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"The Usage of Hakka Chinese-Language at Singkawang West Kalimantan : A study towards Hakka Chinese-Language and Indonesian LanguageFocus of this sociolinguistic study is the usage of Hakka language at Singkawang, pointed out to the backgorund factors that resulting the language as daily language of Chinese ethnic bilingual society. At the local area, Hakka language is well known as Khek language, and the people also named themselves as Khek people. This ethnic group is already lived in Singkawang city by century, even, according to history they're already lived there since XVI century.Study towards the usage of language by Chinese bilingual, is being carried out by utilizing 'ranah' concept which first popularized by Fishman, covering the usage of language in family, education, working, goverment, neighbourhood, trade, and religious ranah. Things that need to be pointed out are: Do bilingual Chinese ethnic always use Hakka Chinese-language, more often talks in Chinese language, both use Chinese and Indonesia Ianguage in the same proportion, more often talks in Indonesia language or always use Indonesian language to communicate each other.Other factors that being considered as mind-influencing factor in choosing the language are sex, age, level of education, permanent-living time and homogeneity. Sex is divided into male and female; age is divided into less than 30 and more than 30. Level education can be broke down into Elementary, High School, and University level. Permanent-living time is seen from the time they start to live in the city, which is divided into two times : before aculturation process promoted by government in 1977 and after 1977. Homogenity covered the surrounding neighbourhood of Chinese ethnic group, do they all hang out with Chinese ethnic, Chinese friends are more than Indonesian, amount of Chinese friends are in equal with Indonesian, Chinese friends are lesser than Indonesian or all their friends are Indonesian?According to the study, the usage of Hakka Chinese-language and Indonesian language by Singkawang Chinese bilingual is generated by :1. The level of education (higher/lower)2. Permanent living time in the city3. HomogenityIf the Hakka Chinese ethnic bilingual person only enjoyed elementary-level education, living in the city before year 1977 and always get together with Chinese ethnic group, so he has a tendency to speak in Chinese rather than in Indonesia language, and vice versa. Those facts are being gathered from the questionnaire, interview and undercover observation data, which the result is being calculated qualitatively by using T. Student on level of confidence 95%."

"ln this thesis I discuss about the ancestor worship in in the Chinese-Hakka family and community in Singkawang-West Kalimantan (Borneo). The central concem of this study is the description and analysis of ancestor worship in rituals of death within family as conducted at the home, at place managed by Chinese burial association, and burial place, before and after burial. The main issue raised in this thesis is the function of ancestor worship for Hakka family and community of Singkawang, which based on Mauss (1992) and Suparlan (l978)?s exchange theory is to tighten the kinship relations between family members who are alive or living in this world-the ?real world? and their ancestors in the atier-life world or the ?unreal world?. The reason for the Hakka people of Singkawang to worship their ancestors. besides showing their filial piety (xiao) to ancestor. is also to ask for protection and assistance from them. In the time of needs or problems, members of a Hakka family or community will ask their ancestor spirits to help and protect him or her, and in return they will reciprocate the ancestors? help by providing food and beverages, as well as by paying respect to them, and all of these are conducted through rituals at the burial place or temples. This form or exchange is always maintained because it benefited both sides. Death and death rituals in Hakka family are the most important part ol ancestor worship among the Chinese-Hakka in Singkawang. There would be no ancestor worship without death and death rituals. According to Hakka people?s beliefs, the well-being of their ancestors in the after-life will determine their well- being or the well-being of related family in this life. In Chinese culture, as stated by Mencius, the most revered Confucian philosopher after Confucius himself, ?the greatest of all sins is to have no sons to carry on the ancestral line and continue the ancestors? worship? (see McCreey in Scupin, 2000: 286). Therefore, ?sons? is the operative world for Chinese in general. Traditional Chinese society is a patrilineal society in which Family surname and the right to a share of the family property descends from father to son. Daughters, once they married, their duty is to serve their parents-in-law, to worship their husband?s ancestors, and above all, to provide sons to continue their husband?s family line. Thus, usually daughters are not expected to share the burden of ancestor?s worship within their original family. In this thesis, I show that in Hakka family and community in Singkawang, in contrast to the abovementioned Chinese tradition, daughters who have married, together with their husbands, could come and share the burden of ancestor worship duty in the daughters? original family, as long as they do not take the place of sons as the leader of the family. Hakka family and community in Singkawang too see ancestor worship as means to gather members of related family, from both patrilineal and matrilineal sides, at one place and at a particular time, not only to conduct rituals and to worship their ancestors, but also to talk about family economy as well as other metters among family members. The ancestor worship of Haldta family and community in Singkawang does not only benefit members of related family, but, as a matter of fact, also provides some advantages for members of other ethnic groups, such as the Madurese and the Dayaks, particularly those who live near the Chinese burial place. During Ching Ming Jie or Chinese Toms Festival and Zhong Yuan Jie or Hungry Ghost Festival, these people-the Madurese and the Dayaks--could ask to help Hakka families to clean or cut grass on their ancestors? graves in return for a little money."

