengagement response, extraversion, neuroticism and perceived social support from family significantly contributed to adolescents’ SWB. The practical implication for professionals are to develop psychological intervention for adolescents to be able to develop adaptive response to stress and for parents to give support to adolescents in order optimize their SWB in Indonesian context during the COVID-19 pandemic and onward."

"Kebijakan pembatasan dalam melakukan interaksi sosial, menyebabkan penggunaan media sosial meningkat selama pandemi COVID-19. Mahasiswa merupakan pengguna media sosial terbanyak di Indonesia, dimana media sosial Instagram dan TikTok populer di kalangan mahasiswa. Adanya beragam fitur yang ada pada Instagram dan TikTok dapat menyebabkan mahasiswa melakukan social comparison, dimana hal tersebut dapat menimbulkan emosi negatif yang mengarah pada penurunan subjective well-being mahasiswa. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk melihat hubungan antara social comparison dan subjective well-being pada mahasiswa pengguna Instagram dan TikTok. Terdapat dua alat ukur yang digunakan, yaitu The Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation Scale untuk mengukur social comparison dan The Perma-Profiler untuk mengukur subjective well-being. Partisipan di dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 191 mahasiswa pengguna media sosial Instagram dan TikTok, yang terdiri dari laki-laki dan perempuan, dengan rentang usia 19-25 tahun (M = 21,37, SD = 1,028) dari berbagai wilayah di Indonesia. Berdasarkan uji korelasi yang dilakukan menggunakan teknik analisis Pearson Correlation, ditemukan bahwa terdapat hubungan negatif dan signifikan antara social comparison dan subjective well-being pada mahasiswa pengguna Instagram dan TikTok (r (191) = -0,130, p < 0,05). Oleh karena itu, semakin tinggi social comparison yang dilakukan mahasiswa, semakin rendah pula subjective well-being mahasiswa, demikian pula dengan sebaliknya.

---

The policy of limiting social interactions caused the use of social media increases during the COVID-19 pandemic. College students are amongst the most active users on social media, also Instagram and TikTok are popular among them. The various features on Instagram and Tiktok can cause college students to do social comparison, which can elevate negative emotions that lead to decreased student’s subjective well-being. Thus, this study aims to find out whether social comparison has an effect on college student’s subjective well-being. There are two measurement instruments used, The Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation Scale to measure social comparison and The Perma-Profiler to measure subjective well-being. Participants in this study were 191 college students using Instagram and TikTok, consisting of male and female, with an age range of 19-25 years (M = 21,37, SD = 1,028) from various areas in Indonesia. According to the correlation test that conducted using Pearson Correlation, there is a negative and significant correlation between social comparison and subjective well-being of college students using Instagram and TikTok (r (191) = -0,130, p < 0,05). Thus, the higher level of social comparison that students did, the lower the subjective well-being of college students using Instagram and TikTok as well, and vice versa."

"Pandemi Covid-19 tentunya menyebabkan banyak sekali penyesuaian yang harus dilakukan oleh masyarakat, termasuk mahasiswa. Pada masa pandemi ini, mahasiswa banyak melakukan kegiatan secara daring yang menyebabkan perubahan hidup yang cukup signifikan pada mahasiswa. Situasi ketidakpastian akibat pandemi berdampak pada subjective well-being mahasiswa. Keluarga sebagai salah satu sumber dukungan sosial, berperan penting dalam membantu mempertahankan tingkat subjective well-being yang tinggi pada mahasiswa. Studi ini bertujuan untuk melihat peran keberfungsian keluarga terhadap subjective well-being mahasiswa pada masa pandemi Covid-19. Peneliti menggunakan tipe penelitian kuantitatif dengan strategi penelitian noneksperimental, di mana peneliti menyebarkan kuesioner keberfungsian keluarga (Family Assessment Device) dan kuesioner subjective well-being (Subjective Happiness Scale) kepada partisipan. Sebanyak total 390 mahasiswa dan mahasiswi S1 dengan rentang usia 18 - 23 tahun berpartisipasi pada penelitian ini. Berdasarkan hasil analisis multiple regression, diketahui bahwa keberfungsian keluarga berperan secara signifikan terhadap subjective well-being mahasiswa di masa pandemi Covid-19 (R2 = 0,274, p < 0,05). Dimensi keberfungsian keluarga yang berperan secara signifikan adalah dimensi komunikasi, peran, dan respon afektif. Oleh karena itu, keluarga diharapkan dapat meningkatkan komunikasi, pembagian peran dan respon afektif sehingga dapat mempertahankan tingkat subjective well-being yang baik

---

The Covid-19 pandemic has caused a lot of adjustments that need to be done by the community, including college students. During this pandemic, students are doing a lot of online activities that cause significant life changes for students. The situation of uncertainty due to the pandemic has an impact on the subjective wellbeing of students. Family as a source of social support plays an important role in helping to maintain a high level of subjective well-being in students. This study aims to determine the role of family functioning on college students' subjective well-being in Covid-19 pandemic. This research is a quantitative nonexperimental study, using Family Assessment Device (FAD) and Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS) questionnaire. A total of 390 men and women college students in the range of 18 - 23 years old participated in this study. Using multiple regressions analysis, the results showed that family functioning has a significant role on college students’ subjective well-being in Covid-19 pandemic situation (R2 = 0,274, p < 0,05). In addition, we obtained that communications, roles, and affective response dimensions have a significant role on subjective well-being. Therefore, families are expected to improve communication, roles and affective responses to maintain a good level of subjective well-being in college students.

