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"Skripsi ini membahas dan menganalisis tentang e-readiness implementasi kebijakan integrasi pembayaran QRIS dengan mengambill lokus di DKI Jakarta yang merupakan salah satu daerah di Indonesia dengan jumlah transaksi digital terbanyak. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis e-readiness implementasi kebijakan QRIS oleh Bank Indonesia di DKI Jakarta. Pendekatan penelitian yang digunakan adalah post-positivist, serta metode pengumupulan data kualitatif yaitu wawancara mendalam, dan studi literatur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa e-readiness implementasi kebijakan integrasi pembayaran QRIS sangat baik. Kondisi tersebut disebabkan oleh adanya penetrasi pasar yang besar di DKI Jakarta, regulasi pemerintah yang mendukung adanya QRIS, dan indeks persaingan digital yang tinggi. Adapun hambatan pada penelitian ini adalah data yang disajikan bisa saja sudah diperbaharui seiring dengan perkembangan teknologi finansial QRIS yang ada.

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This thesis discusses and analyzes e-readiness of implementation QRIS payment integration policy by taking the locus in DKI Jakarta, which is one of regions in Indonesia with the highest number of digital transactions. The purpose of this study was to analyze the e-readiness of implementation QRIS policy by Bank Indonesia in DKI Jakarta. The research approach used in this study is post-positivist, as well as qualitative data collection methods, with collecting data method of in-depth interviews, and literature studies. The results showed that the e-readiness of implementation QRIS payment integration policy was very good. This condition is caused by the large market penetration in DKI Jakarta, government regulations that support the implementation of QRIS, and the high digital competition index. The obstacle in this research is that the data presented may have been updated along with the development of existing QRIS financial technology."

"[Pelaksanaan sistem perpajakan di Indonesia berhadapan dengan terbatasnya sumber daya manusia padahal beban kerjanya sangat berat. Hal ini juga terkait denganpemungutan pajak restoran di DKI Jakarta, beban kerja tersebut semakin bertambah sejalan dengan semakin berkembangnya keberadaan restoran di DKI Jakarta. Dengan adanya ketidakseimbangan antara jumlah wajib pajak yang harus dilayani dengan jumlah petugas wajib pajak dikhawatirkan akan terjadi kebocoran serta kecurangan dalam pembayaran dan pelaporan pajak restoran. Upaya yangdilakukan pemerintah untuk mengatasinya adalah dengan menerapkan sistem pajak online pada pembayaran dan pelaporan pajak restoran di DKI Jakarta. Penelitianini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efektifitas sistem online pada pembayaran dan pelaporan pajak restoran di DKI Jakarta. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif, metode pengumpulan data kualitatif dan jenis penelitian deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa pelaksanaan system online pada pembayaran dan pelaporan pajak restoran di DKI Jakarta menurut indikator pengukur yang digunakan peneliti berdasarkan teori Campbell, yaitu adanya keberhasilan program, keberhasilan sasaran, tingkat output dan input yang efektif dan pencapaian tujuan secara menyeluruh sudah efektif.

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Implementation of the tax system in Indonesia dealing with limited human resources when their work is very hard.. It is also related to restaurant tax in DKI Jakarta, the work is increasing in line with the growing of restaurants in DKI Jakarta. With an imbalance between the number of taxpayers who should be served by the number of taxpayers officers, it would cause concern to leakage and fraud in payment and restaurants tax reporting. The government's efforts is to implement an online system in payments and restaurants tax reporting in Jakarta. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of the online system on payment and restaurants tax reporting in DKI Jakarta. This study uses a quantitative approach, qualitative data collection methods and descriptive research. The results of this study conclude that the implementation of an online system in payment and restaurants tax reporting in DKI Jakarta according to indicators based on Campbell's theory, namely the success of the program, the success of the target, the level of output and input which is effective and goal attainment has been effective.;Implementation of the tax system in Indonesia dealing with limited human resources

when their work is very hard.. It is also related to restaurant tax in DKI Jakarta,

the work is increasing in line with the growing of restaurants in DKI Jakarta. With

an imbalance between the number of taxpayers who should be served by the number

of taxpayers officers, it would cause concern to leakage and fraud in payment and

restaurants tax reporting. The government's efforts is to implement an online system

in payments and restaurants tax reporting in Jakarta. The purpose of this study is

to analyze the effectiveness of the online system on payment and restaurants tax

reporting in DKI Jakarta. This study uses a quantitative approach, qualitative data

collection methods and descriptive research. The results of this study conclude that

the implementation of an online system in payment and restaurants tax reporting in

