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"Pelibatan perempuan dalam peredaran gelap narkotika terus berkembang. Namun, demikian pembahasan mengenai isu ini seringkali dikesampingkan dan hanya dibahas dalam sudut pandang keputusan, tanpa menyingkap berbagai bentuk eksploitasi mereka dalam jaringan peredaran gelap narkotika. Melalui analisis kritis dan pendekatan feminis marxis dan sosialis, studi ini berupaya memberikan penggambaran pelibatan perempuan dalam berbagai peran pada jaringan kejahatan narkotika. Studi ini memberikan analisis pada pengalaman 8 (delapan) perempuan yang diperoleh melalui studi literatur, studi dokumen putusan pengadilan, dan wawancara mendalam pada narapidana perempuan yang pernah dilibatkan dalam kasus peredaran gelap narkotika. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa perempuan mengalami peningkatan eksploitasi serta viktimisasi seiring dengan penempatan mereka dalam berbagai posisi beresiko. Jaringan kejahatan narkotika mereproduksi nilai patriarki dan kapitalisme dengan menempatkan perempuan pada rantai terbawah dan garda terluar untuk menghasilkan keuntungan bagi bisnis ilegal tersebut.

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Abstrak Berbahasa Inggris:

The involvement of female in the illicit trafficking of narcotics continues to grow. However, discussions on this issue are often sidelined and only discussed from the point of view of decisions, without disclosing the various forms of their exploitation in the illicit drug trafficking network. Through critical analysis and feminist Marxist and Socialist approaches, this study attempts to provide a description of the involvement of female in various roles in narcotics crime networks. This study provides an analysis of the experiences of 8 (eight) females obtained through literature studies, studies of court decision documents, and in-depth interviews with female prisoners who have been involved in drug trafficking cases. The results of this study indicate that women experience increased exploitation and victimization along with their placement in various risky positions. The narcotics crime network reproduces the values of patriarchy and capitalism by placing women at the bottom of the chain and at the outermost guard to generate profits for these illegal businesses."

"Pelibatan perempuan dalam peredaran gelap narkotika terus berkembang. Namun, demikian pembahasan mengenai isu ini seringkali dikesampingkan dan hanya dibahas dalam sudut pandang keputusan, tanpa menyingkap berbagai bentuk eksploitasi mereka dalam jaringan peredaran gelap narkotika. Melalui analisis kritis dan pendekatan feminis marxis dan sosialis, studi ini berupaya memberikan penggambaran pelibatan perempuan dalam berbagai peran pada jaringan kejahatan narkotika. Studi ini memberikan analisis pada pengalaman 8 (delapan) perempuan yang diperoleh melalui studi literatur, studi dokumen putusan pengadilan, dan wawancara mendalam pada narapidana perempuan yang pernah dilibatkan dalam kasus peredaran gelap narkotika. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa perempuan mengalami peningkatan eksploitasi serta viktimisasi seiring dengan penempatan mereka dalam berbagai posisi beresiko. Jaringan kejahatan narkotika mereproduksi nilai patriarki dan kapitalisme dengan menempatkan perempuan pada rantai terbawah dan garda terluar untuk menghasilkan keuntungan bagi bisnis ilegal tersebut.

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The involvement of female in the illicit trafficking of narcotics continues to grow. However, discussions on this issue are often sidelined and only discussed from the point of view of decisions, without disclosing the various forms of their exploitation in the illicit drug trafficking network. Through critical analysis and feminist Marxist and Socialist approaches, this study attempts to provide a description of the involvement of female in various roles in narcotics crime networks. This study provides an analysis of the experiences of 8 (eight) females obtained through literature studies, studies of court decision documents, and in-depth interviews with female prisoners who have been involved in drug trafficking cases. The results of this study indicate that women experience increased exploitation and victimization along with their placement in various risky positions. The narcotics crime network reproduces the values of patriarchy and capitalism by placing women at the bottom of the chain and at the outermost guard to generate profits for these illegal businesses."

