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"Diminazen aseturat dilaporkan menghambat aktivitas balik enzim transkriptase melalui mekanisme aksi pengganjalan pada beberapa protozoa eukariyot parasitik seperti kerabat Tripanosoma. Telah dicari farmakokinetik plasma darah diminazen pada lima kambing terinfeksi yang diberi pengobatan 7 mg.kg-l berat badan dosis tunggal intra muskular. Konsentrasi obal ditetapkan melalui Kromatograji Cair Kinerja Tinggi fase lerbalik. Hasil menunjukan rerata <± galas baku) Absorbs}, Distribusi, Metabolisme, Ekskresi (ADME) berpola tri-eksponemial dengan Ka (menit'1) 5.1O2 ±26.1O\a (menif'), K!2 (menif1) dan K21 (menif1) 18.1O* ±J.10'2, 14.10'* ± 1.1O2 dan Lia3 ±LiaJ. Rerata harga fitments1) dan K13 (menit'') didapat 1.4.104 ±4. Iff* dan 3.10'* +2.W*. Rerata harga Tmtiks (menit) dan Kmaks (fig.mt1) didapat 53.71 ±30.61 and 13.40 ±8.13. Rerata harga Yds (L), Cl (ml.menif1), Tlfiffjam1) and Area di bawah kurva °-t~(fjg.L''.menit) didapat 4.91 ±3.12, 14.29 ±4.08, 94.91 ±33.23 dan 12.680 ±2.722. (MedJIndones 2006; 15:69-73).

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Diminazene aceturate has been reported to inhibit the reverse transcriptase activity by intercalating action mechanism of a number of protozoan eucaryol parasitic like Trypanosoma species. The phamacokinetics of diminazene in the blood plasma of five infected goaty treated with single intramuscular doses of 7 mg diminazen base kg body weight was investigated. The concentrations of the drug were determined by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatogmphy. Results show tlmt the mean (± SD) Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion (ADME) of the drug plasma followed a tri-exponential process with Ka (minutes' ) were obtained at 5.10'' +26.10''. a (minutes' ), K12 (minutes') and K21 (minutes') were obtained at 18. /0"'f ± 1.10'2, 14. Iff* ± 1. !0'2 and 1./0~'! ± 1.Iff3. The mean values of fi (minutes' 1} and Kl3 (minutes') were obtained at 1.4.W4±4. JO* and 3.10~~f ±2.10''. The mean values of Tmax(minutes) and Cmax (fjg.m!'1) were obtained at 53.71 ±30.61 and 13.40 ±8.13. The mean values of Yds (L), Cl (ml .minutes''), Tl/2ff hours') and ALKf^fas.L''.minutes) were obtained at 4.91 ±3.12, 14.29 ±4.08,94.91 ±33.23 and 12.680 ±2.722. (MedJIndones 2006; 15:69-73)."

"Diminazen aseturat dilaporkan menghambat akyivitas balik enzim transkriptase melalui mekanisme aksi pengganjalan pada beberapa protozoa eukariyotparasitik seperti kerabat tripanosoma."

"While the prediction of observations is a forward problem, the use of actual observations to infer the properties of a model is an inverse problem. Inverse problems are difficult because they may not have a unique solution. The description of uncertainties plays a central role in the theory, which is based on probability theory. This book proposes a general approach that is valid for linear as well as for nonlinear problems. The philosophy is essentially probabilistic and allows the reader to understand the basic difficulties appearing in the resolution of inverse problems. The book attempts to explain how a method of acquisition of information can be applied to actual real-world problems, and many of the arguments are heuristic."

"Inverse limits with set-valued functions are quickly becoming a popular topic of research due to their potential applications in dynamical systems and economics. This brief provides a concise introduction dedicated specifically to such inverse limits. The theory is presented along with detailed examples which form the distinguishing feature of this work. The major differences between the theory of inverse limits with mappings and the theory with set-valued functions are featured prominently in this book in a positive light. "