DKI Jakarta according to indicators based on Campbell's theory, namely the

success of the program, the success of the target, the level of output and input which

is effective and goal attainment has been effective;Implementation of the tax system in Indonesia dealing with limited human resources

when their work is very hard.. It is also related to restaurant tax in DKI Jakarta,

the work is increasing in line with the growing of restaurants in DKI Jakarta. With

an imbalance between the number of taxpayers who should be served by the number

of taxpayers officers, it would cause concern to leakage and fraud in payment and

restaurants tax reporting. The government's efforts is to implement an online system

in payments and restaurants tax reporting in Jakarta. The purpose of this study is

to analyze the effectiveness of the online system on payment and restaurants tax

reporting in DKI Jakarta. This study uses a quantitative approach, qualitative data

collection methods and descriptive research. The results of this study conclude that

the implementation of an online system in payment and restaurants tax reporting in

DKI Jakarta according to indicators based on Campbell's theory, namely the

success of the program, the success of the target, the level of output and input which

is effective and goal attainment has been effective, Implementation of the tax system in Indonesia dealing with limited human resources

when their work is very hard.. It is also related to restaurant tax in DKI Jakarta,

the work is increasing in line with the growing of restaurants in DKI Jakarta. With

an imbalance between the number of taxpayers who should be served by the number

of taxpayers officers, it would cause concern to leakage and fraud in payment and

restaurants tax reporting. The government's efforts is to implement an online system

in payments and restaurants tax reporting in Jakarta. The purpose of this study is

to analyze the effectiveness of the online system on payment and restaurants tax

reporting in DKI Jakarta. This study uses a quantitative approach, qualitative data

collection methods and descriptive research. The results of this study conclude that

the implementation of an online system in payment and restaurants tax reporting in

DKI Jakarta according to indicators based on Campbell's theory, namely the

success of the program, the success of the target, the level of output and input which

is effective and goal attainment has been effective]"

"Digitalisasi sistem pembayaran dapat memicu terbentuknya cashless society dan meningkatkan inklusi keuangan. Bank Indonesia mengintegrasikan semua jenis kode QR dengan meluncurkan Quick Respond Code Indonesian Standard (QRIS). Kendala yang dihadapi Bank Indonesia dalam penerapan QRIS terkait masih sedikitnya merchant yang menggunakan QRIS. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor yang mempengaruhi pedagang dan konsumen untuk menggunakan QRIS, analisis kualitatif ketidakinginan merchant untuk menggunakan QRIS dan identifikasi tantangan penerapan pembayaran QRIS pada Usaha Mikro dan Kecil sektor makanan dan minuman di DKI Jakarta.  Penelitian ini menggunakan kuesioner dengan responden sebanyak 362 responden merchant dan 380 responden konsumen. Teknik statistik uji peringkat spearman digunakan. Diperoleh terdapat hubungan positif antara faktor penerimaan terhadap perilaku merchant dan konsumen untuk menggunakan pembayaran QRIS. Maka, tantangan dalam menerapkan QRIS adalah membuat QRIS menjadi lebih reliabel, perluasan dan membuat agenda sosialisasi, membangun dan pemerataan infrastruktur, memberikan pelatihan dan layanan pengaduan, pemerataan penggunaan QRIS dan membangun kepercayaan konsumen agar lebih banyak yang menggunakan sistem QRIS