"[ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan keterlibatan perempuan sebagaikurir dalam peredaran gelap narkotika serta serta mengidentifikasi faktor-faktoryang mendorong perempuan terlibat sebagai kurir dalam peredaran gelapnarkotika.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif yang mengandalkan analisis datadeskriptif yang diperoleh melalui hasil wawancara yang mendalam dengan 8(delapan) informan perempuan dari beberapa tempat yaitu : di LembagaPemasyarakatan Klas IIA Wanita Tangerang, Banten, Rumah Tahanan (Rutan)Klas IIA Wanita Jakarta Timur, Rutan Direktorat Tindak Pidana NarkotikaBareskrim Polri dan Rutan Badan Narkotika Nasional. Data juga diperolehdengan pengamatan dan studi kepustakaan.Keterlibatan perempuan dalam peredaran gelap narkotika, seperti diketahuibahwa perempuan memiliki peranan yang tidak dapat diabaikan begitu saja,karena banyaknya peranan perempuan baik didalam keluarga serta dalamkehidupan ekonomi, sosial, kebudayaan, pendidikan, politik dan agama.Kedudukan perempuan sangat strategis didalam keluarga, khususnya dalammembentuk pribadi-pribadi yang militan, kekuatan seorang perempuan bukanhanya mengubah hidup keluarganya, melainkan juga mengubah sebuah bangsaatau bahkan dunia. Namun kenyataan yang terjadi di lapangan, banyakperempuan yang terlibat dalam peredaran gelap narkotika sebagai kurir.Perempuan sebagai kurir tidak serta merta terjadi, ada sindikat narkotika yangmengendalikan perempuan dengan berbagai modus, ada karena ketidaktahuanmereka, ketergantungan kepada laki-laki yang mempunayi hubungan denganperempuan sebagai suami atau pacar, ada juga karena dititipi barang narkotika.Perempuan terlibat tanpa mengetahui resiko atas tindakannya dan berakhir dalamhukuman di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan.