"Transkriptase balik HIV-1 merupakan salah satu enzim virus HIV yang sangat vital untuk reproduksi virus. Pertumbuhan virus HIV dapat berkurang secara signifikan apabila fungsi enzim tersebut terhambat. Saat ini, pengobatan HIV telah banyak diterapkan, tetapi pengobatan yang lebih efektif selalu dibutuhkan karena kemungkinan resisten yang terjadi dan efek samping dari penggunaan regimen obat dalam jangka panjang. Pencarian dilakukan dari sumber-sumber alam yang memiliki potensi sebagai obat. Berdasarkan penelitian sebelumnya, terdapat beberapa senyawa alam yang memiliki afinitas tinggi terhadap enzim transkriptase balik HIV-1 dan beberapa dari senyawa tersebut merupakan glikosida flavonoid. Oleh karena itu, untuk mempelajari lebih lanjut tentang glikosida flavonoid, khususnya pengaruh gugus glikon dalam interaksi dengan enzim transkriptase balik HIV-1, dilakukan analisis in silico senyawa glikosida flavonoid terhadap enzim transkriptase balik HIV-1 dengan metode penambatan menggunakan parameter AutoDock. Dari hasil penambatan, senyawa glikosida flavonoid terbaik yang direkomendasikan ialah yang memiliki energi ikatan bebas dengan nilai rendah, yaitu kaempferol-3-O-rhamnosida, mirisetin-3-O-rhamnosida, dan kuersetin 3-O-rhamnosida. Ketiga senyawa ini memiliki nilai energi ikatan bebas yang baik karena berinteraksi dengan asam amino kunci Tyr181 serta memiliki interaksi atau ikatan dengan asam amino lain yang tersebar pada tiga cincin flavonoid dan juga pada gugus gula. Gugus glikon pada glikosida flavonoid terlihat memberikan pengaruh dalam interaksi dengan enzim transkriptase balik HIV-1.

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HIV 1 reverse transcriptase is one of HIV rsquo s vital enzymes for virus reproduction. The multiplication of the virus can be significantly decreased if this enzyme is inhibited. There are currently a lot of treatments for HIV, but a more effective treatment is always needed because of the possibility of drug resistance and its side effects for a long term use. The search is done from natural sources that have potential as a medicine. Based on previous study, there are some natural compounds with high affinity to the HIV 1 reverse transcriptase enzyme and some of these compounds are flavonoid glycosides. Therefore, to learn more about flavonoid glycosides, especially the effect of the glycone group in its interaction with the HIV 1 reverse transcriptase, an in silico analysis is done by using docking method with AutoDock parameters. The results showed that the most recommended flavonoid glycosides are those with the lowest binding energy, which were kaempferol 3 O rhamnoside, myricetin 3 O rhamnoside, and quercetin 3 O rhamnoside. This is suggested because of their interaction with the key amino acid Tyr181 and also the interaction with other amino acids that spread on all three flavonoid rings and also on sugar group. The glycone groups of flavonoid glycosides appear to have an effect in the interaction with HIV 1 reverse transcriptase enzyme. "

"ABSTRAKBiasanya dalam jaringan telekomunikasi yang besar, protokol yang digunakanberaneka ragam. Oleh karena itu dibutuhkan suatu mediation device yang memiliki fungsiuntuk memetakan protokol yang heterogen menjadi sebuah framework definisi.Framework ini diberi code name Hanuman framework. Pada framework ini diperkenalkanmetoda minimalisasi invocation delay dengan menggunakan local interface pada JavaVirtual Machine (JVM) container tunggal dan metode bulk read pada pengaksesan atributentity bean secara berulang. Simulasi menunjukkan perbandingan invocalion delay untuklocal interface vs. remote interface adalah 60,44% dan perbandingan waktu transaksi bulkread vs. single read adalah 26,91% untuk pernbacaan 320 atribut.Gangguan yang terjadi dalam jaringan telekomunikasi dapat mengakibatkanrambatan masalah, oleh karena itu sumber penyebab gangguan harus dapat dideteksi dandikoreksi. Penyebab gangguan diberi nama problem dan akibat gangguan tersebut akanmemberikan alarm yang diberi nama symptom. Dalam penelitian ini diperkenalkan pulametoda inverse symptom dengan pendekatan Humming Distance, yaitu symptom daninversinya, secara teoritis akan memiliki kemampuan yang sama untuk menentukanproblem yang sebenamya, sehingga dapat direduksi. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan metodaini dapat mereduksi symptom hingga 56,94%. Posisi gangguan yang terjadi di suatujaringan dapat diketahui dengan menghitung tingkat korelasi antara problem dengansymptom. Dalam disertasi ini digunakan Bayesian Expectation Maximization (BEM), yaitusuatu teknik estimasi likelihood untuk mengatasi informasi yang tidak lengkap, hilang, ataurusak pada saat observasi pembentukan knowledge base. Hasil simulasi dengan sampledata 1000 buah dan missing data sekitar 70% menunjukkan bahwa metoda ini masihmampu untuk membentuk knowledge based, dan mencari root of fault.