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Digitizing the payment system can trigger the formation of a cashless society and increase financial inclusion. Bank Indonesia integrates all types of QR codes by launching the Quick Respond Code Indonesia Standard (QRIS). The obstacles faced by Bank Indonesia in implementing QRIS are related to the small number of merchants using QRIS. The purpose of this study is to determine the factors that influence merchants and consumers to use QRIS, qualitative analysis of merchants' unwillingness to use QRIS and identify challenges in implementing QRIS payments for Micro and Small Enterprises in the food and beverage sector in DKI Jakarta. This study used a questionnaire with 362 merchant respondents and 380 consumer respondents. The Spearman's Rank Test statistical technique was used. It is found that there is a positive relationship between the acceptance factor and the behavior of merchants and consumers to use QRIS payments. So, the challenge in implementing QRIS is to make QRIS more reliable, expand and create socialization agendas, build and distribute infrastructure, provide training and complaint services, equalize QRIS use and build consumer confidence so that more people use the QRIS system."

"Pemberlakukan Undang-Undang No 28 Tahun 2009 membuat Pemerintah DKI Jakarta perlu melakukan intensifikasi dalam pemungutan retribusi dengan memberlakukan Sistem Elektronik Retribusi, namun dalam implementasinya terdapat beberapa kendala. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif yang bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan implementasi dan kendala dalam implementasi sistem elektronik retribusi di DKI Jakarta. Hasil penelitian ini adalah implementasi sistem ini melakukan komunikasi dengan sosialisasi, rapat, surat menyurat dan telepon; sumber daya manusia yang kurang ahli dan cukup, anggaran dan fasilitas yang kurang memadai; beberapa pihak yang tidak komitmen dalam bersikap; dan struktur birokrasi yang tidak menghambat implementasi sistem elektronik retribusi ini.

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Enactment of Law No. 28 of 2009 made the DKI Jakarta Government needs to do intensification in the user charges collection by imposing Electronic User Charges Systems, but there are several obstacles in its implementation. This research is a quantitative research that aims to describe the implementation and obstacles in the implementation of electronic user charges systems in Jakarta.

The result of this research is the implementation of this system in communication with socializing, meeting, by letter and telephone; human resources who are unskilled and few in numbers, inadequate facilities and budgets; some parties are not committed in the act; and bureaucratic structures that do not hinder the implementation of the electronic user charges system"

"QR Indonesia Standard (QRIS) adalah standarisasi sistem pembayaran berbasis QR Code yang telah digunakan dan diimplementasikan oleh berbagai Penyelenggara Jasa Sistem Pembayaran (PJSP) di Indonesia. QRIS adalah merupakan bagian dari sistem Gerbang Pembayaran Nasional yang lebih luas. Ini telah dilaksanakan melalui PADG 21/18 / PADG / 2019 Bank Indonesia dan juga diatur melalui peraturan Bank Indonesia yaitu PBI 18/40 / PBI / 2016 tentang Pemrosesan Transaksi Pembayaran, PBI 19/8 / PBI / 2017 tentang National Payment Gateway dan PBI 20/6 / PBI / 2018 tentang Uang Elektronik. Tesis ini memiliki pertanyaan penelitian yaitu 1) Bagaimana implementasi Standar QR Indonesia sebagai sistem pembayaran di Indonesia? 2) Apa risiko dan implikasi penerapan QRIS dan bagaimana manajemen risiko QRIS ?. Tesis ini menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif. Berdasarkan peraturan yang tercantum dalam PADG 21/18 / PADG / 2019 serta peraturan Bank Indonesia tentang Penyelenggaraan Pemrosesan Transaksi Pembayaran, Gerbang Pembayaran Nasional dan Uang Elektronik, Bank Indonesia sebagai regulator dan pengawas untuk sistem pembayaran telah menerapkan langkah-langkah manajemen risiko serta menerapkan menetapkan peraturan mengenai persyaratan manajemen risiko untuk semua pihak yang terlibat dalam implementasi QRIS. Meskipun risiko QRIS dianggap tidak signifikan dan minimal, masih ada risiko yang terlibat dan oleh karena itu langkah-langkah dan peraturan manajemen risiko yang jelas masih diperlukan untuk sistempembayaran seperti QRIS. Itulah sebabnya penulis merekomendasikan bahwa semua pihak harus memiliki pendekatan dan tindakan yang lebih kuat dan lebih jelas untuk manajemen risiko.