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ABSTRACTThis study aimed to describe the involvement of women as couriers in the illicittrafficking of narcotics as well as well as to identify factors that encouragewomen to get involved as a courier in the illicit trafficking of narcotics.This study used a qualitative method that relies on the analysis of descriptivedata obtained through in-depth interviews with 8 (eight) female informant fromseveral places, namely: The Women's Penitentiary Institution Class IIATangerang, Banten, House of Detention Class IIA Women East Jakarta; House ofDetention of Crime Narcotics Directorate of Criminal Investigation Police andthe House of Detention of National Narcotics Board. Data were also obtained bythe observation and study of literature.Women's involvement in the illicit traffic in narcotics, as is well known thatwomen have a role that can not be ignored, because of the role of women bothwithin families and in economic life, social, cultural, educational, political andreligious. Strategic position of women within the family, especially in the form ofmilitant individuals, the power of a woman not only changed the lives of herfamily, but also transform a nation or even the world. But the fact is happeningon the ground, many women are involved in the illicit trafficking of narcotics as acourier.Women as couriers is not necessarily the case, there are narcotics syndicates thatcontrol women with a variety of modes, there because of their ignorance,dependence on a man who has little relationship with the woman as husband orboyfriend, there's also because the goods entrusted narcotics. Women involvedwithout knowing the risks of his actions and ended in penalties in thePenitentiary;This study aimed to describe the involvement of women as couriers in the illicittrafficking of narcotics as well as well as to identify factors that encouragewomen to get involved as a courier in the illicit trafficking of narcotics.This study used a qualitative method that relies on the analysis of descriptivedata obtained through in-depth interviews with 8 (eight) female informant fromseveral places, namely: The Women's Penitentiary Institution Class IIATangerang, Banten, House of Detention Class IIA Women East Jakarta; House ofDetention of Crime Narcotics Directorate of Criminal Investigation Police andthe House of Detention of National Narcotics Board. Data were also obtained bythe observation and study of literature.Women's involvement in the illicit traffic in narcotics, as is well known thatwomen have a role that can not be ignored, because of the role of women bothwithin families and in economic life, social, cultural, educational, political andreligious. Strategic position of women within the family, especially in the form ofmilitant individuals, the power of a woman not only changed the lives of herfamily, but also transform a nation or even the world. But the fact is happeningon the ground, many women are involved in the illicit trafficking of narcotics as acourier.Women as couriers is not necessarily the case, there are narcotics syndicates thatcontrol women with a variety of modes, there because of their ignorance,dependence on a man who has little relationship with the woman as husband orboyfriend, there's also because the goods entrusted narcotics. Women involvedwithout knowing the risks of his actions and ended in penalties in thePenitentiary;This study aimed to describe the involvement of women as couriers in the illicittrafficking of narcotics as well as well as to identify factors that encouragewomen to get involved as a courier in the illicit trafficking of narcotics.This study used a qualitative method that relies on the analysis of descriptivedata obtained through in-depth interviews with 8 (eight) female informant fromseveral places, namely: The Women's Penitentiary Institution Class IIATangerang, Banten, House of Detention Class IIA Women East Jakarta; House ofDetention of Crime Narcotics Directorate of Criminal Investigation Police andthe House of Detention of National Narcotics Board. Data were also obtained bythe observation and study of literature.Women's involvement in the illicit traffic in narcotics, as is well known thatwomen have a role that can not be ignored, because of the role of women bothwithin families and in economic life, social, cultural, educational, political andreligious. Strategic position of women within the family, especially in the form ofmilitant individuals, the power of a woman not only changed the lives of herfamily, but also transform a nation or even the world. But the fact is happeningon the ground, many women are involved in the illicit trafficking of narcotics as acourier.Women as couriers is not necessarily the case, there are narcotics syndicates thatcontrol women with a variety of modes, there because of their ignorance,dependence on a man who has little relationship with the woman as husband orboyfriend, there's also because the goods entrusted narcotics. Women involvedwithout knowing the risks of his actions and ended in penalties in thePenitentiary, This study aimed to describe the involvement of women as couriers in the illicittrafficking of narcotics as well as well as to identify factors that encouragewomen to get involved as a courier in the illicit trafficking of narcotics.This study used a qualitative method that relies on the analysis of descriptivedata obtained through in-depth interviews with 8 (eight) female informant fromseveral places, namely: The Women's Penitentiary Institution Class IIATangerang, Banten, House of Detention Class IIA Women East Jakarta; House ofDetention of Crime Narcotics Directorate of Criminal Investigation Police andthe House of Detention of National Narcotics Board. Data were also obtained bythe observation and study of literature.Women's involvement in the illicit traffic in narcotics, as is well known thatwomen have a role that can not be ignored, because of the role of women bothwithin families and in economic life, social, cultural, educational, political andreligious. Strategic position of women within the family, especially in the form ofmilitant individuals, the power of a woman not only changed the lives of herfamily, but also transform a nation or even the world. But the fact is happeningon the ground, many women are involved in the illicit trafficking of narcotics as acourier.Women as couriers is not necessarily the case, there are narcotics syndicates thatcontrol women with a variety of modes, there because of their ignorance,dependence on a man who has little relationship with the woman as husband orboyfriend, there's also because the goods entrusted narcotics. Women involvedwithout knowing the risks of his actions and ended in penalties in thePenitentiary]"

"Pada tgl 21 Juli 2008 yang lalu Biro sumber daya manuia (SDM) Bappenas menyelenggarakan diskusi bertema"Eksploitasi Sumber Daua Alam kapan Dominasi Asing Berakhir?"..."

"Eksploitasi gender sebagai produk dari tatanan sosial yang sudah berjalan sangat lama dan turun temurun di masyarakat telah membentuk institusi ideologis dimana perempuan menjadi sosok yang inferior jika dibandingkan dengan laki-laki. Dalam film Memoirs of a Geisha, Geisha didefinisikan sebagai penghibur perempuan Jepang yang identik dengan karakter anggun, menarik, serta memiliki keahlian dalam bidang seni tradisional Jepang. Untuk menjadi seorang Geisha yang sesuai dengan harapan masyarakat (patriarki), perempuan harus melalui beberapa proses yang memberi ruang terhadap eksploitasi yang dialami oleh perempuan. Kate Millet dalam teori Seksual Politiknya, menyatakan bahwa dalam masyarakat patriarki terdapat delapan institusi yang menjadi media untuk mengukuhkan sistem patriarki di masyarakat. Metodologi yang akan digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitatif-deskriptif. Hasil dari penelitian yang menggunakan teori Seksual Politik ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat eksploitasi yang dialami oleh perempuan dalam prosesnya menjadi Geisha. Dari delapan bentuk eksploitasi yang dijelaskan Millet, eksploitasi perempuan dalam film Memoirs of a Geisha didukung oleh empat institusi pendukung patriarki yaitu institusi ideologi, biologi, sosiologi, dan psikologi dan kemudian terwujud dalam bentuk :manipulasi pola pikir, manipulasi perilaku, kemudian bermuara pada fenomena inferior-superiority complex.