"

"Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mendapatkan gambaran mengenai hubungan antara perceived social support dan psychological well-being pada mahasiswa perantau tahun pertama di Universitas Indonesia. Perceived social support diukur dengan alat ukur Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (Zimet, 1988) dan psychological well-being diukur menggunakan alat ukur Psychological Well-Being Scale (Ryff, 1898). Partisipan pada penelitian ini adalah 131 mahasiswa perantau tahun pertama yang baru pertama kali tinggal terpisah dengan orang tuanya, yang terdiri dari 99 orang wanita (75.6%) dan 32 orang laki-laki (24.4%). Pearson?s Correlation digunakan untuk mengukur hubungan antara perceived social support dan psychological well-being.Hasil utama dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang positif dan signifikan antara perceived social support dan psychological well-being pada mahasiswa perantau tahun pertama di Universitas Indonesia (r=0.307, n=131, p=0.000, signifikan pada L.o.S 0.01). Artinya, semakin tinggi perceived social support pada mahasiswa perantau tahun pertama di Universitas Indonesia maka semakin tinggi juga psychological well-being-nya.

---

This research was conducted to find the correlation between perceived social support and psychological well-being among first-year migrant students at Universitas Indonesia. Perceived social support was measured using Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (Zimet, 1988) and psychological well-being was measured using Psychological Well-Being Scale (Ryff, 1898). The participant of this research are 131 first-year student who lived appart from their parent for the first time, which consists of 99 female (75.6%) and 32 male (24.4%). Pearson's correlation is used to calculate the relation of perceived social support and psychological well-being.The main result of this research shows that there is a positive and significant relation between perceived social support and psychological well-being among first-year imigrant student at Universitas Indonesia (r=0.307, n=131, p=0.000, significant at L.o.S 0.01). This means, the higher perceived social support, the higher psychological well-being among first-year imigrant students at Universitas Indonesia."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara persepsi kebebasan dalam waktu luang dengan subjective well-being pada mahasiswa Universitas Inonesia. Sampel penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa Universitas Indonesia pada program studi S1. 126 responden penelitian diminta mengisi instrumen penelitian, yaitu perceived freedom in leisure short form (Witt & Ellis, 1985), Satisfaction With Life Scale (Diener et al, 1985), dan Positive Affect ? Negative Affect Scale (Watson & Tellegen, 1985) secara online. Penelitian menemukan adanya korelasi positif antara persepsi kebebasan dalam waktu luang dan affect balance (r=-0,500, p<0,05) serta korelasi positif antara persepsi kebebasan dalam waktu luang dan kepuasan hidup (r= 0,203, p<0,05). Analisis tambahan menunjukkan bahwa terdapat data kontrol ,yakni jenis kelamin, berpengaruh terhadap hasil penelitian.

---

This research aimed to find the correlation between perceived freedom in leisure and subjective well-being among students of University of Indonesia. 126 respondents were asek to fill our instruments, perceived freedom in leisure short form (Witt & Ellis, 1985), Satisfaction With Life Scale (Diener et al, 1985), dan Positive Affect ? Negative Affect Scale (Watson & Tellegen, 1985) through internet. The finding of this research is that there is a positive correlation between perceived freedom in leisure and affect balance (r=-0,500, p<0,05) and also positive correlation between perceived freedom in leisure and life satisfaction (r= 0,203, p<0,05). Additional analyses showed that gender did have influence the result of this study."

"Dalam kehidupan perkuliahan di universitas, stres akademik senantiasa menjadi faktor penghalang bagi mahasiswa untuk mencapai subjective well being yang tinggi. Self compassion diperkenalkan sebagai salah satu variabel yang berpotensi dapat melindungi mahasiwa dari stres akademik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat bagaimana efek self compassion dalam memoderasi hubungan antara stres akademik dan subjective well being. Partisipan penelitian ini adalah 251 mahasiswa dengan rentang usia berkisar antara 18-23 tahun (M=21,18, SD=1.33). Hasil analisis korelasi Pearson menunjukan bahwa stres akademik secara signfikan berkorelasi negatif dengan subjective well being. Hasil analisis moderasi menggunakan PROCESS Macro Hayes menunjukan bahwa self compassion tidak berkontribusi secara signifikan terhadap hubungan antara stres akademik dan subjective well being. Hasil penelitian, implikasi, limitasi, serta saran untuk penelitian kedepannya didiskusikan.

---

In university life, academic stress is always become a major obstacle for students to achieve high subjective well-being. Self-compassion is introduced as a variable that has the potential to protect students from academic stress. This study aims to see how the effect of self- compassion in moderating the relationship between academic stress and subjective well-being. The participants of this study were 251 students with an age range ranging from 18-23 years (M=21.18, SD=1.33). The results of Pearson correlation analysis shows that academic stress is significantly negatively correlated with subjective well being. The results of the moderating analysis using PROCESS Macro Hayes show that self-compassion does not contribute significantly to the relationship between academic stress and subjective well-being. The research results, implications, limitations, and suggestions for future research are discussed."