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QR Indonesia Standard (QRIS) is the standardization of QR Code-based payment

systems already used and implemented by the various Payment System Providers

(PJSP) in Indonesia. QRIS is the result and is part of the wider National Payment

Gateway system. It has been implemented through Bank Indonesia’s PADG

21/18/PADG/2019 and is also regulated through Bank Indonesia’s regulations

which are PBI 18/40/PBI/2016 regarding Payment Transaction Processing, PBI

19/8/PBI/2017 regarding National Payment Gateway and PBI 20/6/PBI/2018

regarding Electronic Money. This thesis has the research question of 1) How is the

implementation of QR Indonesia Standard as a payment system in Indonesia?

2) What are the risks and implications of the implementation of QRIS and how is

the risk management of QRIS?. This thesis uses the normative juridical research

method. Based on the regulations stated in PADG 21/18/PADG/2019 as well the

Bank Indonesia regulations regarding Payment Transaction Processing, National

Payment Gateway and Electronic Money, Bank Indonesia as the regulator for the

payment system has both implemented risk management measures as well as

stipulating risk management requirements for all parties involved in the

implementation of QRIS. Despite the risks of QRIS being considered as

insignificant and minimal, there are still risks involved and therefore clear risk

management measures and regulations are still required for a standardized payment

system like QRIS. Which is why the author recommends that all parties must have

stronger and clearer approach and measures to risk management.

"

"Penelitian ini membahas mengenai analisis terhadap implementasi pembayaran dan pelaporan pajak parkir melalui online system di DKI Jakarta bagaimana implikasi atas kebijakan tersebut dan apa saja kendala yang dialami dalam implementasi online system pada pembayaran dan pelaporan pajak parkir di DKI Jakarta Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitatif deskriptif dengan metode pengumpulan data secara studi literatur dan studi lapangan yang dilakukan dengan wawancara mendalam Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa implementasi pembayaran dan pelaporan pajak parkir melalui online system sudah berjalan sesuai dengan Pergub Nomor 224 Tahun 2012 Implikasi atas penerapan kebijakan tersebut bersifat positif dan telah memenuhi asas efficiency Kendala teknis dan non teknis menjadi penghambat dalam implementasi kebijakan pembayaran dan pelaporan pajak parkir melalui online system.

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This research discusses the analysis implementation of online sytem on payment and reporting parking tax in DKI Jakarta how the implications of those policies and what are the constraints being experienced in the implementation of online system on the payment and reporting parking tax in DKI Jakarta Descriptive qualitative data collection methods is chosen to be approach of this research by collecting data from literature review and field studies in depth interview technique The results of this research show that the implementation of online system on payment and reporting parking tax has been running in accordance with Pergub Number 224 by 2012 The implications of the application of the policy is positive and has fulfilled the principle of efficiency Technical and non technical constraints hampered policy implementation of payment and reporting parking tax through the online system

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"Adanya ketidakefisienan dalam penyelenggaraan retribusi di DKI Jakarta membuat pemerintah DKI Jakarta melakukan berbagai cara untuk mengatasinya. Salah satu upaya yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah DKI Jakarta adalah mengeluarkan Peraturan Gubernur Nomor 11 Tahun 2014 tentang Tata Cara Pemungutan Retribusi Melalui Sistem Elektronik. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif yang bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis proses formulasi kebijakan sistem elektronik retribusi di DKI Jakarta. Hasil penelitian yaitu formulasi kebijakan melewati beberapa tahapan yaitu identifikasi masalah, agenda kebijakan, formulasi kebijakan, dan mendesain kebijakan.

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The inefficiency in administration of user charges in Jakarta makes the Jakarta government take a variety of ways to solve the problem. One of the efforts made by the Jakarta government is issuing the Governor Regulation No. 11 of 2014 on Procedures for Collection of User Charges Through Electronic Systems. This research is a qualitative research aimed to describe and analyze the process of policy formulation of electronic user charges system in Jakarta City. The results of this research is the policy was formulated through several stages, namely: problem identification, policy agenda, policy formulation, and policies designing."