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Gender exploitation as a product of a social order that has been running for a very long time and for generations in society and has become an ideological institution where they become inferior figures when compared to men. In film Memoirs of a Geisha, Geisha are defined as Japanese female entertainers who are synonymous with graceful, friendly, attractive characters and have expertise in traditional Japanese arts. To become a Geisha in accordance with the expectations of society (patriarchy), women must go through several processes. These social and political processes then provide room for the exploitation experienced by women. Kate Millet, in her socio-political theory, stated that in a patriarchal society, there are eight institutions which become the media to strengthen the patriarchal system in society. The methodology that will be used in this research is qualitative-descriptive. The results of this research, which uses the Political Sexual approach, show that there is exploitation experienced by women in the process of becoming Geisha. Of the eight forms of exploitation described by Millet, the exploitation of women occurs supported by four institutions supporting patriarchy, namely the institutions of ideology, biology, sociology, and psychology and then manifested in the form of: mindset manipulation, behavioral manipulation, then leading to the phenomenon of inferior-superiority complex."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian bertujuan untuk membahas kerjasama ASEAN dalam penanggulangan peredaran gelap Narkotika dan Prekursor Narkotika. Pembahasan tersebut menjadi sangat penting, karena menyangkut menjaga dan melindungi masing-masing Negara anggota ASEAN. Kepentingan ini merupakan salah satu faktor pertimbangan dalam pelaksanaan Pertemuan para Menteri tingkat ASEAN dalam penanganan Masalah Narkotika yaitu ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Drug Matters AMMD . Dari pertemuan AMMD tersebut akan menghasilkan sebuah kesepakatan bersama yaitu Chaiman Statement yang diterapkan dalam national action plan masing-masing negara ASEAN khususnya dampak penerapan itu di Indonesia. Untuk mengumpulkan berbagai data sekunder dan berbagai sumber data digunakan pendekatan Studi Kepustakaan dan Studi Dokumen. Untuk mengolah data sekunder tersebut digunakan metode Analisis Kualitatif. Implementasi Kerjasama Penanggulangan Lalu Lintas Perdagangan Narkoba di Negara-negara ASEAN pada umumnya berbasis pada tindakan penegakan hukum terhadap para pengedar narkoba yang menggunakan jalur darat, laut dan udara, serta terhadap penyalahguna narkoba. Di Negara-negara anggota ASEAN yang dikenal mempunyai kawasan produksi narkoba, implementasi kerjasama penanggulangan lalu lintas perdagangan narkoba lebih difokuskan pada upaya pembasmian terhadap penanaman opium, ganja dan produksi narkoba. mengadakan kegiatan pendidikan pencegahan, penyembuhan dan rehabilitasi terhadap para penyalahguna narkoba, terutama di kalangan remaja dan pelajar dengan melibatkan peran serta masyarakat, terutama lembaga-lembaga pendidikan, organisasi kemasyarakatan dan Iingkungan kerja. Kerjasama regional dan internasional dilakukan oleh masing-masing Negara anggota ASEAN guna memperluas penggalangan sumber daya politik, ekonomi dan teknologi untuk meningkatkan efektivitas penanggulangan masalah Narkotika dan Prekursor Narkotika.