"Skripsi ini mengaji aspek relasi dan kepercayaan dari kongsi dagang alat pemadam api ringan di LTC Glodok yang melakukan kegiatan perdagangan didasari oleh kekeluargaan dalam kongsi dan etnisitas. Kegiatan bisnis keluarga dalam kongsi dilakukan dalam situasi mengandalkan perjanjian dan aturan secara informal yang disepakati bersama sehingga dapat disebut sebagai organisasi tertutup. Persaingan bisnis juga dipengaruhi oleh aspek perbedaan kelompok etnis, sehingga bisnis dan keluarga berjalan beriringan. Dengan menggunakan metode etnografi, skripsi ini menunjukkan bahwa guangxi dan xinyong terwujud dalam tindakan dan relasi bisnis baik dalam kegiatan anggota kongsi maupun di luar kongsi. Pemfokusan pada relasi dan kepercayaan dapat memperlihatkan bagaimana sebuah organisasi bisnis berdasarkan etnis bekerja. Aturan dalam kongsi tidak hanya dipengaruhi oleh aspek relasi dan kepercayaan semata. Tindakan dan relasi dalam kongsi juga dipengaruhi oleh kebudayaan Hakka secara berkelanjutan yang menjadi mayoritas di kongsi.

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This thesis examines the relation and trust aspects of the fire extinguisher trading partnership in LTC Glodok which conducts trading activities based on kinship in joint venture and ethnicity. Family business activities in joint venture are carried out in situations of relying on informal agreements and rules that are mutually agreed upon so that they can be called a closed system organization. Business competition is also influenced by aspects of different ethnic groups, so that business and family go hand in hand. By using the ethnographic method, this thesis shows that guangxi and xinyong are manifested in the actions and business relations both in the activities of members of the joint venture and outside the community. Focusing on relationships and trust can show how a business organization based on ethnicity works. Shared rules in joint venture are not only influenced by aspects of relationships and beliefs. Actions and relationships in joint venture are also influenced by the Hakka culture on an ongoing basis, which is the majority in the joint venture."

"Bahasa Indonesia yang dituturkan oleh kelompok masyarakat tertentu ternyata memiliki kekhasan dalam wujudnya. Hal ini disebabkan oleh adanya beberapa faktor di antaranya yakni latar belakang penutur dan komponen tutur."

"Tindak tutur meminta maaf merupakan tindak tutur yang mengemban fungsi perbaikan jika berkaitan dengan permintaan maaf retrospektif. Sementara itu, tindak tutur meminta maaf dapat mengemban fungsi pelunakan jika berkaitan dengan permintaan maaf antisipatoris atau prospektif. Penelitian ini bertolak dari tindak tutur meminta maaf sebagai tindak retrospektif.Agar penutur dan petutur tidak kehilangan muka, dalam interaksi penutur perlu memilih strategi meminta maaf. Dengan menggunakan parameter solidaritas dan kekuasaan dalam tiga jenis pelanggaran, penelitian ini melihat strategi meminta maaf dan ungkapannya dalam bahasa Indonesia oleh kelompok etnis Minangkabau. Setelah itu, hasil penelitian dianalisis dari perspektif gender.Responden penelitian ini berjumlah 196 orang yang terdiri atas 102 responden wanita dan 94 responden pria. Semua responden berusia 27--50 tahun dan semuanya staf pengajar di Universitas Bung Hatta, Padang. Hal itu dimaksudkan agar ada kesamaan kelompok usia, latar sosial, dan profesi karena variabel itu turut berperan dalam penelitian bahasa dan gender.Hasil analisis data menunjukkan adanya perbedaan strategi meminta maaf yang digunakan oleh responden kelompok wanita dan pria. Perbedaan penggunaan strategi itu tampak, baik pada pelanggaran I, II, dan III maupun secara keseluruhan berdasar penghitungan statistik uji F.Perbedaan penggunaan strategi meminta maaf itu dapat dijelaskan dari perspektif gender. Dalam pandangan adat Minangkabau, wanita dikonstruksi secara berbeda dengan pria dalam konteks sosial budaya. Salah satu aturan dan pantangan yang harus dipatuhi wanita Minangkabau adalah aturan dan pantangan berbahasa. Aturan seperti itu tidak ditemukan pada kelompok pria. Oleh sebab itu, sangat mungkin perbedaan itu berpengaruh terhadap penggunaan strategi berbahasa, termasuk meminta maaf."

"Salah satu fenomena kontak bahasa adalah interferensi. Proses interferensi dapat terjadi dalam segala tataran kehidupan, termasuk dalam interferensi tataran sintaksis pemakaian bahasa Indonesia oleh para remaja di Kota Palu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan interferensi nonbahasa Indonesia ke bahasa Indonesia pada penggunaan bahasa para remaja di Kota Palu dalam tataran sintaksis. Metode yang digunakan adalah pendekatan sosiolinguistik dengan teknik simak, rekam, dan catat, kemudian diklasifikasikan berdasarkan jenis interferensi lalu dianalisis secara berstruktur. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan bahasa Indonesia oleh para remaja di Kota Palu terinterferensi pada tataran sintaksis yaitu adanya pemakaian preposisi yang tidak tepat dan penggunaan partikel-partikel yang berasal dari bahasa daerah. Hal-hal yang menyebabkan interferensi oleh pemakaian bahasa Indonesia oleh remaja di Kota Palu adalah faktor kedwibahasaan, tipisnya kesetiaan pemakai bahasa penerima, prestise bahasa sumber dan gaya bahasa, dan terbawanya kebiasaan dalam bahasa ibu."