"Pembayaran Pajak Kendaraan Bermotor melalui aplikasi SIGNAL didasari oleh Peraturan Presiden Nomor 5 Tahun 2015 tentang Sistem Administrasi Manunggal Satu Atap. Tujuan utama dibuatnya aplikasi SIGNAL adalah untuk meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan kepada masyarakat dengan menyeadiakan layanan pembayaran dan administrasi pembayaran PKB secara online atau elektronik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bagaimana implementasi pembayaran PKB melalui aplikasi SIGNAL di DKI Jakarta apabila ditinjau dari asas ease of administration. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dari dimensi certainty, implementasi pembayaran PKB melalui aplikasi SIGNAL belum dapat terpenuhi kepastian. Ditinjau dari dimensi convenience of payment, pembayaran PKB melalui aplikasi SIGNAL sudah dikatakan dapat terpenuhi. Pembayaran PKB melalui aplikasi SIGNAL juga sudah memenuhi dimensi efficiency dari sisi fiskus maupun Wajib Pajak. Dari dimensi simplicity, terlihat bahwa implementasi Pembayaran PKB melalui aplikasi SIGNAL sudah memenuhi dimensi ini. Faktor penghambat implementasi pembayaran PKB melalui SIGNAL antara lain Wajib Pajak masih mengalami server down, masa transisi Wajib Pajak dan masyarakat pada umumnya dalam penggunaan dokumen elektronik sehingga muncul keraguan akan penggumaan dokumen elektronik sebagai bukti pelunasan kewajiban perpajakan, dan sosialisasi mengenai aplikasi SIGNAL yang kurang efektif.

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Payment of Motor Vehicle Tax through the SIGNAL application is based on Presidential Regulation Number 5 of 2015 concerning the One-Stop Single Administration System. The main purpose of the SIGNAL application is to improve the quality of service to the citizens by providing payment and administration services for motor vehicle tax payment through electronic system. This study aims to analyze how the implementation of motor vehicle tax payments through the SIGNAL application in DKI Jakarta based on of ease of administration principles. The results of this study indicate that from the certainty dimension, the implementation of PKB payments through the SIGNAL application has not been able to fulfill certainty. In terms of the convenience of payment dimension, PKB payments through the SIGNAL application have been fulfilled. PKB payments through the SIGNAL application have also fulfilled the efficiency dimension from the side of the tax authorities and taxpayers. From the simplicity dimension, it can be seen that the implementation of PKB payment through the SIGNAL application has fulfilled this dimension. Factors inhibiting the implementation of PKB payments through SIGNAL include taxpayers still experiencing server downs, the transition period of taxpayers and the public in general in the use of electronic documents so that doubts arise about the use of electronic documents as proof of payment of tax obligations, and ineffective socialization of the SIGNAL application."

"Salah satu usaha Badan Pendapatan Daerah (Bapenda) DKI Jakarta dalam rangka meningkatkan penerimaan adalah dengan mengembangkan sistem BPHTB secara elektronik atau disebut dengan e-BPHTB. Meskipun layanan e-BPHTB di DKI Jakarta sudah mulai diluncurkan pada akhir tahun 2019, ternyata belum mampu memenuhi target penerimaan yang ditetapkan. Menjelang akhir tahun tepatnya pada bulan Oktober 2020, realisasi BPHTB di DKI Jakarta baru mencapai Rp2,77 triliun atau sekitar 45,06% dari target penerimaan BPHTB. Pemerintah meminta Bapenda DKI Jakarta untuk segera melakukan penyederhanaan proses administratif kepengurusan BPHTB. Penelitian ini menggunakan paradigma post-positivist dengan metode pendekatan kualitatif dan jenis penelitian deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui studi kepustakaan dan wawancara mendalam terhadap narasumber terkait. Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa penerapan kebijakan sistem e-BPHTB sudah sesuai dengan asas kenyamanan pembayaran dan kemudahan regulasi. Akan tetapi belum sesuai dengan aspek efisiensi biaya. Hambatan yang muncul dari penerapan sistem e-BPHTB di DKI Jakarta yaitu adanya kendala pada jaringan dan jumlah Sumber Daya Manusia yang masih terbatas.