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ABSTRACTThe study aims to discuss ASEAN cooperation in the control of illicit traffic of Narcotics and Narcotics Precursor. The discussion becomes very important, because it involves maintaining and protecting each member country of ASEAN. This interest is one of the consideration factors in the implementation of ASEAN Ministerial Meeting in handling Narcotics Problem namely ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Drug Matters AMMD . From the AMMD meeting will result in a collective agreement that is Chairman Statement which is applied in the national action plan of each ASEAN country especially the impact of that application in Indonesia. To collect various secondary data and various data sources used the approach of Library Studies and Document Studies. To process the secondary data used method of Qualitative Analysis. Implementation of Trade Drugs Trafficking in ASEAN Countries is generally based on law enforcement actions against drug traffickers using land, sea and air routes, and against drug abusers. In ASEAN member countries known to have drug production areas, the implementation of drug traffic control cooperation is more focused on eradication of opium, marijuana and drug production. Conducting prevention, healing and rehabilitation education activities against drug abusers, especially among adolescents and students by involving the participation of the community, especially educational institutions, community organizations and the work environment. Regional and international cooperation is undertaken by each ASEAN Member State to expand political, economic and technological resources to enhance the effectiveness of drug trafficking"

"Masuknya peristiwa pandemi di Indonesia telah menghasilkan perubahan sistem kerja dari offline menjadi online, yang dianggap mampu membawa fleksibilitas kerja. Walau begitu, nyatanya implementasi “fleksibilitas” ini malah digunakan sebagai alat eksploitasi. Sebagai mahasiswa, magang dapat dinilai sebagai ‘celupan’ pertama kepada dunia kerja. Pengalaman yang didapatkan dari proses magang sangatlah penting terhadap proses, persepsi, ataupun etos kerja mereka kedepannya. Maka, penelitian ini ingin menganalisis proses eksploitasi dalam pekerjaan magang remote. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa eksploitasi masih umum dalam pengalaman magang remote; yang terjadi dalam 3 bentuk utama yaitu kerja berlebihan, underpaid, dan ketidakadaan representasi bagi pekerja. Beratnya eksploitasi telah merusak kesehatan fisik dan mental, menyebabkan mahasiswa merasa stres hingga depresi. Akibatnya, terdapat mahasiswa yang mengalami perubahan persepsi signifikan dalam bentuk membatasi kerja dengan kehidupan pribadi, dan bekerja secara independen atau di luar negeri. Di sisi lain, terdapat mahasiswa yang tidak sadar dan bahkan menyetujui tindak eksploitasi yang dialaminya. Adanya persetujuan ini merupakan hasil manufacturing consent yang dilakukan secara aktif (hubungan personal manajemen dengan pekerja) dan pasif (normalisasi eksploitasi, status magang yang sementara, magang yang seringkali diwajibkan). Maka, ditemukan bahwa eksploitasi disebabkan oleh manipulasi struktur magang dan peran manajemen, yang merupakan upaya labour control perusahaan untuk mengatur kehidupan pekerja dan memaksimalisasi profit.

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The entry of the pandemic in Indonesia has resulted in a shift from offline to online work systems, seen as bringing work flexibility. However, in reality, the implementation of this "flexibility" is being used as a tool for exploitation. Internships, as the first exposure to the working world for students, significantly impact their future processes, perceptions, and work ethics. Therefore, this research aims to analyze the process of exploitation in remote internship. Findings shows that exploitation is still prevalent in remote internship, taking three main forms: overwork, underpayment, and lack of representation. The severity of exploitation has resulted in physical and mental health issues, leading students to feel stressed and depressed. Consequently, some students have experienced significant changes in their perceptions, such as limiting their work involvement in personal life, and choosing to work independently or abroad. Meanwhile, some students are unaware and even consent to exploitation, which result from active (personal relationships with management) and passive (normalization of exploitation, temporary internship status, and the often mandatory nature of internships) manufacturing consent. As a result, it is found that exploitation is driven by internship structure manipulation and management roles, serving as labour control to regulate workers' lives and maximize profits. "