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ABSTRACTIn a large telecommunication network, there are various of protocols that available.Hence there is a need for a mediation device that maps protocols with similar function ofpurpose to be as a definition homework. The framework?s code name is ?Hanuman?framework. This framework introduces invocation delay minimization method a localinterface method on Java Virtual Machine (JVM) single container and bulk readingmethod in accessing entitiy bean attribute continuously. The simulation shows that thecomparison of invocation delay gives local interface vs. Remote interface is 60.44% andthe transaction time of bulk read vs. Single read is 26. 91 % for the 320 attributes reading.A fault in a network can propagate to the other side of the network that generatesignyicant symptoms. The source of faults that occur in a communication network shouldbe detected and corrected The cause of these faults is called problem' and those faultswill generate alarms which named ?symptom ?. This research also introduces inversesymptom method with Hamming distance approach. This method states that symptoms andtheir inverses theoretically have the same meaning and therefore they can be reduced. Thesimulation shows that the reduction of symptoms number due to symptom propagation,and the used inverse symptom method will increase up to 56. 94%. Location of faults thatoccure in a network can be determinted by calculating the correlation level betweenproblems that cause the problem and symptoms, which is event detected in fault locatordevice. This dissertation use Bayesian Expectation Maximization (BEM) that is likelihoodestimation method to be used for overcome hidden information, missing data, or brokendata during observation in knowledge base development. Simulation result with 1000sample data and around 70% missing data shows that the method is capable to developknowledge based and to find the root of fault."

"Tugas akhir ini membahas mengenai distribusi invers gaussian yang merupakan distribusi probabilitas kontinu yang dapat mengatasi masalah kemencengan dan long-tail. Pembahasan meliputi fungsi kepadatan probabilitas, fungsi distribusi, fungsi survival, fungsi hazard, serta membentuk fungsi pembangkit momen. Kemudian, dicari bentuk mode, mean, variansi, kemencengan, dan kurtosis distribusi invers gaussian. Terakhir, dicari taksiran parameter dan distribusi dari taksiran parameter menggunakan MLE. Data Jug Bridge mengenai drainase digunakan sebagai ilustrasi.

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This paper discusses about Inverse Gaussian Distribution, the continued probability distribution which can solve skew and long tail problem. At first, we study about probability density function, cumulative distribution function, survival function, hazard function, and form moment generating function. Then, we seek mode, mean, variance, skewness, and kurtosis of inverse gaussian distribution. Finally, we try to discover parameter estimation and distribution of parameter estimation using MLE. Jugde Bridge data about drianage will be used as illustration."

"A study, by two of the major contributors to the theory, of the inverse scattering transform and its application to problems of nonlinear dispersive waves that arise in fluid dynamics, plasma physics, nonlinear optics, particle physics, crystal lattice theory, nonlinear circuit theory and other areas. A soliton is a localized pulse-like nonlinear wave that possesses remarkable stability properties. Typically, problems that admit soliton solutions are in the form of evolution equations that describe how some variable or set of variables evolve in time from a given state. The equations may take a variety of forms, for example, PDEs, differential difference equations, partial difference equations, and integrodifferential equations, as well as coupled ODEs of finite order. What is surprising is that, although these problems are nonlinear, the general solution that evolves from almost arbitrary initial data may be obtained without approximation. For such exactly solvable problems, the inverse scattering transform provides the general solution of their initial value problems. It is equally surprising that some of these exactly solvable problems arise naturally as models of physical phenomena. Simply put, the inverse scattering transform is a nonlinear analog of the Fourier transform used for linear problems. Its value lies in the fact that it allows certain nonlinear problems to be treated by what are essentially linear methods."

"The Birnbaum-Sanders (BS) distribution was first introduced in 1969 by Birnbaum and Saunders as a combination of inverse Gaussian distributions with a length-biased inverse Gaussian distribution. Later, in 2008, Ahmed et al. introduced a new parametrization of the BS distribution based on Birnbaum-Sanders, and they also proposed a parameter estimation using the method of moments and regression-quantile estimation. In this paper, we emphasize the Birnbaum-Sanders distribution presented by Ahmed et al., and we develop an EM-algorithm to estimate two unknown parameters of this distribution. The EM-algorithm is a general method used to estimate the parameters when the probability density function is complicated and it is the best alternative for the estimation of a mixture distribution. We assumed that this problem has a missing value, and maximized complete data log-likelihood function instead log-likelihood function because it is analytically easier. Moreover, some simulation experiments were conducted in order to examine the performance of the proposed parameter estimation, and it was observed that the performances were quite satisfactory. Specifically, the MSE, variance and bias tend to decrease as n increases."