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One of Badan Pendapatan Daerah (Bapenda) DKI Jakarta efforts in order to increase BPHTB revenue as well as a form of improving BPHTB Taxpayer services and compliance is to develop an electronic BPHTB system or called e-BPHTB. Although the e-BPHTB service in DKI Jakarta has started to be launched at the end of 2019, it has not been able to meet the set revenue target. Towards the end of the year, in October 2020, the realization of BPHTB in DKI Jakarta had only reached Rp.2.77 trillion or about 45.06% of the BPHTB revenue target. The government asked the DKI Jakarta Bapenda to immediately simplify the administrative process for BPHTB management. This study uses a post-positivist paradigm with a qualitative approach and type of descriptive research. Data collection techniques were carried out through literature studies and in-depth interviews with related sources The results of this study conclude that the implementation of the e-BPHTB system policy is in accordance with the principles of payment convenience and ease of regulation. However, it is not in accordance with the aspect of cost efficiency. The obstacles that arise from the implementation of the e-BPHTB system in DKI Jakarta are the network constraints and the limited number of Human Resources."

"Perkembangan digital membawa pengaruh yang besar dalam sektor perekonomian di Indonesia. Hal tersebut didukung dengan adanya inisiatif Bank Indonesia terhadap sistem pembayaran melalui inovasi standar nasional Quick Response Code Indonesian Standard (“QRIS”). Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengkaji pengaturan mengenai sistem pembayaran digital QRIS, serta perlindungan hukum bagi konsumen dalam transaksi pembayaran QRIS. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis-normatif dengan pendekatan kualitatif dalam melakukan analisis data. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan standar nasional QRIS mengacu pada PBI Nomor 22/23/PBI/2020 tentang Sistem Pembayaran dan PBI Nomor 21/11/PBI/2021 tentang Standar Nasional Sistem Pembayaran. Adapun implementasi lebih lanjut diatur dalam PADG Nomor 21/8/PADG/2019 tentang Implementasi Standar Nasional Quick Response Code untuk Pembayaran sebagaimana telah diubah dengan PADG Nomor 23/8/PADG/2021 dan PBI Nomor 22/20/PBI/2020 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen Bank Indonesia. Adapun perlindungan hukum bagi konsumen dalam transaksi pembayaran QRIS diwujudkan melalui standarisasi monitoring, mitigasi risiko secara internal, penerapan standar keamanan informasi, maupun perlindungan konsumen. Adapun saran yang dapat diberikan, yakni kepada Bank Indonesia untuk dapat mengkaji kebijakan penyelenggaraan QRIS secara berkala mengingat terus berkembangnya teknologi informasi dalam perekonomian. Selain itu, penyedia jasa pembayaran diharapkan dapat mengupayakan penyelenggaraan QRIS bagi merchant untuk mendukung visi Bank Indonesia dalam sistem pembayaran digital.

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Digitalization brings a significant influence on the economic sector in Indonesia. It is supported by the initiative of Bank Indonesia on payment system through the innovation of Quick Response Code Indonesian Standard (“QRIS”) as the national standard. Hence, this thesis aims to study the regulation regarding QRIS as the digital payment system and the legal protection for consumers in QRIS payment transaction. The writing of this thesis uses a juridical-normative research method with a qualitative approach in conducting the data analysis. The results of this study indicate that the regulation of the QRIS as the national standard refers to PBI Number 22/23/PBI/2020 concerning Payment System and PBI Number 22/11/PBI/2021 concerning the National Standard of the Payment System. Also, the further implementation is regulated by PADG Number 21/8/PADG/2019 concerning the Implementation of Quick Response Code National Standard for Payment as amended by PADG Number 23/8/PADG/2021 and PBI Number 22/20/PBI/2020 concerning Bank Indonesia Consumer Protection. Therefore, the legal protection for consumers in QRIS payment transaction is implemented through the monitoring standards, internal risk mitigation, implementation of information security standards, and consumer protection. The recommendation that could be given to Bank Indonesia is to regularly evaluate the QRIS implementation policy due to the development of information technology in the economic sector. Also, payment system providers shall strive the implementation of QRIS in merchants to support Bank Indonesia’s vision on digital payment systems."