"Pandangan hakim terhadap status kewarganegaraan asing pada penjatuhan pidana dalam perkara peredaran gelap narkotika di Indonesia masih belum konsisten. Dalam beberapa putusan, status kewarganegaraan asing dicantumkan sebagai keadaan yang memberatkan sedangkan pada beberapa putusan lainnya status kewarganegaraan asing tersebut tidak dipertimbangkan sama sekali bahkan terdapat putusan yang menjadikan faktor tersebut sebagai alasan meringankan. Melalui metode penelitian yuridis normatif, dengan pengumpulan data menggunakan studi kepustakaan dan wawancara terhadap beberapa hakim di Indonesia, penelitian ini berupaya menjelaskan persoalan mengenai relevansi status kewarganegaraan asing dalam penjatuhan pidana ditinjau dari 3 (tiga) aspek yakni falsafah penjatuhan pidana, pengaturan penjatuhan pidana dalam perkara peredaran gelap narkotika dan perbandingannya terhadap Indonesia, Belanda, dan Amerika Serikat, serta pandangan hakim dari masing-masing ketiga negara tersebut. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa status kewarganegaraan asing terdakwa dapat dijustifikasi melalui general deterrence theory walaupun justifikasi melalui teori tersebut terbilang lemah. Selanjutnya, ditinjau dari pengaturan penjatuhan pidana, kendati tidak ditemukan status kewarganegaraan asing sebagai faktor yang relevan dalam penjatuhan pidana dari ketiga negara di atas, hakim masih memiliki diskresi untuk menentukan sendiri faktor-faktor yang relevan menurutnya, sehingga masih terbuka kemungkinan untuk faktor kewarganegaraan asing dipertimbangkan. Terakhir, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa hakim di Belanda dan beberapa hakim di Indonesia menilai status kewarganegaraan asing tersebut relevan untuk dipertimbangkan dalam penjatuhan pidana dengan alasan general deterrence theory dan beberapa alasan yang bersifat politis. Spesifik di Belanda, status kewarganegaraan asing juga dipertimbangkan dalam penjatuhan pidana karena terkait dengan adanya kendala eksekusi dalam beberapa jenis pidana tertentu. Namun, Amerika Serikat secara tegas menolak status kewarganegaraan asing untuk berpengaruh dalam penjatuhan pidana karena dipandang inkonstitusional.

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The perspective of judges regarding foreign citizenship status in sentencing for drug trafficking cases in Indonesia remains inconsistent. In some decisions, the status of foreign citizenship is identified as an aggravating circumstance whereas in several other decisions it is not considered at all or may even be considered as a mitigating factor. Through normative juridical research method, which involves literature review and interviews with several judges in Indonesia, this research aims to elucidate the issue of the relevance of foreign citizenship status in criminal sentencing, considering three aspects: sentencing philosophies, the regulation of criminal sentencing in drug trafficking cases and a comparison with Indonesia, the Netherlands, and the United States, as well as the views of judges from each of the three countries. The research finding indicate that the defendant’s foreign citizenship status can be justified based on the general deterrence theory although the justification relatively weak. Furthermore, in terms of regulations on criminal sentencing, although foreign citizenship status is not recognized as a relevant factor in criminal sentencing from the three countries above, judges still have the discretion to determine the relevant factors themselves, so it is still possible for foreign citizenship factors to be considered. Finally, this study reveals that judges in the Netherlands and several judges in Indonesia considered the status of foreign citizenship relevant to be considered in sentencing for general deterrence theory and several political reasons. Particularly in the Netherlands, foreign citizenship status is also considered in sentencing due to execution constraints in certain types of punishment. However, the United States firmly rejects the notion that foreign citizenship status has an impact on criminal sentencing as it is deemed unconstitutional."

"ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas tentang bagaimana mistisisme dan seksualitas direpresentasikan dalam proses penerjemahan budaya dan cultural borrowing dalam Lady Terminator, Queen of Black Magic, dan Mystics in Bali, 3 film eksploitasi dari Indonesia yang di distribusikan di dunia internasional. Dengan melakukan analisis tekstual dan kontekstual, tujuan utama penelitian ini adalah membongkar strategi-strategi pemaknaan yang digunakan dalam ketiga film tersebut sebagai bagian dari kategori film eksploitasi. Hal ini terlihat dari hasil penelitian yang menunjukkan film eksploitasi dari Indonesia yang didistribusikan secara internasional masih setia dengan elemen-elemen yang mendefinisikan film eksploitasi kekerasan dan seksualitas dan juga unsur mistisisme yang menjadi ciri khusus film eksploitasi dari Indonesia. Di satu sisi, film-film ini dengan strategis memanfaatkan unsur mistisisme sebagai daya tarik untuk penonton internasional. Akan tetapi, ada strategi-strategi yang dilakukan baik dalam tataran narasi maupun visual untuk memastikan produk budaya populer ini dapat dinikmati atau bahkan dipahami oleh penonton internasional dan salah satunya adalah dengan merasionalkan unsur mistisisme. Selain membuat penonton menikmati eksotisme yang ditawarkan dan merasa berjarak dengan narasi film distancing , film-film ini juga menggunakan strategi intertekstualitas dengan meniru film-film Hollywood seperti Terminator untuk menciptakan kedekatan identification .

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ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses how mysticism and sexuality are represented in the process of cultural translation and cultural borrowing in Lady Terminator , Queen of Black Magic and Mystics in Bali, three internationally distributed exploitation films from Indonesia. By doing textual and contextual analysis, the main purpose of this study is to dismantle the strategies used in the meaning making process in the three films. Research finding reveal that internationally distributed exploitation films from Indonesia are still loyal to the elements that define exploitation films violence, and sexuality and also an element of mysticism which is a special characteristic of exploitation films from Indonesia. These films strategically utilize elements of mysticism as an appeal to an international audience. However, there are strategies apply both at the level of the narrative and the visual to ensure the products of popular culture can be enjoyed or even understood by an international audience and one of them is to rationalize the element of mysticism. In addition to making the audience enjoy the exoticism offered and felt within the narrative of the film distancing , these films also use the strategy of inter textuality to imitate Hollywood movies, such as Terminator, to create proximity identification ."

"Makalah ilmiah akhir ini membahas situasi kerja yang tidak ideal dalam praktik magang yang saya alami di Galeri Seni. Tidak naif untuk diungkapkan bahwa praktik magang di Galeri Seni telah memberikan saya pengalaman berharga, khususnya dalam Bidang Kurasi Karya Seni—misalnya mampu mengembangkan keterampilan menulis, melatih menginterpretasikan makna dalam suatu karya seni, dan mengasah kemampuan riset. Pendekatan apprenticeship menjadi basis sentral dalam menggambarkan posisi pemagang sebagai pendatang baru yang hendak melakukan pembelajaran dengan menjadi bagian dari Galeri Seni. Namun, berdasarkan temuan dan analisis yang dilakukan, praktik magang tidak hanya tertuju pada pemerolehan keuntungan dengan mengeksplorasi berbagai hal. Tanpa disadari, praktik magang juga berpotensi membawa pada fenomena eksploitasi sehingga menyudutkan pemagang pada situasi kerja yang tidak ideal—seperti ketidaksesuaian kesepakatan kerja, kontrol berlebihan, ketimpangan relasi, dan lain sebagainya. Pendekatan apprenticeship menjadi kerangka antropologis yang mampu memproyeksikan fenomena eksplorasi dan eksploitasi yang berkelindan dan mampu menjangkau lebih detail dalam melihat fenomena persimpangan serta ketegangan dalam praktik magang di Galeri Seni.

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This final scientific paper discusses the non-ideal working situation in the apprenticeship I experienced at the Art Gallery. It would not be naive to say that my apprenticeship at an art gallery has given me valuable experience, especially in the field of curating works of art—for example, being able to develop my writing skills, practice interpreting meaning in works of art, and hone my research skills. The “apprenticeship approach” is the central basis for describing the position of apprentices as newcomers who want to do learning by becoming part of the Art Gallery. However, based on the findings and analysis conducted, apprenticeship practices are not only aimed at gaining profits by exploring various things. Unknowingly, the practice of apprenticeship also has the potential to lead to the phenomenon of exploitation, thereby cornering apprentices in non-ideal work situations—such as discrepancies in work agreements, excessive control, unequal relations, and so on. The “apprenticeship approach” becomes an anthropological framework that is able to project the intertwined phenomena of exploration and exploitation and is able to reach in more detail in viewing the phenomena of intersection and tension in the practice of apprenticeship at the Art Gallery."